• 대한임베디드공학회논문지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.177-184
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• 2017

High performance non-volatile memory system can mitigate the gap between main memory and storage. However, no single memory devices fulfill the requirements. Non-volatile Dual In-line Memory Module (NVDIMM) consisted of DRAMs and NAND Flashes has been proposed to achieve the performance and non-volatility simultaneously. When power outage occurs, data in DRAM is backed up into NAND Flash using a small-size external energy storage such as a supercapacitor. Backup and restore operations of NVDIMM do not cooperate with the operating system in the NVDIMM standard, thus there is room to optimize its operation. This paper analysis the operation of NVDIMM and proposes a method to reduce backup and restore time. Particularly, data compression is introduced to reduce the amount of data that to be backed up and restored. The simulation results show that the proposed method reduces up to 72.6% of backup and restore time.

• IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.226-239
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• 2013

A number of systems have several on-chip memories with cache memory being one of them. Conventional cache memory consists of SRAM but the ratio of static energy to the total energy of the memory architecture becomes larger as the leakage power of traditional SRAM increases. Spin-Torque Transfer RAM (STT-RAM), which is a variety of Non-Volatile Memory (NVM), has many advantages over SRAM, such as high density, low leakage power, and non-volatility, but it consumes too much writing energy. This study evaluated a wide range of energy consumptions of a two-level cache using NVM partially on a mobile processor. Through a number of experimental evaluations, it was confirmed that the use of NVM partially in the two-level cache effectively reduces energy consumption significantly.

• 정보과학회 논문지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.107-113
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• 2015

데이터베이스 시스템에서, 트랜잭션이 수행한 변경 사항은 커밋 전 2차 저장장치에 보존되어야 한다. 일반적 2차 저장장치는 비휘발성 미디어의 처리 지연을 보완하기 위해 휘발성 DRAM 캐시를 가지고 있다. 그러나 휘발성 DRAM에만 쓰여지는 로그들은 영구성을 보장할 수 없으므로, DRAM 캐시에서 저장매체로 로그를 쓰는 지연 시간을 감출 수 없다. 최근 이러한 단점 극복을 목적으로 DRAM 캐시에 커패시터를 장착한 플래시 SSD가 등장하였다. 이러한 비휘발성 캐시를 가지는 저장 장치는 DRAM 캐시에 로그를 쓰고 즉시 커밋 가능하므로, 커밋 대기를 줄이고 트랜잭션 처리량을 증가시킬 것이다. 본 논문은 커패시터 백업 캐시를 사용한 SSD를 로그 저장소로 사용한 경우 데이터베이스의 트랜잭션 처리 성능에 대해 실험 및 분석 한다. 로그를 낸드 플래시에 저장하지 않고 DRAM 캐시에 저장한 직후 커밋 함으로써, 3배 이상의 처리량 향상이 가능하다. 또한 적절한 튜닝을 거친 후 이상적 로그 성능의 73% 이상을 보인다.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.514-523
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• 2017

In this paper, we propose Adaptive Writeback-aware Cache management (AWC) to prolong the lifetime of non-volatile main memory systems by reducing the number of writebacks. The last-level cache in AWC is partitioned into Least Recently Used (LRU) segment and LRU using Dirty block Precedence (DP-LRU) segment. The DP-LRU segment evicts clean blocks first for giving reuse opportunity to dirty blocks. AWC can also determine the efficient size of DP-LRU segment for reducing the number of writebacks according to memory access patterns of programs. In the performance evaluation, we showed that AWC reduced the number of writebacks up to 29% and 46%, and saved the energy of a main memory system up to 23% and 49% in a single-core and multi-core, respectively. AWC also reduced the runtime by 1.5% and 3.2% on average compared to previous cache managements for non-volatile main memory systems, in a single-core and a multi-core, respectively.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.46-50
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• 2008

The effect of physicochemical properties of solvents on the microstructure of polyvinyl carbazole (PVK) film for non-volatile polymer memory was investigated. For the solubilization of PVK molecules and the preparation of PVK films, four solvents with different physicochemical properties of the Hildebrand solubility parameter and vapor pressure were considered: chloroform, tetrahydrofuran (THF), 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TCE), and N,N-dimehtylformamide (DMF). The solubility of PVK molecules in the solvents was observed by ultravioletvisible spectroscopy. PVK molecules were observed to be more soluble in chloroform, with a low Hildebrand solubility parameter, than solvents with higher values. The aggregated size and micro-/nano-topographical properties of PVK films were characterized using optical and atomic force microscopes. The PVK film cast from chloroform exhibited enhanced surface roughness compared to that from TCE and DMF. It was also confirmed that the microstructure of PVK film has an effect on the performance of non-volatile polymer memory.

• 정보과학회 컴퓨팅의 실제 논문지
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.428-433
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• 2017

최근 데이터센터, 소셜 네트워크 서비스 등과 같은 고성능 컴퓨팅을 요구하는 환경에서는 기존 하드디스크를 대체할 수 있는 고성능 비휘발성 메모리 저장장치의 수요가 급증하고 있다. 이러한 비휘발성 메모리의 성능은 호스트와 저장장치를 연결해주는 인터페이스에 따라 크게 좌우될 수 있다. 저장장치의 인터페이스는 계속 발전해왔으며, 기존 하드디스크에 기반을 둔 SAS/SATA 인터페이스를 대체할 수 있는 NVMe 인터페이스가 최근에 등장하였다. NVMe 인터페이스는 높은 확장성을 가지며 기존 인터페이스에 비해 낮은 지연시간을 제공한다. 본 논문은 다양한 워크로드를 통해 NVMe 저장장치의 성능을 평가하고 분석한다. 또한 NVMe 저장장치와 기존 SATA 저장장치와의 가격 대비 성능비를 비교하고 평가한다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.157-163
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• 2021

파일 시스템에서 하나의 쓰기 연산은 여러 데이터를 수정할 수 있지만, 이러한 파일 시스템의 변경들은 원자적으로 디스크에 써지지 않는다. 따라서 파일 시스템의 일관성을 위해 기존의 저널링 기법은 시스템 성능을 저하시키는 대신 충돌 일관성을 보장한다. 비휘발성 메모리를 저널 공간으로 사용하면 비휘발성 메모리의 낮은 지연 시간과 바이트 수준 접근성으로 성능 저하를 완화시킬 수 있다고 알려졌다. 그러나 비휘발성 메모리를 고려한 저널링 기법 중에서 확장성을 제공하는 것은 없다. 본 논문에서는 확장적 저널링을 위해 비휘발성 메모리상의 저널 공간을 여러 영역으로 분할하여 한 영역에 집중된 연산을 분산시킨다. 또한, 저널 영역별로 입출력 쓰레드를 두어 저장 장치에 데이터 쓰기 연산을 가속화한다. 제안된 기법을 JFS에 적용하여 고성능 저장장치를 탑재한 멀티코어 서버에서 이를 평가한다. 평가 결과는 제안된 기법이 기존의 NVM 기반 저널링 파일 시스템의 기법보다 성능이 우수함을 보여준다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.52-58
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• 1991

Physico-chemical properties including the composition of organic acids and fatty acids in native bee-honey and foreign bee-honey harvested in Kangwon area were studied with the emphasis on the honey which was collected form wild flowers nd mixed flowers sources for honey nectars. the major organic acids were considered as acetic acid formic acid and valeric acid in volatile acids and gluconic acid maleic acid malic acid quinic acid and citric acid in non-volatile fraction in both of native bee-honey and foreigr bee-honey. Some naturally occuring fatty acids({{{{ { C}_14{ } }}}}-{{{{ {C }_{20 } }}}}) were observed with the principal fatty acids of myristic aicd linolenic acid and palmitic acid and palmitic acid in the various honey, The characteristics of moisture content pH viscosity free acidity lactone and total acidity were also analyzed and discussed.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.355-360
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• 1997

The atmospheric concentration of dimethylsulfide (DMS), known as the predominant volatile organic. sulfur compound, is determined at subnanogram level by a combined application of non-cryogenic preconcentration method and gas chromatography with flame photometric detection (GC/FPD). The volatile DMS in air is preconcentrated using a trapping tube containing adsorbent like Molecular Sieve 5A (or gold-coated sands). The tube is then connected to the GC/FPD system via a six-way rotary valve, thermally desorbed at 40$0^{\circ}C$, separated on OV101 column, and detected by a flame photometric detector. The DMS peak elutes at about 2.5 mins and is integrated electronically. The analytical precision, if expressed in terms of relative standard error, is around 5%. The detection limit of our GC/FPD system is ca 1 ng of DMS. Details of our analytical system are presented.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.103-109
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• 1994

Changes in taste components of Backilju, an traditional alcoholic beverage of Korea, were investigated. Ethanol(17%) was the most abundant, and then isoamylalcohol(23mg%) and methanol(8mg%) were also detected in a small amount in Backilju. Major non-volatile organic acids were lactic and malic acid, followed by citric, fumaric and succinic acid. Arginine, phenylalanine and glutamic acid were major free amino acids and essential amino acid content was 230∼560 mg%, which was 45∼48% of total free amino acids. The major fatty acid of total lipid was palmitic acid(37∼43%). It has been found that the Backilju contained more free amino acids and alcohols than other Korean Yokjus.