• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.07a
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• pp.107-114
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• 2003

This study investigated the effect of 2-methoxy ethanol (2-Me) non-solvent as additive included in casting solution. Macroporous polymer membranes were prepared by using polyethersufone (PES)/N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP)/2-Me casting solution and water coagulant. The phase separation co-process of the vapor-induced phase separation (VIPS) and liquid-induced phase separation (LIPS) were used by means of membrane preparation method. The pore size and pore size distribution were controlled with additive (non-solvent), and measured with Automated Perm Porometer. By increasing additive (non-solvent) in the casting solution, the membranes produced changed from finger structure to sponge structure. That is due to the different diffusion rates. At slow diffusion process, sponge-like structure was formed and at fast diffusion process, finger-like structure was formed. Also relative humidity, evaporation time, temperature of casting solution and coagulation bath etc. had effects on the pore size distribution and the porosity of the membrane.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2010

This paper is aimed to clarify field technique of non-educated constructors in timber structure of korean-style secondary station(Gong-So) on the annex of catholic church. The main object of this study is Sin-Sung and Su-Bun secondary stations which post-lintel structure was 2high columns(Go-Ju) 5beams(Ryang) in Jeon-Buk area of Korea. We reached the following conclusion. Firstly, these secondary stations are required a lots of space for number of persons with the introduction of basilica plane. These plans have different intervals in the layout. Secondly, they constructed the holy space by using high columns(Nae-Jin-Go-Ju). The former problems of plan layout are sloved by reinforcement and replacement eaves and rafter of logitudinal. Thirdly, the elements showed the natural feature such as irregular wooden floor, arch-type head pentrating tie and a ceiling. In the end, we knew that non-educated constructor had found a way in the problem for accepting unreasonable work.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.918-927
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• 2003

This study is to analyze thermal characteristics of the basement structures with a non-thermal insulation and various thermal insulations. From the results through the field experiments and computer simulations, the thermal bridges and heat loss is found in non-insulation structure of the basement under the definite depth of ground level. Therefore, the thermal insulation structure should be installed for preventing the heat loss in the basement.

• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.725-733
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• 2011

The characteristic connection is a good substitute for the Levi-Civita connection, especially in studying non-integrable geometries. Unfortunately, not every geometric structure has the characteristic connection. In this paper we consider the space $U(3)/(U(1){\times}U(1){\times}U(1))$ with an almost Hermitian structure and prove that it has a geometric structure admitting the characteristic connection.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.805-819
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• 2022

We describe the structure of finite p-groups in which all normal closures of non-normal subgroups have two orders for p > 2.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.307-313
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• 2002

Urban style row-rise houses for rent have been supplied to the center of city from the 1950's first half The amount of stock is about 450,000 houses and occupies about 40％ in the private rented house. As for the structure, the 60％ of them is wooden-structure and the rest is non-wooden. Stocks of 57.5％ of the wooden-structure and 86％ of the non-wooden were built after 1981 years. It was 1981 years that the new earthquake-resistant standard was carried out, the improvement of stocks built before 1981 is necessary because those don't satisfy the present standard. To investigate the renovation possibility of urban style row-rise houses for rent, actual situation of two-story apartment at 2,4, and 5 Chome Taito-Ku in Tokyo was surveyed from July to November 2001. The number of building analyzed is 227 ridges among 234 ridges of the surveyed two-story building. 90％ of building analyzed is wooden structure. 1) The site of 88％ building surveyed is close to a road less than 4m width. It becomes the existing non-conformed building in the building construction act. It is impossible to make a renovation such as rebuilding, extension and remodeling because it requires the set back when renovating this type of non-conformed building, 2) The building built before 1981 is almost wooden-structure, and occupies 37％ of the building surveyed, and doesn't satisfy the present earthquake-resistant standard. An improvement of them is needed because the decrepitude of building proceeds. 3) 50％ of openings and 40％ of windows of the building surveyed doesn't use noncombustible materials. Though it becomes the existing non-conformed building, it can satisfy the present standard by replacing openings with noncombustible materials.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.367-374
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• 2014

In this study, skin permeation enhancement was confirmed by designing it to have a structure and composition similarity to the intercellular lipids that improve miscibility with skin by cross-linked lipids poloxamer. The cross-linked lipids poloxamer was synthesized and analyzed by 1H NMR that structure dose had conjugated pluronic with ceramide3. Active component is released by modification of liquid crystal structure because PPO part, large-scale molecule block of pluronic, has hydrophobic nature at skin temperature of $35^{\circ}C$. Conjugated pluronic with ceramide3 was synthesized using Pluronic F127 and p-NPC (4-nitrophenyl chloroformate) at room temperature yielded 89%. Pluronic(Ceramide 3-conjugated Pluronic) was synthesized by reaction of p-NP-Pluronic with Ceramide3 and DMAP. The yield was 51%. This cross-linked lipids poloxamer was blended and dissolved at isotropic state with skin surface lipids, phospholipid, ceramide, cholesterol and anhydrous additive solvent. Next step was preceded by ${\alpha}$-Transition at low temperature for making the structure of Meso-Phase Lamella, and non-hydrous skin analogue liquid crystal using thermo-sensitivity smart sensor, lamellar liquid crystal structure through aging time. For confirmation of conjugation thermo-sensitivity smart sensor and non-hydrous skin analogue liquid crystal, structural observation and stability test were performed using XRD(Xray Diffraction), DSC(Differential Scanning Calorimetry), PM (Polarized Microscope) And C-SEM (Cryo-Scanning Electron Microscope). Thermo-sensitivity observation by Franz cell revealed that synthesized smart sensor shown skin permeation effect over 75% than normal liquid crystal. Furthermore, normal non-hydrous skin analogue liquid crystal that not applied smart sensor shown similar results below $35^{\circ}C$ of skin temperature, but its effects has increased more than 30% above $35^{\circ}C$.

• Composites Research
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.80-85
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• 2023

A cylindrical composite lattice structure is manufactured by filament winding. The distribution of nonuniform fiber volume fraction induced by the manufacturing process can be observed. The stiffness and buckling characteristics can be influenced by non-uniform fiber volume fraction. In this paper, the effect of non-uniform fiber volume fraction through thickness direction on the torsional buckling load of the cylindrical composite lattice structure was examined. The stiffness variation induced by the non-uniform fiber volume fraction was applied to the finite element model, and buckling analysis was performed. The variations of buckling load with variations of fiber volume fraction were compared. The non-uniform fiber volume fraction reduced the torsional buckling load of the composite lattice structure.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.385-390
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• 2000

In this study, the Non-Destructive Testing Equipment was introduced for the compaction control and the evaluation of pavements properties and the developing process was showed. Falling Weight Deflectometer(FWD) is a system for performing non-destructive testing of pavement and the other foundation structures. The system develops forces from the acceleration caused by the arrest of a falling weight and these forces are transmitted onto the surface of a structure causing it to deflect much as it would due to the weight of a passing wheel load. The structure will bend downward and exhibit a deflection basin. FWD uses a set of velocity sensors to determine the amplitude and shape of the deflection basin. The deflection response, when related to the applied loading, can provide information about the strength and condition of the various elements of the test structure. In this study, a computer program was developed that can be used to evaluate pavement and foundation structures from the data produced by FWD. The Falling Weight Deflectometer, non-destructive testing equipment, is increasing used at the whole world.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.129-136
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• 1999

In this paper, the new non-destructive equation will be proposed and evaluated in comparison to the other foreign's non-destructive equation. Through the comparisons cores strength of mock structure with compressive strength obtained from new non-destructive equation ; rebound hammer, ultra-sonic pulse velocity and combined method, it will be analyzed about application of non-destructive equation. The results are following. The new non-destructive equations follow ; (1) $F_c=9.5R{\cdot}N+62.5$ (2) $F_c=243Vp-739$ (3) $F_c=8.1R_o+205.3V_p-802$ where, $F_c$ : Compressive Strength, $R_o$ : Rebound Number. $V_p$ : Ultra-Sonic Pulse Velocity Trough the result of mock structure test, the combined method is superior to rebound method and ultra-sonic pulse velocity method in the estimation of concrete strength. In order to apply the non-destructive equation of concrete strength to the structures, it is necessary that we should be made process study on the non-destructive equation for estimation of concrete strength in the range, time and strength of application under long-term.