• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Resources Recycling Conference
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• 한국자원리싸이클링학회 2005년도 추계정기총회 및 제26회 학술발표대회 고분자리싸이클링기술 특별심포지엄
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• pp.34-46
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• 2005

For treating a huge amount of plastic waste with the environment problem, pyrolysis of plastic waste into alternative fuel oil is one of important issue in recycling methods. This study was introduced over the trend of generation of plastic waste, pyrolysis technology in domestic and foreign countries, basic technology in pyrolysis process and new technology of pyrolysis developed in KIER (Korea Institute of Energy Research). The characteristics of process developed in KIER are the continuous loading treatment of mixed plastic waste with an automatic control system, the minimization of wax production by circulation pyrolysis system in non-catalytic reactor, the reuse of gas produced and the oil recovery from sludge generated in pyrolysis plant, which have greatly the advantage economically and environmetally. The experiment result data in 300 ton/yr pilot plant showed about 81 wt% liquid yield for 3 days continuous reaction time, and also the boiling point distribution of light oil (LO) and heavy oil (HO) produced in distillation tower was a little higher than that of commercial gasoline and diesel, respectively.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.147-156
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• 2015

Objectives : This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Korean medicine for a thoracolumbar compression fracture. Methods : We searched six Korean databases (DBPIA, Korean Studies Information Service System, Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System, National Digital Science Library, Research Information Sharing Service, KoreaMed) (up to June 2015) and the Journal of Korean Acupuncture and Moxibustion Society. Unpublished studies were also searched. Clinical research, other than case reports involving less than 10 patients, were eligible. The effectiveness and safety of Korean Medicine was analyzed. The 'Risk of Bias' was assessed using the 'Risk of Bias' assessment tool for non-randomized studies as well as the Cochrane Collaboration's 'Risk of Bias' tool. Results : We found 12 before-after studies (374 patients). There was no randomized trial. All studies combined at least three different types of Korean medicine treatments. The period of treatment varied between less a week and 154 days. All the included studies reported improvements in pain, functional disability related to lower back pain, global assessment, and benefits in the compression ratio of a fractured vertebrae and skin temperature measured by digital infrared thermal imaging in comparison with the baseline. However, all studies had a high risk of bias and three studies reported mild adverse events. Conclusions : There is no randomized trial for the role of Korean medicine for patients with a thoracolumbar compression fracture. The effectiveness and safety of Korean medicine for this population remains unclear. Findings in this review are seriously biased due to observational design and a high risk of bias included in the studies. Future high-quality randomized trials are warranted.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.177-188
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• 1999

The studies were carried out to investigate the effect of recovery in rewarming using the esophageal thermal tube in the deep hypothermia($25{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ ; rectal temp) in rabbits. Fifteen rabbits were divided into control group(n=6), peritoneal dialysis group(n=5) irrigated with dialysate at $42{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, and esophageal rewarming group(n=4) perfused with circulating water at $38{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. Rewarming of the rabbits was performed for 5 hours. MAP, HR, RR, esophageal temp, rectal temp, pH, $pCO_2$, $pO_2$, $Na^+$, and $K^+$ were observed. The results obtained in these experiments were summarized as follows : Esophageal rewarming group($38{\pm}1^{\circ}C$) had more effect on esophageal temperature than other groups. Peritoneal dialysis group($42{\pm}1^{\circ}C$) had more effect on rectal temperature and $pO_2$ than other groups. The both groups also had more effects on MAP, HR, RR, and $pCO_2$ than control group. Three groups had no significant effect on pH, $Na^+$, and $K^+$. In conclusion, we found that the simple, safe, and non-invasive esophageal rewarming method had an effect on the treatment of profound hypothermia as well as the peritoneal dialysis method in spite of the temperature difference between the dialysate and the circulating water, and the circulating water at $38{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for esophageal rewarming also had an effect on the recovery of deep hypothermia.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.123-127
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• 2011

This study was conducted to decrease the microbial hazard in kimchi saline water with microwave plasma sterilization system and to evaluate the inactivation of foodborne pathogens by the microwave plasma sterilization system as a non-thermal treatment. Contamination of coliform, Escherichia coli, and yeasts and molds were detected in the used saline water, and the microbial populations increased as the saline water was reused repeatedly. The $D_{10}$-values of E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes by the microwave plasma sterilization system were 0.48, 0.52, and 0.45 cycle, respectively. In addition, the microbial populations of coliform, E. coli, Salmonella spp., total aerobic bacteria, and yeasts and molds in the used kimchi saline water were significantly decreased by treating the saline water using the microwave plasma sterilization system. Therefore, these results suggest that microwave plasma sterilization system can be useful in improving the microbial safety of the used saline water.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.304-311
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• 2021

This Experiment was conducted to determine the effects of light shield materials when melon grown inside a plastic greenhouse in summer season. The average temperatures were 36.6℃, 34.5℃ and 34.0℃ respectively for the control(non-shield), coating agent, and the white net. The light transmittances were 69% and 75%, respectively inside the greenhouse treated with the coating agent and white net immediately after applicants, compared with that inside the control greenhouse. At the 40 and 80 days after treatment, the light transmittances for the coating agent were 92% and 98%, respectively, indicating it was slowly decomposed and removed, but there was no change in the transmittance for the white net. While the leaf number did not differ among the treatments, the plant height was higher in the white net and shading agent than in control. The weight of the leaves, fresh-weight and dry-weight were no different from that of shading, but it became heavier in the later stages. The marketable fruit yield was increased by 6% for white nets and 5% for the coating agent compared to control, there was no statistical significance. Therefore, coating agent is considered as an effective method to lower temperature during high temperature period, but it is preferable to use it in consideration of cultivation period, because the coating agent is gradually removed.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.387-398
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• 2013

Seasoned soy sauce is one of the popular seasoning sauces added to the Korean traditional foods such as Bulgogi, Galbi. However, industrially processed sauces have poor sensory quality because of heating treatment for sterilization. The purpose of this study was to develop seasoned soy sauce having fresh taste and good quality by applying superheated steam (SHS) and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) technologies. To maintenance the sauce qualities, food materials such as apple, onion, and garlic were pretreated with SHS (heater $100^{\circ}C$, steam $280^{\circ}C$, 30 s~1 min 30 s) before mixing with other ingredients. During storage of 7 days, color, pH, and browning potential of SHS treated samples (apple, onion and garlic) did not change and also polyphenol oxidase was inactivated (p<0.05). The seasoned soy sauce including SHS treated materials was sterilized by thermal process ($85^{\circ}C$, 30min) or non-thermal process, HHP (550 MPa, $5{\sim}10^{\circ}C$, 3 min). In SHS+HHP treated sauce, salinity, sugar contents, lightness, viscosity did not change (p<0.05), and total viable cell counts were detected below 4 log cycle at $5^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. E.coli and B.cereus are not determined in all samples. In sensory evaluation, Bulgogi prepared with SHS+HHP treated sauce was more acceptable than others.

• Journal of Life Science
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.524-531
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• 2012

Soybean is one of the most common food materials causing food hypersensitivity reactions in Korea. In this study, we have investigated the effect of roasting and fermentation on the allergenicity of soybean. Three kinds of soybean ($Daepung$, $Daewon$, and $Taegwang$) were prepared as raw, roasted, and fermented by $Bacillus$ $subtilis$ GSK 3580, and then their proteins were extracted. The proteins were separated using SDS-PAGE, and the detection of IgE specific to soybean proteins was performed by immunoblotting using 7 sera of soybean allergy patients and non-allergic control individuals. Serum specific IgE to soybean was measured by ELISA. The SDS-PAGE of raw soybean proteins showed various-sized bands ranging from 9 to 76 kDa, which are known as major allergens. In particular, 9, 21, 34, 52, 72, and 76 kDa proteins are known as LTP, Kunits trypsin inhibitor, $Gly$ m Bd 30K, ${\beta}$-subunit, ${\alpha}$-subunit, and ${\alpha}$'-subunit of ${\beta}$-conglycinin, respectively; these are major allergens in soybean. In contrast, only peptides of less than 35 kDa were found in roasted and fermented soybeans. IgE immunoblot analysis of three roasted species of soybeans commonly detected at 38-40 kDa and 10-15 kDa. The protein bands in fermented soybean showed very weak signals or were not detected. In addition, the reactivity of most patients' sera to soybean was decreased after roasting and fermentation. With these results, it may be concluded that the allergenicity of soybeans is reduced by the roasting and fermentation processes. It is supposed that allergenic proteins in soybean were degraded by heat treatment methods and proteolytic enzymes were secreted from fermenting microorganisms.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.141-152
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• 1973

The mineralogical studies of the eleven sub-soil samples derived from granite, granodiorite, diorite and arkose sandstone, taken from apple orchards in the province of Kyungsangbukdo, Korea are made to investigate the relationships between the mineral weathering, soil forming processes and mineralogical composition. The fine sand fraction (less than 0.2mm) and the clay fraction (less than 2 micron) are dispersed with the shaker after hydrogen peroxide treatment for the removal of organic matter, and separated from each suspension by gravity sedimentation. The fine sand are observed by mineral microscope and the clay are observed by X-ray diffraction patterns, differential thermal analysis curves and infrared spectrum. The outline of the results are as follows. 1. The primary minerals ; Quartz, changed-feldspar, plagioclase, alkali-feldspar are dominant in almost all samples, and some samples contain an appreciable amount of hornblende, biotite, muscovite and plant opal. There are also those samples which contain very small quantity of pyroxene group, tourmaline, epidote, cyanite, magnetite, volcanic glass and zircon. They are mainly derived from weathering products of granite, granodiorite, diorite, arkose or its mixtures. 2. All samples contain expanding or nonexpanding $14{\AA}$ minerals, illite and kaolin minerals, and some samples contain chlorite, cristobalite, gibbsite, and those primary minerals as quartz and feldspar, but the quantities vary according to the parent matrials. 3. Non-expanding $14{\AA}$ minerals may be dioctahadral vermiculite which sandwiches gibbsite layer or chlorite in between layer lattices. 4. As for clay minerals, montmorillonite was principal component in the samples derived from weathering products of arkose sandstone and tertiary. Minerals which are derived from weathering products of arkose have kaolin minerals and vermiculite as their principal component, and minerals derived from weathering products of acidic rock group are generally classified into two groups, the kaolin mineral group, and the kaolin minerals and vermiculite group.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.560-569
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• 1999

Blood supply rather than nerve supply implies pulp vitality. To evaluate pulp vitality clinically, electric pulp test and thermal test which are based on sensory nerve response have been used in addition to many auxiliary data such as past dental history, visual inspection, radiographic examination, percussion, palpation and transillumination test. However, reactivity of the nerves to the stimulation is not synonymous with normalcy. Therefore measurement of pulpal blood flow using a laser Doppler flowmeter became a new trial to test the pulp vitality. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate normal pulpal blood flow level of maxillary teeth in adult to provide a guideline in determining the vitality of dental pulp. Pulpal blood flow was measured in maxillary central and lateral incisors, canines, first and second premolars and first molars of seventy nine adults of 22 - 30 years old using a laser Doppler flowmeter (PeriFlux 4001, Perimed Co., Stockholm, Sweden, 780 nm infrared laser, 1mW). For directly-made splints, silicone rubber impressions were taken directly from the mouth. For indirectly-made splints, alginate impressions were taken from the mouth and stone cast were made. After making depressions on the buccal surfaces of the cast teeth to indicate the hole positions, second impressions with vinyl polysyloxane putty were taken from the cast. Holes for the laser probes were made at the putty impressions 4mm above the gingival level. Laser probe (PF416 dental probe, 1.5mm) was inserted in the prepared hole and the splint was set in the mouth. After 10 minutes of patient relaxing, pulpal blood flow was recorded for 5 minutes on each tooth. The recorded flow was saved in the computer and calculated with a software 'Perisoft' version 5.1. Pulpal blood flow was also recorded in six teeth of five individuals with no response to electric pulp test and cold test, with periapical radiolucency, or with history of root canal treatment to compare with nonvital teeth. The difference between the mean flow values of each group of teeth were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range test. The results were as follows: 1. The average pulpal blood flow values of all the tested teeth of each location were between 9 - 16 Perfusion Unit. Pulpal blood flow value was highest in maxillary lateral incisors, followed by first premolars, second premolars, canines, central incisors, and then first molars (p<0.01). 2. In six anterior teeth, indirectly-made splint group showed higher pulpal blood flow values than directly-made splint group (p<0.01). In posterior teeth, however, there was no significant flow value difference between directly-made splint group and indirectly-made splint one (p>0.05). 3. Teeth with vital pulps showed higher signal values than teeth with nonvital pulps (p<0.01), and the flow photographs showed heartbeat-synchronous fluctuations and vasomotions, while those were absent in non vital tooth.