• 제목/요약/키워드: Non-emergency

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자유무역협정에 대한 비관세장벽의 효과에 관한 실증연구: 한국의 자유무역협정과 체결 대상국의 수입규제조치에 대하여 (An Empirical Study on the Effects of Non-Tariff Barriers on FTAs: Regarding Import Control Measures of the Target Country on Korea's FTA)

  • 오대혁
    • 아태비즈니스연구
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    • 제12권2호
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    • pp.187-203
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    • 2021
  • Purpose - The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of non-tariff barriers on the Free Trade Agreement. Currently, it has achieved significant export effects by signing free trade agreements with many countries in Korea. However, most countries have implemented non-tariff barriers to protect their industries. This study analyzes the effects of non-tariff barriers in counterpart countries that have signed a free trade agreement. Design/methodology/approach - For analysis, first, prior studies were summarized, and second, the current status of free trade agreements and non-tariff barriers were identified. And, based on the current situation, the relationship between non-tariff barriers and export volume was analyzed. The targets of analysis are the United States, China, and Vietnam, which are Korea's three largest exporters. As for non-tariff barriers, anti-dumping tariffs, countervailing tariffs, and emergency import restrictions were analyzed as import regulatory measures. Findings - In the case of the United States, it can be seen that the decline in textiles, steel and electronics sectors is even greater. In the case of China, it can be seen that exports declined after imposing non-tariff barriers in the steel sector. Finally, it can be seen that exports declined after Vietnam implemented a non-tariff barrier on the steel sector. It was found that non-tariff barriers offset the effects of the Free Trade Agreement. Research implications or Originality - Currently, Korea has free trade agreements with numerous countries. However, after the free trade agreement entered into force, the number of annual average import regulation investigations for Korean products is on the rise. In the end, the implementation of non-tariff barriers is offsetting the effects of free trade agreements. Therefore, when signing a free trade agreement, it is necessary to thoroughly prepare for import regulatory measures such as the insertion of provisions of non-tariff barriers.

대학병원 응급실 내 1급 응급구조사의 업무와 직무만족도 (The Work and Job Satisfaction of Paramedics in the Emergency Room of University Hospitals)

  • 이옥희
    • 한국응급구조학회지
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    • 제15권1호
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    • pp.47-63
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    • 2011
  • Purpose : This research is to examine the work and job satisfaction of paramedics in the emergency room of university hospitals. This research is done to provide basic data needed for establishing work realms of paramedics in hospitals and to enhance their degree of satisfaction. Methods : Research questionnaire survey was conducted on 141 paramedics working in the emergency room of 32 university hospitals from August 24, 2010 to September 30, 2010 through direct visits and telephone interviews or email to explain the purpose of this research and assurance of confidentiality of responses on the questionnaires. As the tool for the degree of job satisfaction, 'The Index of Work Satisfaction' developed by Slavitt, et al(1978) and revised and supplemented by Soon-shim Kim and Hye-ran Kwon(2002) was used. The collected data were analyzed by evaluating frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test and ANOVA, Cronbach's $\alpha$ by using SPSS WIN 18.0 program. Results : 1. Investigating the work and role of paramedics in the emergency room of university hospitals, electrocardiogram(EKG) was found to be highest with $\alpha$ was widely used with the rate of patient evaluation and test area. In the medical treatment for patients area, cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) with 95%(134 persons) and ventilation assistance through ambu bagging(BVM) with 95%(134 persons) were found to be high. $\alpha$ were performed. In the role within the hospital and other areas, a member of CPR team in the hospital accounted for 78%(110 persons). 2. In the measurements of the job satisfaction of paramedics working at university hospitals, the total mean score was 2.91. The mean score in each question area indicated: section on job 3.48, autonomy 3.05, interaction 3.01, organizational demand 2.85, working conditions 2.67, salaries 2.40. This result obviously demonstrates the work of paramedics itself was most satisfied but the salaries were most dissatisfied. 3. In the measurements of the job satisfaction of paramedics working at university hospitals, job satisfaction based on the general characteristics showed significant difference in age (F=6.547, p=.002), gender (F=4.436, p=.000) marital status (F=-3.270, p= .001), religion (F=2.041, p= .043), motive for application (F=3.603, p= .015), and salary (F=6.658, p= .000). 대학병원 응급실 내 1급 응급구조사의 업무와 직무만족도 The Journal of the Korean Society of Emergency Medical Technology Vol. 15 (1) 63 4. In the measurements of the job satisfaction of paramedics working at university hospitals, job satisfaction based on the working environmental characteristics showed significant difference in total number of paramedics (F=3.779, p= .012), form of employment (F=5.601, p= .001), existence or non-existence of intention to change jobs (F=-4.037, p= .000). Conclusion : The work of paramedics in the emergency room of university hospitals consists of lots of treatment processes after specialized diagnosis and performance of professionally subdivided works. However, current legislation does not reflect such circumstances to which paramedics are exposed; thus, it should be considered for further revision and modification. The degree of job satisfaction of paramedics in the emergency room of university hospitals was high but low in salaries and working conditions were the weak points. The measures to enhance their degree of job satisfaction should be taken though improvement of labor conditions such as consideration of the rate of increase in salaries, compensation for overtime work, providing rest areas, improvement of current employment system, and conversion of temporary employees into regular employees.

일반의약품과 전문의약품 의도적 음독 자살 시도자 특성 분석 연구 (A Study on the Characteristics of Intentional Self-Poisoning Patients : Comparison between Non-Prescription and Prescription Drugs)

  • 조을아;조지현;조경형;심현보
    • 정신신체의학
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    • 제28권2호
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    • pp.116-125
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    • 2020
  • 연구목적 자살시도로 응급실에 내원한 환자들 중 음독이 가장 높은 빈도를 보이고 있다. 본 연구에서는 음독 의약품에 따른 자살 시도자들의 특성을 분석하여 향후 임상 진료 현장에서 도움이 될 제언과 자살 예방 정책을 마련하는데 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 방 법 2011년부터 2019년까지 서울 소재 1개 종합 병원 응급실에 음독 자살 시도 후 내원한 환자 574명의 의무기록을 후향적으로 검토하였다. 의무기록을 통해 인구통계학적 정보 및 자살 과거력, 정신건강의학과 과거력, 정신질환 외 기저질환력, 음독 약물의 종류 및 양, 획득 경로, 단일 혹은 혼합 음독여부 등에 대해서 조사 후 카이제곱 검정 및 독립표본 t-검정을 사용하여 통계 분석하였다. 유의한 결과에 대해서는 위험률 산출을 위해 오즈비를 구하였다. 결 과 일반의약품 음독군이 전문의약품 음독군에 비해 연령은 유의하게 낮았으며 국민건강보험 외 비율은 낮고 배우자가 있는 비율은 유의하게 높았다. 전문의약품 음독군은 일반의약품 음독군에 비해 비자발적 응급실 내원, 정신질환력 및 정신질환 외 기저질환력에서 높은 비율을 보였다. 전문의약품 중 벤조디아제핀 음독군은 비음독군에 비해 본인 처방 비율이 높은 반면 졸피뎀 음독군은 타인처방 비율이 높았다. 벤조디아제핀, 졸피뎀, 항우울제 단독 음독군이 복합 음독군에 비해 유의하게 정신질환력이 없는 비율이 높았다. 결 론 일반의약품 판매 규제에 대한 가이드라인이 필요할 것이며 임상 현장에서 자살 고위험군의 특성을 유념한 면담이 필요하다. 또한 자살 위험성이 높은 환자들에게 전문의약품 처방 시 추적 관찰 기간 및 처방 기간, 포장 방식에 대한 적극적인 고려가 필요할 것으로 보인다.

교통신호의 자동최적제어에 관한 연구 (Automatic Optimum Control of the Traffic Signal Lights)

  • 양흥석;김호윤
    • 전기의세계
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    • 제20권4호
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    • pp.12-16
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    • 1971
  • The electrical detector and computer systems for traffic flow and speed measurement are demonstrated in this paper. For the best traffic control optimization, linear and non-linear equations in the transition state are dealing with the perturbation of the linear car-following. In the conclusions, we construct a realizable system for the central automatic traffic control with a computer. Furthermore, fixed periodic switching system by manual with the automatic traffic control system is recommended for emergency perturbation.

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Small Bowel Hernia due to a Blunt Pelvic Injury

  • Gal, Min Jae;Kim, Jung Chul
    • Journal of Trauma and Injury
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    • 제34권3호
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    • pp.187-190
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    • 2021
  • A 91-year-old female presented to Chonnam National University Hospital Regional Trauma Center with a lateral compression type III fracture of the pelvis. She was managed non-operatively for a week in the intensive care unit under close observation and had an emergency operation due to delayed onset of an acute obstructed direct inguinal hernia. Traumatic abdominal wall hernias are rare. However, trauma surgeons should always be aware of the possibility of such injuries because of their critical consequences.

Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterium Induced Pseudoaneurysm of the Common Carotid Artery

  • Lee, Hae Young;Cho, Seong Ho;Kim, Hyun Su;Moon, Jeong Min;Lee, Sangho;Kim, Jong In
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • 제49권6호
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    • pp.468-471
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    • 2016
  • An 81-year-old male patient presented with complaint of a pulsating neck mass. The patient had a previous history of cervical lymphadenopathy by non-tuberculous mycobacterium infection. Rapid growth of the mass on admission and contrast enhanced computed tomography of the neck resulted in a diagnosis of non-tuberculous mycobacterium induced pseudoaneurysm. The patient underwent emergency open repair of the pseudoaneurysm. Pseudoaneurysm of the common carotid artery is regularly reported, but here we report a rare case of non-tuberculous mycobacterium induced pseudoaneurysm of the common carotid artery.

선천성 매독에 의한 비면역성 태아수종 1례 (A Case of Non-immune Hydrops Fetalis due to Congenital Syphilis)

  • 정지선;박상우;김천수;이상락;권태찬
    • Neonatal Medicine
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    • 제15권2호
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    • pp.207-211
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    • 2008
  • 저자들은 산전 진찰을 받지않아 매독에 감염되었는지 모르고 지내던 산모에서 태어나, 빈혈, 혈소판 감소증, 자반, 간비종대와 다량의 늑막삼출과 복수가 동반된 미숙아에서 선천성 매독에 의한 비면역성 태아수종으로 진단하여 적절한 치료 후 생존된 1례를 경험하였기에 보고하는 바이다.

Blunt Cardiac Injuries That Require Operative Management: A Single-Center 7-Year Experience

  • Lee, Seung Hwan;Jang, Myung Jin;Jeon, Yang Bin
    • Journal of Trauma and Injury
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    • 제34권4호
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    • pp.242-247
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    • 2021
  • Purpose: Blunt cardiac injuries (BCI) have a wide clinical spectrum, ranging from asymptomatic myocardial contusion to cardiac rupture and death. BCIs rarely require surgical intervention, but can be rapidly fatal, requiring prompt evaluation and surgical treatment in some cases. The aim of this study was to identify potential factors associated with in-hospital mortality after surgery in patients with BCI. Methods: The medical records of 15 patients who had undergone emergency cardiac surgery for BCI between January 2014 and August 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. We included trauma patients older than 18 years admitted to Regional Trauma Center, Gachon University Gil Medical Center during the study period. Clinical and laboratory variables were compared between survivors and non-survivors. Results: Non-survivors showed a significantly higher Injury Severity Score (p=0.001) and Abbreviated Injury Scale in the chest region (p=0.001) than survivors. American Association for the Surgery of Trauma-Organ Injury Scale Grade V injuries were significantly more common in non-survivors than in survivors (p=0.031). Non-survivors had significantly more preoperative packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusions (p=0.019) and were significantly more likely to experience preoperative cardiac arrest (p=0.001) than survivors. Initial pH (p=0.010), lactate (p=0.026), and base excess (BE; p=0.026) levels showed significant differences between the two groups. Conclusions: Initial pH, lactate, BE, ventricular injury, the amount of preoperative PRBC transfusions, and preoperative cardiac arrest were potential predictors of in-hospital mortality.

Optimization of an extra vessel electromagnetic pump for Lead-Bismuth eutectic coolant circulation in a non-refueling full-life small reactor

  • Kang, Tae Uk;Kwak, Jae Sik;Kim, Hee Reyoung
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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    • 제54권10호
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    • pp.3919-3927
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    • 2022
  • This study presents an optimal design of the coolant system of a non-refueling full-life small reactor by analyzing the space-integrated geometrical and electromagnetic variables of an extra vessel electromagnetic pump (EVEMP) for the circulation of a lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) coolant. The EVEMP is an ideal alternative to the thermal-hydraulic system of non-refueling full-life micro reactors as it possesses no internal structures, such as impellors or sealing structures, for the transportation of LBE. Typically, the LBE passes through the annular flow channel of a reactor, is cooled by the heat exchanger, and then circulates back to the EVEMP flow channel. This thermal-hydraulic flow method is similar to natural circulation, which enhances thermal efficiency, while providing a golden time for cooling cores in the event of an emergency. When the forced circulation technology of the EVEMP was applied, the non-refueling full-life micro reactor achieve an output power of 60 MWt, which is higher than that achievable via the natural circulation method (30 MWt). Accordingly, an optimized EVEMP for Micro URANUS with a flow rate of 4196 kg/s and developed pressure of 73 kPa under a working temperature of 250 ℃ was designed.

프랑스 이중국적자의 국적박탈 논쟁과 안보화 (securitization) (Nationality Deprivation of Double Nationals in France and Securitization)

  • 박선희
    • 국제지역연구
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    • 제22권1호
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    • pp.67-90
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    • 2018
  • 프랑스에서 테러범의 국적박탈을 가능하게 한 것은 1996년 법부터로 이후 두 차례(1998년 법, 2006년 법)의 관련 법 개정이 있었다. 이어 2010년 이민 법안에 국적박탈 구문 수정안이 발의된 바 있고 2015-2016년에 국적박탈 대상 확장을 가능하게 하는 헌법개정안이 논의되었지만 채택되지 않았다. 하지만 이러한 일련의 과정을 통해 이중국적자와 테러범과의 관계가 쟁점으로 떠오르고 이민자와 안보문제는 더 밀접한 상관관계를 갖게 되었다. 특히 2016년에는 올랑드의 헌법 개정안이 포기되었지만 비상사태는 계속 연장되고 이중국적자 국적박탈 문제는 뜨거운 논쟁으로 남겨졌다. 4개월 넘게 지속된 논의 끝에 국가비상사태 조항 삽입과 함께 국적박탈 확장 계획을 담은 헌법개정안이 철회되었지만 그 동안 비정치적인 사안(non-politicized)이었던 이중국적자 문제는 정치적 쟁점(politicized)이 되어 안보문제로 규정되는 안보화(securitized)의 경로를 거치게 된다. 이는 부잔(Buzan)을 위시한 코펜하겐 학파가 주장하는 안보화의 '두 단계 과정(Two-stage process of securitization)'을 거쳤음을 보여준다. 코펜하겐 학파의 안보화 개념이 중요한 것은 안보화 과정의 구성적 요소에 주목하기 때문이다. 이러한 안보화의 경로를 프랑스에서 이중국적자의 국적박탈 논쟁에 적용해보면 쟁점이 되지 않았던 비정치적인 이중국적자 문제가 화행(speech-act) 또는 공표효과(announcement effect)를 통해 어떻게 정치화되어 사회적 어젠다로 규정되는 지를 고찰할 수 있다.