• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제30권9호
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• pp.546-550
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• 2017

Ferroelectric properties are governed by domain structures and domain wall motions, so it is of significance to understand domain evolution processes under mechanical stress. In the present study, in situ piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) observation under compressive stress was carried out for a near-morphotropic PZT. Both $180^{\circ}$ and $non-180^{\circ}$ domain structures were observed from PFM images, and their habit planes were identified using electron backscatter diffraction in conjunction with PFM data. By externally applied mechanical stress, needle-like $non-180^{\circ}$ domain patterns were broadened via domain wall motions. This was interpreted via phenomenological approach such that the total energy minimization can be achieved by domain wall motion rather than domain nucleation mainly due to the local gradient energy. Meanwhile, no motion was observed from curvy $180^{\circ}$ domain walls under the mechanical stress, validating that $180^{\circ}$ domain walls are not directly influenced by mechanical stress.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제37권9호
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• pp.871-878
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• 2000

본 연구는 3mol% Pb(Sb$_{1}$2/Nb$_{1}$2/)O$_3$가 첨가된 상경계 영역의 Pb(Zr,Ti)O$_3$(PSN-PZT) 세라믹스에 대하여 RT66A와 광섬유센서를 이용하여, 교류강전계 하에서 압전 및 유전특성을 조사하였다. PSN-PZT 세라믹스의 압전 및 유전 특성에 미치는 non-180$^{\circ}$분역 재배열의 영향을 평가하기 위하여 RT66A와 MTI-2000 Fotonic$^{TM}$ sensor를 이용하여 인가전계와 주파수의 함수로 전계유기변위를 측정하였다. 그 결과, 교류강전계 하에서 전계유기변위는 강전계, 저주파수에서 큰 이력현상을 나타내고, 전계유기변위로부터 결정된 유효압전상수는 주파수가 감소할수록 증가하는 거동을 나타내고 있으며, 이러한 거동은 non-180$^{\circ}$분역 재배열의 영향으로 해석되었다.

• The Korean Journal of Ceramics
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.30-35
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• 2001

The contribution of the non-$180^{\circ}C$ domains to the electric-field-induced strains (EFI-strains) of PZT ceramics was evaluated by an XRD method and by an interferometric method. The XRD intensity ratio of 200 and 002 diffraction peaks of tetragonal PZT was measured under strong electric fields. The amount of the $90^{\circ}$ domain reorientation was evaluated and the strain due to the domain reorientation was calculated. It was confirmed that the EFI-strain of PZT ceramics was equal to the sum of the strain calculated from the d$_33$ constant determined by the resonance-antiresonance method and the strain due to the $90^{\circ}$ domain reorientation. The amount of the $90^{\circ}$domain reorientation has a linear relation with the c/a ratio in the "soft" PZT ceramics. A Mech-Zehnder interferometer was constructed to measure the EFI-strains vs. electric-field curves of PZT ceramics as a function of frequency. The EFI-strain vs. electric-field curve showed a hysteresis due to the effect of the non-$180^{\circ}$ domain reorientation when the applied voltage was high and its frequency was low. The apparent piezoelectric constant increased from the d$_33$ value determined by the resonance-antiresonance method with decreasing frequency. This deviation was attributed to the non-$180^{\circ}$ domain contribution.tribution.

• 한국자기학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.142-149
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• 1994

두께가 0.30 mm, 0.27 mm인 3% 방향성 규소강판에서 표면 선긋기의 간격(39~1.22 mm)과 집합조직(texture) 방향에 대한 선긋기 각도의 변화($90^{\circ}~50^{\circ}$)에 따라 Barkhausen Noise를 측정하였다. 두께 0.27 mm의 시편에서 선긋기를 하지 않았을 때와 선긋기의 간격이 39 mm인 경우 에 대체로 Barkhausen noise envelope은 두개의 peak 현상을 보였으며, 그 현상은 $180^{\circ}$ 자구벽(domain wall)이 생성과 소멸과정을 거듭할 때 많은 activation energy가 필요함에 따른 것으로 설명할 수 있었다. 선긋기 횟수를 늘려감에 따라 즉 선긋기의 간격이 줄어듦에 따라 Barkhausen noise envelope의 크기값이 감소하였지만, 선간격 9.75 mm부터는 감소현상이 둔화되는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 선긋기 획수가 늘어남에 따라 선긋기 근처에서 $180^{\circ}$ 자구의 생성과 소멸이 쉽게 일어나기 때문에 Barkhausen Noise의 크기가 감소하는 것으로 설명할 수 있다. 이러한 현상은 0.30 mm의 시편에서도 유사하게 설명될 수 있었다. Barkhausen noise power는 선긋기 간격이 줄어듦에 따라 감소하였으며, 각도변화에 따른 결과는 $50^{\circ}$ 근처에서 가장 적은 값을 보였다.

• 한국반도체및디스플레이장비학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국반도체및디스플레이장비학회 2004년도 춘계학술대회 발표 논문집
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• pp.263-267
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• 2004

This study presents the combined effect of electric field application and mechanical compressive stress loading on deformation in a multilayer ceramic actuator, designed with stacking 0.2($PbMn_{1/3}Nb_{2/3}O_{3}$)-0.8($PbZr_{0.475}Ti_{0.525}O_{3}$) ceramics and Ag-Pd electrode, alternately. The deformation behaviors were attributed to relative $180^{\circ}$domain, determined by pre-loaded compressive stress and electric field. The non-linearity of piezoelectricity and strain are dependent upon the young's modulus resulting from the domain reorientation.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제27권9호
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• pp.484-488
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• 2017

In the present study, domain evolution processes of a near-morphotropic PZT ceramic during poling was studied using vertical piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). To perform macroscopic poling in bulk polycrystalline PZT, poling was carried out in a stepwise fashion, and PFM scan was performed after unloading the electric field. To identify the crystallographic orientation and planes for the observed non-$180^{\circ}$ domain walls in the PFM images, compatibility theory and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) were used in conjunction with PFM. Accurate registration between PFM and the EBSD image quality map was carried out by mapping several grains on the sample surface. A herringbone-like domain pattern consisting of two sets of lamellae was observed; this structure evolved into a single set of lamellae during the stepwise poling process. The mechanism underlying the observed domain evolution process was interpreted as showing that the growth of lamellae is determined by the potential energy associated with polarization and an externally applied electric field.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.20-24
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• 2019

Ferroelectric material properties are strongly governed by domain structures and their evolution processes, but the evolution processes of complex domain patterns during a macroscopic electrical poling process are still elusive. In the present work, domain-evolution processes in a PZT ceramic near the morphotropic phase-boundary composition were studied during a step-wise electrical poling using piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). Electron backscatter diffraction was used with the PFM data to identify the grain boundaries in the region of interest. In response to an externally the applied electric field, growth and retreat of non-$180^{\circ}$ domain boundaries wasere observed. The results indicate that ferroelectric polarization-switching nucleates and evolves in concordance with the pattern of the pre-existing domains.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2008년도 제39회 하계학술대회
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• pp.625-626
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• 2008

The magnetic domain-refining techniques such as ball scratching, laser irradiation and plasma have been developed to reduce the domain wall spacing and thus iron losses in Fe-3%Si grain-oriented silicon steels. In view point of magnetic properties, it was supposed that the locally residual stresses change the magnetoelastic energy of the material and thus the spacing between $180^{\circ}$ domain walls decreases in order to reduce the magnetostatic energy. The effect of laser irradiation on iron loss and magnetostriction reduction for Fe-3%Si grain-oriented steel were investigated. Since the local tensile stresses were induced at the surface of Fe-3%Si steel by the laser irradiation, the minimum iron loss caused by reducing eddy current loss was obtained in spiete of the decrease of permeability by hindering eddy current loss was obtained in spite of the decrease of permeability by hindering the domain wall movement around the induced stress field. Furthermore, the laser treated 3%Si steel has lower magnetostriction as compared to non laser-treated steel and is less sensitive to applying pre-stresses due to the volume reduction of $90^{\circ}$ domain in materials.

• 한국공작기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국공작기계학회 2004년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.478-481
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• 2004

This study presents the combined effect of electric Held application and mechanical compressive stress loading on deformation in a multilayer ceramic actuator, designed with stacking alternatively 0.2(PbMn$\_$1/3/Nb$\_$2/3/O$_3$)-0.8(PbZr$\_$0.475/Ti$\_$0.525/O$_3$) ceramics and Ag-Pd electrode. The deformation behaviors were thought to be attributed to relative 180$^{\circ}$domain quantities which is determined by pre-loaded stress and electric field. The non-linearity of piezoelectricity and strain are dependent upon the young's modulus resulting from the domain reorientation.

• 공업화학
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.35-40
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• 1999

Hard segment 함량이 35%와 53%로 서로 다른 두 개의 열가소성 폴리우레탄 시료 (각각 TPU-35와 TPU-35)와 이들을 70/30, 50/50, 30/70 wt%로 용융 블렌딩한 조성들이 annealing 온도와 시간에 따라 변화할 수 있는 유리전이온도와 용융피이크, 분자량 및 분자량 분포도의 변화를 관찰하였다. TPU의 $T_g$는 hard segment 함량이 많을수록 높은 값을 보였으며 annealing 온도와 시간에 따라 hard microdomain 구조의 미약한 관계에 의한 용융피이크의 크기와 온도 등이 변하였다. 이는 annealing에 의한 열이 long-range 혹은 short-range segmental motion의 거동, 비결정 microphase 구조의 order-disorder 전이, domain의 크기 및 결정구조의 질서도 등 여러 가지 복합적인 영향을 끼친 결과로 사료된다. 미세 결정의 용융 결과로 나타나는 $T_3$단일 피이크만이 존재하는 annealing 온도는 TPU-35, TPU-44와 TPU-53에 대해 각각 130, 170 및 $180^{\circ}C$이었다. Annealing 온도와 시간에 따른 분자량 및 분자량 분포도 변화 측정에서 TPU-35는 $135^{\circ}C$에서, TPU-44(TPU-35/TPU-53=50/50 블랜드)는 $170^{\circ}C$, 그리고 TPU-53은 $180^{\circ}C$에서 수평균 및 중량평균 분자량의 증가와 더불어 polydispersity(PI)는 감소를 보였다. 이 변화는 같은 조건의 annealing 온도에 따른 용융피이크 변화에서 $T_3$단일 피이크만 남게 되는 annealing온도와 일관성을 보이고 있는데, 이는 이들 시료가 특정한 annealing 온도에서 chain dissociation과 recombination이 동시에 일어나므로써 빚어진 결과로 추측된다.