• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.371-383
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• 2000

Lindsay (1994) and Basu et al (1997) show that another density-based distance called the negative exponential disparity (NED) is an excellent competitor to the Hellinger distance (HD) in generating an asymptotically fully efficient and robust estimator. Bhattacharya and Basu (1996) consider estimation of the locations of several normal populations when an order relation between them is known to be true. They empirically show that the robust HD based weighted likelihood estimators compare favorably with the M-estimators based on Huber's $\psi$ function, the Gastworth estimator, and the trimmed mean estimator. In this paper we investigate the performance of the weighted likelihood estimator based on the NED as a robust alternative relative to that based on the HD. The NED based estimator is found to be quite competitive in the settings considered by Bhattacharya and Basu.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.749-764
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• 2003

In this paper we explain that normal theory likelihood-ratio tests(z, t, $x^2$. F) for mean(s) or variance(s) can be geometrically related to volume of difference of two joint pdf's. One is an estimated joint pdf under null parameter space $\omega$ and the other is an estimated joint pdf under full parameter space $\Omega$. For explanations, ‘distance between two distributions’ is defined. We study properties of it, and derive some results on the distance between two multivariate normal distributions.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.68-75
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• 2016

Background: Shoulder horizontal adduction (HA) is performed in many activities of daily living. The limited range of motion (LROM) of HA is affected by the tightness of the posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, teres major, and posterior capsule of glenohumeral joint. The LROM of shoulder HA contributes to excessive scapular abduction. Objects: The aim of this study is to compare the scapular abduction distance and three-dimensional displacement of the scapula during shoulder horizontal adduction between subjects with and without the LROM of shoulder HA. Methods: 24 subjects (12 people in LROM group and 12 people in normal ROM group) participated. Subjects with less than $115^{\circ}$ of HA ROM were included in LROM group. Shoulder HA was performed 3 times for measuring scapular abduction distance and three-dimensional displacement of the scapula. Tape measure was used for measuring scapular abduction distance. Scapular abduction distance was normalized by dividing the scapular size. Polhemus Liberty was used for measuring the three-dimensional displacement of the scapula. Results: Normalized scapular abduction distance was significantly greater in LROM group than normal ROM group (p<.001). Three-dimensional displacement of the scapula during shoulder HA was greater in LROM group than normal ROM group (p<.05). Conclusion: LROM group had a greater scapular abduction and three-dimensional displacement of the scapula during shoulder HA compared to normal ROM group.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.397-406
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• 2011

Purpose : Recently ultrasound images has been used to measure the subacromial space with a linear measurement of the acromiohumeral distance. The purpose of this study was to comparison of distance of subacromial space using ultrasonographic measurement on arm positions of shoulder injured patients. Methods : The subjects were 30 shoulder injured patients (19 males and 11 females). Ultrasonography was performed to measure subacromial space during each shoulder resting position, $45^{\circ}$ abduction, internal rotation with $45^{\circ}$ abduction and external rotation with $45^{\circ}$ abduction. Results : Subacromial space was a significantly difference between injured arm and normal arm at shoulder resting position. At $45^{\circ}$ abduction, subacromial space was narrowing significantly between injured arm and normal arm. At external rotation with $45^{\circ}$ abduction, subacromial space were wider in normal arm than in injured arm but it was not significantly. Intra-observer reliability for ultrasonography measurement of subacromial distance was excellent (.96~.99). Conclusion : These results identified that positions of injured shoulder was related to subacromion space.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.221-231
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• 2005

The present study is deeply concerned with the reliability design method(Level III) for caisson breakwaters using expected sliding distance, and the objectives of this study are to propose the employment of a doubly-truncated normal distribution and to present the validity for it. In this study, therefore, the explanations are made for consideration of effects of uncertain factors, and a clear basis that the doubly-truncated normal distribution should be employed in the computation process of expected sliding distance by Monte-Carlo simulation is presented with introduction of the employment method. Even though only caisson breakwaters are treated in this paper, the employment of doubly-truncated normal distribution can be applied to various coastal structures as well as other engineering fields, and therefore it is expected that the present study will be extended in various fields.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.74-80
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• 2015

In cognitive radios, spectrum sensing plays an important role in accurately detecting the presence or absence of a licensed user. However, the intervention of malicious users (MUs) degrades the performance of spectrum sensing. Such users manipulate the local results and send falsified data to the data fusion center; this process is called spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF). Thus, MUs degrade the spectrum sensing performance and increase uncertainty issues. In this paper, we propose a method based on the Hausdorff distance and a similarity measure matrix to measure the difference between the normal user evidence and the malicious user evidence. In addition, we use the Dempster-Shafer theory to combine the sets of evidence from each normal user evidence. We compare the proposed method with the k-means and Jaccard distance methods for malicious user detection. Simulation results show that the proposed method is effective against an SSDF attack.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.14 no.1_2
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• pp.1-21
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• 1992

In order to find the causes of velopharyngeal incompetency after primary palatorrhaphy in cleft patients, we analyzed the form and function of the velopharyngeal space of fifteen operated cleft palate patients and five normal subjects. The velopharyngeal function was evaluated by lateral cephalometric radiography, velopharyngography and hypernasality cul-de-sac test. The obtained results were as follows. 1. The rate of velopharyngeal incompetency was twenty percent, three of the fifteen operated patients. Two of them were complete cleft palate and the other was incomplete one. 2. The length of soft palate and levator eminence were longer in normal group than those of good speech group and complete cleft palate group during phonation of /i/ (P<0.05). The lengthening rate of soft palate was smaller in good and poor speech group than that of normal group(P<0.05), and, reduced in order, normal group, complete cleft palate group and incomplete palate group(P<0.05). 3. The nasopharyngeal distance had no significant difference between all groups at rest, but, smaller in normal group than that of both cleft palate group(P<0.05), good speech group and poor speech group(P<0.05) during phonation of /i/ The difference in nasopharyngeal distance between rest and /i/ phonation was greater in normal group than that of both cleft palate group, good speech group and poor speech group. 4. The moving distance of sop palate reduced in order, normal group, incomplete cleft palate group, complete cleft palate group(P<0.05). 5. The distance between lateral pharyngeal wall had no significant difference between all groups in rest, but, smaller than that of complete cleft palate group in normal group(P<0.01) and increased in order normal group, good speech group, poor speech group(P<0.01) during phonation of /a/. The mobility of lateral wall was reduced in order, normal group, good speech group poor speech group(P<0. 01). 6. There was low corelationship between the mobility of lateral pharyngeal wall and soft palate. Therfore, it suggest that the movements of lateral pharyngeal wall and soft palate occurs independently.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Health Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.816-824
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• 2017

Purpose. This study was classified into normal and demented elderly through K-MMSE. The purpose of this study was to analyze gait characteristics of normal elderly and demented peoples using GAITRite walking system. Methods. The subjects of this study were selected as elderly people receiving home visit physical therapy. An independent t-test was conducted to verify the statistical significance of the time-space variables of the elderly with dementia. Results. Step time(p=0.041), cycle time(p=0.037), distance(p=0.024), and cadence(p=0.048) were significantly shorter in the normal elderly than in the demented elderly on flat place. The mean age was significantly longer in normal elderly than in elderly persons with dementia. Step time(p=0.022), cycle time(p=0.023), distance(p=0.019), and cadence(p=0.015) were significantly shorter in the mat walking. The mean age was significantly longer in normal elderly than in elderly patients with dementia. Stretch time, cycle time, distance, and hair support time were significantly shorter in the mat walking. The mean age of the elderly was significantly longer than that of the elderly with dementia. The spinal support time, which is a spatial variable, was significantly shorter in the normal elderly than in the demented elderly. Conclusions. It compares the various gait characteristics of the normal and demented elderly people, thereby increasing the walking ability of the elderly person more effectively. This study should be utilized as basic data for preventing fall-down.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.64 no.2
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• pp.353-356
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• 2015

Due to high oil prices, environmental pollution, the study of electric vehicles have been actively promoted. Charger for the electric vehicle is being developed using wireless rather than cable options. In this paper, we got more efficiency from using a superconducting transmission coil compared to using a normal coil. We implemented a wireless power transmission system using a magnetic induction at a frequency of 63.1 kHz. For comparison, a transmitter was designed using a superconducting coil and a normal coil. In addition, a receiver used a normal coil to apply for electric vehicles. The applied voltage and current were12 V and 5 A. Efficiency at a distance of 40 ~ 80 mm was measured. As a result, the superconducting transmission coil had a higher efficiency than the normal transmission coil. However, the receiving coil should be normal conductor for stable operation considering that it was put in moving electric vehicle. The efficiency was increased to 44 % at a distance of 40 mm when the diameter of normal receiving coil was 120 mm.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.457-473
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the morophological and positional correlation between the upper cervical vertebra, the oral structures and the pharyngeal tissues, and the correlation of these anatomical structures with dental features, such as teeth wear area nad tooth contact status, etc. Seventy patients with temporamandibular disorders and sixty three dental students without any signs and symptoms in head and neck region were selected for this study. All they had natural dentition without any fixed and removable protheses. Teeth wear area and arch width wre measured from the upper dental cast, tooth contact status were observed by T-Scan system$^\textregistered$ and four cephaloradiograpohs were taken from four head postures, namely, natural(NHP), forward(FHP), upward(UHP), and downward head postiure(DHP). 22 cephalometric items were measured on the films and the data were processed with SAS statistical program. The result of this study were as follows : 1. In normal group, angle of cervical vertebra tangent and of between hard and soft palate were broader in female subjects than those in male subjacets, but distance from subocciput to axis, size of soft palate, and pharyngeal space width were larger in male subjects. 2. In normal group with natural head posture, the items correlated each others from the three anatomical regions were distance between first nad second vertebra in posterior part, distance from the lingual surface of lower anterior teeth to anterior surface of soft palate, and distance from the hyoid bone to third vertebra. 3. Three set of items showed significant correlation each other in the four head postures in normal group. First set was the angle between hard and soft palate and the idstance from subocciput to posterior arch of first vertebra, second set was the distance between first and second vertebra in posterior part and the teeth wear area, third set was number and force of tooth contact and length of soft palate and distance from anterior tip of hyoid bone to mandibular plane.