• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.31-48
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• 2006

This study was motivated by a recent channel conflict on subsidies for mobile handset between a service provider and a handset manufacturer in the mobile communication market. In this study, we have developed a two-person non-zero sum game for the channel conflict on subsidies for mobile handset, and derived its optimal strategic game solution. As a result, we have found that, between the service operator and the handset manufacturer, one who has high level of market leadership in his own market has a power to affect the optimal strategic game solution. We have also found that, when the service operator and the handset manufacturer have relatively high level of market leadership in their own market, there exist both of potential channel conflict and cooperation. The result of this study may provide an effective reference for a solution of similar channel conflicts.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.56-64
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• 2007

This study examined the influences of cognitive conflict and anxiety induced by a discrepant event and an alternative hypothesis, attention, and effort on conceptual change. Two hundred three students having misconceptions about density were selected from 462 seventh graders based on the results of a preconception test. Tests of cognitive responses and anxiety to a discrepant event were administered before and after presenting an alternative hypothesis. Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) was then provided to students as a conceptual change intervention. Tests assessing attention and effort allocated to the CAI, and conceptual understanding were administered as posttests. Cognitive conflict induced by a discrepant event was found to increase after presenting an alternative hypothesis. Pre-cognitive conflict induced by only a discrepant event exerted a direct effect on post-cognitive conflict induced by a discrepant event and an alternative hypothesis. Post-cognitive conflict had a direct effect on conceptual change. Pre-anxiety decreased after presenting an alternative hypothesis. Pre-anxiety influenced post-anxiety, and this influenced on conceptual change via effort negatively. Attention had a direct effect as well as an indirect effect on conceptual change via effort. These results suggest that the strategy presenting both a discrepant event and an alternative hypothesis to students in concept learning could facilitate conceptual change by inducing more cognitive conflict or active participation of students through the decrease of anxiety than that presenting a discrepant event only.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.105-115
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• 2019

Purpose - Previous research has shown that a very high level and a very low level of job scope can both be more stressful than intermediate levels of job scope. This study investigates the potential positive and negative effects of the number of accounts handled by sales personnel. The primary objective of this paper is to examine how the number of accounts salespeople handle affects their stress and performance. Research design, data, and methodology - This research conducted the data collection using a survey of salespeople in the pharmaceutical industry. I sent the survey to 420 salespeople, and received 318 usable responses. To assess measurement reliability and validity, I ran an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. I also employed structural equation modeling (SEM) to test all hypothesized effects in AMOS and also measured the interaction variable using Ping's (1996) approach. Results - These results show that there are linear and non-linear effects of the number of accounts handled by the salesperson on both role ambiguity and role conflict. First, the number of accounts handled by a salesperson is positively related to role ambiguity and role conflict. Second, the effect of the number of accounts handled on role ambiguity and role conflict decreases as the number of accounts handled by the salesperson increases. Third, as accounts increase from a low level, role stress increases; when the number of accounts reaches an optimal level, role stress decreases; and when the number of accounts increases to a high level, it can be detrimental to the salesperson's role stress. Fourth, while product complexity is positively related to role ambiguity, brand strength is negatively related to both role ambiguity and role conflict. Fifth, the greater the brand strength, the weaker the relationship will be between the number of accounts handled and salesperson role ambiguity. Finally, role ambiguity is positively related to salesperson performance. Conclusion - Too much and too little accounts increase the role ambiguity and role conflict of salespersons. Managers should identify the complex effect of the number of accounts handled by salespeople. Also, when products are complex, managers should provide training to eliminate any complex processes and complex information. These results suggest ways to decrease salespersons' role stress by ensuring an optimal level of the number of accounts and brand strength.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.18-27
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• 2007

This study examined the influences of cognitive conflict and non-cognitive variables induced by a discrepant event on process of conceptual change, and the processes that a discrepant event lead to situational interest. Seventh graders participated in this study. A preconception test was administered to select students possessing misconceptions about density. The tests of cognitive response and situational interest to a discrepant event were administered. After learning with a CAl program, the tests assessing attention and effort allocated to the CAl, and conceptual understanding were also administered. A path analysis revealed that cognitive conflict induced by a discrepant event caused situational interest, which in turn increased attention and/or effort and thus, resulted in conceptual change. The results of the path analysis on the processes in which a discrepant event led to situational interest suggested that novelty may be a primary source of situational interest. Novelty influenced situational interest directly as well as through attention demand, exploration intention, and instant enjoyment. Moreover, novelty exerted a direct effect on challenge, which in turn had negative effects on instant enjoyment directly as well as through cognitive conflict, and thus, decreased situational interest. However, the path coefficients of the latter were relatively smaller than those of the former. Educational implications are discussed.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.26-30
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• 2017

The Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs decided to designate Goesan County as a comprehensive venue for determining the geography of the land, the efficient management of land, the public opinion of local residents, and the establishment of a group of civic complaints. In the meantime, Goesan focused on attracting high-ranking government officials, including high-ranking government officials and high-ranking tourist attractions, to attract high-ranking government officials, including high-ranking officials of the National Guard, to promote the nation's bid to attract high-ranking government officials. In this paper, we intend to conduct a study centered on the controversy over the survival of the Korean National Guard. conflict between local governments is a non-authoritative administrative administrative body, it can be regarded as a matter of difficulty by intervening in any autonomous matter, and ultimately, it can be changed to judicial judgment. This is not to say that the residents of Goesan county will protest this time. Even though Goesan promotes regional development and development for local residents, it can not guarantee that the judgment of Goesan County will be held in the same situation. Thus, it should develop a win-win strategy based on the threat of sabotage. To this end, I would like to suggest the following measures.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.681-690
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of assertiveness training on nurses' assertive behaviors, interpersonal relations, communication conflicts, conflict management style and personnel turnover rate. Method: A non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used in this study, Nurses were assigned into the experimental or control groups, each consisting of 39 nurses. Data was collected between January to March 2004. An 'Assertiveness Training Program' for Nurses developed by Park was used for the study. To emphasize assertiveness practice, 5 practice sessions utilizing ABCDE principles were added to Park's program. To examine the effects of the program, differences between the two groups in assertive behaviors, interpersonal relations, communication conflicts, conflict management style and personnel turnover rate were analyzed using ANCOVA. Results: The assertiveness training was effective in improving the nurses' assertiveness behaviors, but was not effective in improving interpersonal relations, reducing the subjects' communication conflicts, changing the conflict management style or reducing their personnel turnover rate. Conclusion: There have been many studies about factors affecting nurses' personnel turnover rates, but few have been done about methods of intervention to reduce the personnel turnover rate. Thus, this study provides a significant contribution in attempting such an intervention from nursing management perspectives.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.368-381
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the experience of the role conflict among nurses in long-term care hospitals. Method: Data were collected through in-depth interviews with nine nurses in long-term care hospitals. Colaizzi's phenomenological method was used for data analysis. Result: In this study, five categories and twelve theme clusters were generated. The five categories consisted of 'Heavy workload,' 'Nursing job delegation of unclear regulations,' 'Unprotected doctor's job performance,' 'Non-systematic nursing assistants management' and 'Limit of competency.' Conclusion: These results will contribute to the role establishment of nurse in long-term care hospitals and the qualitative improvement of work by providing the grounds for the strategy development which improve working environment and job satisfaction of nurses in long-term care hospitals apposite to the case of Korea.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.201-221
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• 2022

This study aims to analyze a harmonious approach between trade norms for the protection of human rights and the WTO agreements is increasingly necessary and important. conflicts and harmonization that may occur between major human rights protection trade norms and WTO agreements were comprehensively reviewed. The hard legalization of corporate social responsibility for sustainable development, such as human rights protection, was in conflict with the WTO Agreement, which was based on the principle of non-discrimination. As the currently expanding human rights protection trade norms reflect differences in the positions of developed and developing countries, it was also pointed out that there may be disputes over WTO compatibility and distorted protectionism measures. Accordingly, the applicability of the general exceptions to Article 20 of the GATT were reviewed together, and Article 20(a) of GATT, "necessary to protect public morals" may differ between developed and developing countries, and thus limitations were also considered. At the same time, When it is necessary to take regulatory measures such as prohibition of imports from a specific country for human rights protection, it was reviewed and proposed domestic trade norms revision.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.11-30
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• 2004

Access Control is one of essential branches to provide system's security. Depending on what standards we apply, in general, there are Role-based access control, History-based access control. The first is based on subject's role, The later is based on subject's history. In fact, RBAC has been implemented, we are using it by purchasing some orders through the internet. But, HBAC is so complex that there will occur some errors on the system. This is more and more when HBAC is used with other access controls. So HBAC's formalization and model which are general enough to encompass a range of policies in using more than one access control model within a given system are important. To simplify these, we design the mathematical model called non-access structure. This Non-access structure contains to historical access list. If it is given subjects and objects, we look into subject grouping and object relation, and then we design Non-access structure. Then we can determine the permission based on history without conflict.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1-32
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• 2011

I. Introduction: In Chinese electronics industry, the local wholesalers are still dominant but power is rapidly swifting from wholesalers to retailers because in recent foreign big retailers and local mass merchandisers are growing fast. During such transient period, conflicts among channel members emerge important issues. For example, when wholesalers who have more power exercise influence strategies to maintain status, conflicts among manufacturer, wholesaler, and retailer will be intensified. Korean electronics companies in China need differentiated channel strategies by dealing with wholesalers and retailers simultaneously to sell more Korean products in competition with foreign firms. For example, Korean electronics firms should utilize 'guanxi' or relational quality to form long-term relationships with whloesalers instead of power and conflict issues. The major purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of conflict, dependency, and influence strategies between local Korean-products-selling retailers and wholesalers on performance in Chinese electronics distribution channels. In particular, this paper proposes effective distribution strategies for Korean electronics companies in China by analyzing moderating effects of 'Guanxi'. II. Literature Review and Hypotheses: The specific purposes of this study are as follows. First, causes of conflicts between local Korean-products-selling retailers and wholesalers are examined from the perspectives of goal incongruence and role ambiguity and then effects of these causes are found out on perceived conflicts of local retailers. Second, the effects of dependency of local retailers upon wholesalers are investigated on local retailers' perceived conflicts. Third, the effects of non-coercive influence strategies such as information exchange and recommendation and coercive strategies such as threats and legalistic pleas exercised by wholesalers are explored on perceived conflicts by local retailers. Fourth, the effects of level of conflicts perceived by local retailers are verified on local retailers' financial performance and satisfaction. Fifth, moderating effects of relational qualities, say, 'quanxi' between wholesalers and retailers are analyzed on the impact of wholesalers' influence strategies on retailers' performances. Finally, moderating effects of relational qualities are examined on the relationship between conflicts and performance. To accomplish above-mentioned research objectives, Figure 1 and the following research hypotheses are proposed and verified. III. Measurement and Data Analysis: To verify the proposed research model and hypotheses, data were collected from 97 retailers who are selling Korean electronic products located around Central and Southern regions in China. Covariance analysis and moderated regression analysis were employed to validate hypotheses. IV. Conclusion: The following results were drawn using structural equation modeling and hierarchical moderated regression. First, goal incongruence perceived by local retailers significantly affected conflict but role ambiguity did not. Second, consistent with conflict spiral theory, the level of conflict decreased when retailers' dependency increased toward wholesalers. Third, noncoercive influence strategies such as information exchange and recommendation implemented by wholesalers had significant effects on retailers' performance such as sales and satisfaction without conflict. On the other hand, coercive influence strategies such as threat and legalistic plea had insignificant effects on performance in spite of increasing the level of conflict. Fourth, 'guanxi', namely, relational quality between local retailers and wholesalers showed unique effects on performance. In case of noncoercive influence strategies, 'guanxi' did not play a role of moderator. Rather, relational quality and noncoercive influence strategies can serve as independent variables to enhance performance. On the other hand, when 'guanxi' was well built due to mutual trust and commitment, relational quality as a moderator can positively function to improve performance even though hostile, coercive influence strategies were implemented. Fifth, 'guanxi' significantly moderated the effects of conflict on performance. Even if conflict arises, local retailers who form solid relational quality can increase performance by dealing with dysfunctional conflict synergistically compared with low 'quanxi' retailers. In conclusion, this study verified the importance of relational quality via 'quanxi' between local retailers and wholesalers in Chinese electronic industry because relational quality could cross out the adverse effects of coercive influence strategies and conflict on performance.