• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.71-76
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• 2014

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and potential EDCs are mostly man-made, found in various materials such as pesticides, additives or contaminants in food, and personal care products. The high energy ionizing radiation has the ability to remove the EDCs with a very high degree of reliability and in a clean and efficient manner. The ionizing radiation interacts with EDCs both directly and indirectly. Direct interaction takes place with EDCs and the structure of EDCs is destroyed or changed. During indirect interaction, radiolysis products of water result in the formation of highly reactive intermediates which then react with the target molecules, culminating in structural changes. To confirm the radiation reduction of EDCs in industrial sludge, a pilot scale experiment up to 50 kGy of electron beam (EB) was conducted with samples from the textile dyeing industries. The experimental result showed the over 90% of reduction of Nonylphenol (NP) and Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) at around 10 kGy of absorbed doses.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.401-408
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• 2001

The ethanol extract and n-hexane fraction of Commiphora molmol Engl. showed minimum inhibitory concentration of 50 ppm and 25 ppm, respectively, on 5 strains of Listeria monocytogenes at $32^{\circ}C$. The purified substance, C3-3-2 fraction, was isolated by silica gel column and preparative thin layer chromatography from n-hexane fraction of Commiphora molmol Engl. The C3-3-2 fraction showed a strong bactericidal activity on 5 strains of L. monocytogenes at the concentration of 10 ppm in tryptic soy broth medium. At that concentration, the viable count was reduced $5{\sim}6$ log cycle from initial cell number. The n-hexane fraction of Commiphora molmol Engl. showed strong growth inhibition at the concentration of 25 ppm on Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, at 50 ppm in broth on Salmonella enteritidis, and at 500 ppm on Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The purified antimicrobial substance, the C3-3-2 fraction, was identified as m-nonylphenol by on the basis of the $^1H-,\;^{13}C-NMR$ and EI/MS data. For the application test, the C3-3-2 fraction which was purely isolated from Commiphora molmol Engl. at 100 ppm were applied to minced Alaska pollack and ground beef at $32^{\circ}C$ and $5^{\circ}C$. The antimicrobial substances did not reduce L. monocytogenes ATCC 19113 at $32^{\circ}C$, while they reduced L. monocytogenes ATCC 19113 in viable number at $5^{\circ}C$. However, the antimicrobial effect of C3-3-2 fraction in food system was lower than that of broth condition.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.423-433
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• 2004

This study was examined occurrence of bisphenol A (BPA) and nonylphenol (NP) in waterworks system of Seoul, Korea from September 2002 to December 2003. The levels of BPA and NP in Han-river and its tributaries were as followed: Paldang-dam, ND(not detected)${\sim}0.033{\mu}g/L$ and $ND{\sim}0.823{\mu}g/L$; Kyungahn-creek, $ND{\sim}0.659{\mu}g/L$ and $ND{\sim}3.827{\mu}g/L$; Whangsuk-creek, $ND{\sim}0.528{\mu}g/L$ and $ND{\sim}12.724{\mu}g/L$, respectively. In water of 6 intake-station, the contents of NP and BPA were detected $0.122{\sim}2.724{\mu}g/L$, and $ND{\sim}0.260{\mu}g/L$, respectively. In the finished- and tap-water of three drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) around Whangsuk-creek, BPA was not detected in all samples, while NP was in ppt levels in whole. Through the process of DWTP, also, the removal ratio of NP was above 80% in all this. Therefore, this result was suggested that levels of BPA and NP in waterworks system depended on non-point contaminants and swage treatment plants in the Han-river shed.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.775-780
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• 2009

The efficacy of nitrifying sludge existed in biological nutrient removal process was examined for possible removal of endocrine disrupting chemical(EDC) in the effluent of wastewater treatment plant. Some of ammonia oxidizing bacteria causes ammonia oxidation mediated by ammonia monooxygenase(AMO) activity, which has low substrate specificity resulting in cometablic degradation of several chemicals. In this study, the removal of three model EDCs such as bisphenol A(BPA), nonylphenol(NP) and dibutyl phthalate(DBP) was studied in batch cultures using nitrifying sludge, BOD-oxidizing sludge with low nitrifying activity, and sterilized sludge. Nitrifying sludge showed higher initial removal rates in all batches of three EDCs when it was fed with ammonium as an energy source. The acclimation time was required for the removal of EDCs in batches using BOD-oxidizing sludge or nitritefed nitrifying sludge. That retardation seemed to attribute to the slow growth of cells using the EDCs while ammonium-fed nitrifying sludge could degrade EDCs through simultaneous cooxidation with ammonia oxidation. Sterilized sludge was also tested under the same conditions in order to find the contribution of physical adsorption to the removal of EDCs. About 10~20% of initial EDCs dose was removed when using sterilized sludge. Thus the biological activity is likely to play major role for the degradation of BPA, NP, and DBP rather than the physical adsorption from wastewater.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 2008

Striped bitterling, Acheilognathus yamatsutae (TL: 4.25 ㎝, TW: 0.73 g)were exposed to 0.3, 1.3, 17.6 and 33.7 ㎍ L-1 (nominal concentrations) of nonylphenol (NP) for a period of 20 weeks. We studied on accumulation, growth and survival rate. After 20 weeks of exposure, the accumulation of NP in the body of the female and male was increased with increasing dose-dependent and female was higher than male. 4 weeks of exposure, TL of female striped bitterling was found to be increased in all of the dose group compared to control and 12 weeks of exposure, similar or some decreased in all of the dose group compared to control. 20 weeks of exposure, increased in all of the dose group compared to control and TL at 33.7 ㎍ NP L-1 were significantly higher than those in control (p <0.05). 4 weeks of exposure, TL and TW of male striped bitterling was found to be increased in all of the dose group compared to control and significantly higher in TL of 33.7 ㎍ NP L-1 (p <0.05). 12 and 20 weeks of exposure, TL and TW decreased in all of the dose group compared to control and significantly lower in 1.3 ㎍ NP L-1 of 12 weeks. Survival rate in both groups decreased with increasing NP concentration and there was a significant difference between control group and experimental groups exposed to each NP concentration.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.697-703
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• 2006

Endocrine disruptors were measured with GC/MS in effluents discharged from sewage treatment processes in pilot scale for the purpose of water reuse. From that analysis, we compared the removal rate of them by treatment processes. Nonylphenol was mainly detected in effluents and high concentration from 0.36 to 0.94 ${\mu}g/L$. $17{\beta}$-estradiol(E2) and $17{\alpha}$-ethynylestradiol(EE2) were detected as below the limit of detection in effluent. Endocrine disruptors were removed effectively in the range from 50 to 100% by treatment process. EC50 value($9.0{\times}10^{-3}$ M) of $17{\beta}$-estradiol(E2) by dose response curve of E-screen assay has higher than that of bisphenol A($2.736{\times}10^{-5}M$) and p-octylphenol($9.760{\times}10^{-6}$ M). These results showed that alkylphenols have lower relative estrogen potency than other estrogens such as $17{\beta}$-estradiol(E2). Calculated estrogenic activity(ng-EEQ/L) was 2 times higher than measured total estrogenic activity which estimated by E-screen assay. Moreover estrogenic activity of effluent by treatment process showed very low as below 1 ng-EEQ/L.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.253-259
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• 2011

Transforming growth factor ${\beta}$ (TGF-${\beta}$) is involved in cellular processes including growth, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, and homeostasis. Generally, TGF-${\beta}$ is the inhibitor of cell cycle progression and plays a role in enhancing the antagonistic effects of many growth factors. Unlike the antiproliferative effect of TGF-${\beta}$, E2, an endogeneous estrogen, is stimulating cell proliferation in the estrogen-dependent organs, which are mediated via the estrogen receptors, $ER{\alpha}$ and $ER{\beta}$, and may be considered as a critical risk factor in tumorigenesis of hormone-responsive cancers. Previous researches reported the cross-talk between estrogen/$ER{\alpha}$ and TGF-${\beta}$ pathway. Especially, based on the E2-mediated inhibition of TGF-${\beta}$ signaling, we examined the inhibition effect of 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) and 4-nonylphenol (NP), which are well known xenoestrogens in endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), on TGF-${\beta}$ signaling via semi-quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. The treatment of E2, OP, or NP resulted in the downregulation of TGF-${\beta}$ receptor2 (TGF-${\beta}$ R2) in TGF-${\beta}$ signaling pathway. However, the expression level of TGF-${\beta}1$ and TGF-${\beta}$ receptor1 (TGF-${\beta}$ R1) genes was not altered. On the other hand, E2, OP, or NP upregulated the expression of a cell-cycle regulating gene, c-myc, which is a oncogene and a downstream target gene of TGF-${\beta}$ signaling pathway. As a result of downregulation of TGF-${\beta}$ R2 and the upregulation of c-myc, E2, OP, or NP increased cell proliferation of BG-1 ovarian cancer cells. Taken together, these results suggest that E2 and these two EDCs may mediate cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting TGF-${\beta}$ signaling via the downregulation of TGF-${\beta}$ R2 and the upregulation of c-myc oncogene. In addition, it can be inferred that these EDCs have the possibility of tumorigenesis in estrogen-responsive organs by certainly representing estrogenic effect in inhibiting TGF-${\beta}$ signaling.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.351-356
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• 2008

Titania nanoparticles were prepared by controlled hydrolysis of titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) in water-in-oil (W/O) and microemulsion stabilized with a nonionic surfactant, N P-10 (Polyoxyethylene Nonylphenol Ether: $C_9H_{19}C_6H_4(OCH_2CH_2)_{10}OH$)). The nanosized particles prepared in W/O microemulsion were characterized by FT-IR, TEM, XRD, TGA, and DTA. In addition, the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol has been studied by using a batch reactor in the presence of UV light in order to compare the photocatalytic activity of prepared nanosized titania. The nanaosized titania particles calcined at $300{\sim}600^{\circ}C$ showed an anatase structure, but it transformed to a rutile phase above $700^{\circ}C$ of calacination temperature. With an increase of $W_o$ ratio, the crystallite size increased but photocalytic activity decreased. The titania synthesized at $W_o=5$, R = 2, and calcined at $400{\sim}500^{\circ}C$ showed the highest activity on the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.95-102
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• 2008

The $\alpha$,$omega$-diacrylate poly(dimethylsiloxane) (DA-PDMS) containing vinyl ester of versatic acid/vinyl acetate (Veova-10/VAc) was prepared by emulsion copolymerization of (DA-PDMS), Veova-10 (with VAc), and auxiliary agents at $85^{\circ}C$ in the presence of ammonium peroxodisulfate (APS) as an initiator. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and nonylphenol ethylene oxide-40 units (NP-40) were used as anionic and nonionic emulsifiers, respectively. The resulting copolymers were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Thermal properties of the copolymers were studied by using thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The morphology of copolymers was also investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and then the effects of variables such as temperature, agitation speed, surfactant kinds, molecular weights, initiator, and DA-PDMS concentrations on the properties of the silicone-containing Veova-10/VAc emulsions were examined. The calculation of monomer conversion versus time histories indicates that by increasing the DA-PDMS concentration the polymerization rate and the number of polymer particles decrease, respectively.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.45-55
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• 2003

The alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol A were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrom-etry-selected ion monitoring (GC/MS-SIM) mode followed by two work-up methods for comparison; isoBOC derivatization method and TBDMS derivatization method. Eleven phenols in paper samples were extracted with acetonitrile. Also, solid -phase extraction (SPE) with XAD -4 and subsequent conversion to isobutoxycarbonyl derivatives or tert.-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives for sensitive analysis with the selected ion-monitoring (SIM) mode. The SIM responses were linear with the correlation coefficient varying 0.9717 ∼ 0.9995 (isoBOC derivatization), and 0.9842 ∼ 0.9980 (TBDMS derivatization). The recoveries were 82.4 ∼ 108.8％) by area ratio of phenanthrene -d$\_$10/ vs bisphenol A-d$\^$l6/. (isoBOC derivatization and TBDMS derivatization) The range of concentrations was respectively, 0.95 ∼ 1.44 ng/g in 2,4-dichlorophenol, 1.01 ∼ 1.17 ng/g in t-butylphenol,2.17 ∼ 5.84 ng/g in pentachlorophenol, 12.68 ∼ 14.88 ng/g in nonylphenol and 30.84 ∼ 153.72 ng/g in bisphenol A.