• Computers and Concrete
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.375-388
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• 2008

Crack opening governs many transfer properties that play a pivotal role in durability analyses. Instead of trying to combine continuum and discrete models in computational analyses, it would be attractive to derive from the continuum approach an estimate of crack opening, without considering the explicit description of a discontinuous displacement field in the computational model. This is the prime objective of this contribution. The derivation is based on the comparison between two continuous variables: the distribution if the effective non local strain that controls damage and an analytical distribution of the effective non local variable that derives from a strong discontinuity analysis. Close to complete failure, these distributions should be very close to each other. Their comparison provides two quantities: the displacement jump across the crack [U] and the distance between the two profiles. This distance is an error indicator defining how close the damage distribution is from that corresponding to a crack surrounded by a fracture process zone. It may subsequently serve in continuous/discrete models in order to define the threshold below which the continuum approach is close enough to the discrete one in order to switch descriptions. The estimation of the crack opening is illustrated on a one-dimensional example and the error between the profiles issued from discontinuous and FE analyses is found to be of a few percents close to complete failure.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제23권57호
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• pp.51-62
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• 2000

In this study, the psycho-physiological response of drivers was investigated in terms of EEG(Electroencephalogram), especially with the fractal dimensions computed by Chaotic algorithm. The Chaotic algorithm Is well Known to sensitively analyze the non-linear information such as brain waves. An automobile with a fully equipped data acquisition system was used to collect the data. Ten healthy subjects participated in the experiment. EEG data were collected while subjects were driving the car between Won-ju and Shin-gal J.C. on Young-Dong highway The results were presented in terms of 3-Dimensional attractor to confirm the chaotic nature of the EEG data. The correlation dimension and fractal dimension were calculated to evaluate the complexity of the brain activity as the driving duration changes. In particular, the fractal dimension indicated a difference between the driving condition and non-driving condition while other spectral variables showed inconsistent results. Based upon the fractal dimension, drivers processed the most information at the beginning of the highway driving and the amount of brain activity gradually decreased and stabilized. No particular decrease of brain activity was observed even after 100 km driving. Considering the sensitivity and consistency of the analysis by Chaotic algorithm, the fractal dimension can be a useful parameter to evaluate the psycho-physiological responses of human brain at various driving conditions.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.633-644
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• 2023

Taking a look at the previously published papers, it is revealed that there is a porosity index limitation (around 0.35) for the mechanical behavior analysis of the functionally graded porous (FGP) structures. Over mentioned magnitude of the porosity index, the elastic modulus falls below zero for some parts of the structure thickness. Therefore, the current paper is presented to analyze the vibrational behavior of the FGP Timoshenko beams (FGPTBs) using a novel refined formulation regardless of the porosity index magnitude. The silica aerogel foundation and various hydrothermal loadings are assumed as the source of external forces. To obtain the FGPTB's properties, the power law is hired, and employing Hamilton's principle in conjunction with Navier's solution method, the governing equations are extracted and solved. In the end, the impact of the various variables as different beam materials, elastic foundation parameters, and porosity index is captured and displayed. It is revealed that changing hygrothermal loading from non-linear toward uniform configuration results in non-dimensional frequency and stiffness pushing up. Also, Al - Al2O3 as the material composition of the beam and the porosity presence with the O pattern, provide more rigidity in comparison with using other materials and other types of porosity dispersion. The presented computational model in this paper hopes to help add more accuracy to the structures' analysis in high-tech industries.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.360-367
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to perform three-dimensional (3D) assessment of facial soft tissue in patients with skeletal Class III and mandibular asymmetry after orthognathic surgery. Methods: Samples consisted of 3D facial images obtained from five patients with A point-nasion-B point angle less than 2 degrees, and more than 5 mm of menton deviation. All patients had been treated at Gangneung-Wonju National University Dental Hospital from 2009 to 2012. They had undergone orthognathic surgery of Lefort I, and sagittal split osteotomy for correction of skeletal deformity, and orthodontic treatment. Facial scanning was performed before treatment (T1) and post-surgical orthodontic treatment (T2). Linear and angle variables of soft tissue landmarks, antero-posterior facial depth, and facial volume were measured. Results: No significant differences in width of the alar base, mouth width, and nasal canting were observed between T1 and T2. However, lip deviation, menton deviation, alar canting, lip canting, and menton deviation angle were significantly reduced at T2. Antero-posterior facial depth on the axial plane parallel to the left cheilion was significantly reduced on the deviated side and significantly increased on the non-deviated side at T2. Volume of the lower lateral and lower medial parts of the face was reduced on the deviated side, and volume of upper lateral and lower lateral parts on the non-deviated side was significantly increased at T2. Conclusion: After orthognathic surgery, facial asymmetry of soft tissue was improved following skeletal changes, especially the mandibular region. Although the length of the alar base and mouth width did not change, lip and soft tissue menton were displaced to the medial side after treatment. Facial depth also became symmetric after treatment. Facial volume showed a decrease on the lower part of the deviated side and that on lateral parts of the non-deviated side showed an increase after treatment.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.167-183
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to analyze the kinetical variables of the lower extremity joints when performing uchimata(inner thigh reaping throw) by uke(receiver)'s two posture(shizenhon tai), jigohon tai), by voluntary resistance level(VRL) in judo. The subjects, who were for 3 male Korean national representative judokas(elite group : EG) and 3 male representative judokas of Korean University(non-elite group: NEG), and were filmed 4 DV video cameras(60fields/sec.), that posture of uke were shizenhon-tai (straight natural posture), jigohon-tai(straight defensive posture), VRL of uke was 0%. The selected trials were subject to 3-dimensional film motion analysis and ground reaction force(MRF) analysis. The kinetical variable of this study were temporal, postures( ankle and knee angle of attacking leg), that were computed through video film analysis, MRF at events were obtained from the ground-reaction force analysis by AMTI force plate system. When performing uchi-mata according to each posture and by VRL, from the data analysis and discussion, the conclusions were as follows : 1) Temporal variables : total time-required(TR) when performing uchi-mata was shown EG 0.13sec the shorter than NEG(o.77sec.) in shizenhon-tai. and EG 0.17sec the shorter than NEG(o.76sec.) in jigonhon-tai. Also, all of two groups' jigohon-tai(0.68sec.) were faster than shizenhon-tai(0.71 sec.). 2) The posture variables : The angle of ankle in attacking when performing were plantar flexion in EG, and dorsi flexion in NEG by shizenhon-tai and jigohon-tai posture. The angle of knee in attacking when performing were extension in EG and NEG, but range of extension in EG were larger than in NEG. 3) MRF : Vertical MRF when performing uchi-mata was shown the strongest in the 2nd stage of kake phase(2.23BW) by EG in both posture, and it was same value by NEG(2.23BW), but shizenhon-tai (2.28BW), jigohon-tai(1.64BW), respectively.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제47권12호
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• pp.1227-1237
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• 2014

이중편파레이더는 강수의 형태를 구분하고 대기 중의 기상 현상뿐만 아니라 비강수에코에 대한 정보를 제공하기 때문에 보다 정확한 강수량 추정을 가능하게 한다. 그러나 수직, 수평으로 진동하는 전파를 송 수신하여 생성되는 이중편파레이더 관측변수들은 레이더 자체가 갖는 시스템적 관측오차를 포함하기 때문에 정량적 강수량 추정을 위해서는 이에 대한 보정이 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 2차원 영상우적계(2-Dimensional Video Disdrometer, 이하 2DVD) 관측 자료를 이용하여 비슬산 이중편파레이더가 갖는 Z, $Z_{DR}$ 관측오차를 계산한 후, 관측오차 보정에 따라 강수량이 정량적으로 얼마나 개선되는지를 살펴보았다. 총 33강수사례에 대한 분석결과, Z는 약-0.3~5.5 dB, $Z_{DR}$는 -0.1~0.6 dB의 관측오차를 가지며, 대부분의 사례에서 Z와 $Z_{DR}$는 모의된 값보다 낮게 관측하였다. 관측오차를 보정한 전 후 산출된 이중편파레이더 강수량 추정값을 지상관측 강우강도와 비교한 결과, 평균 bias와 RMSE는 각각 1.54 mm/hr, 1.73 mm/hr로 보정 전의 1.69 mm/hr, 2.54 mm/hr 보다 감소함으로써 지상우량계 관측값 대비 레이더 강수량 추정값이 약 7~61% 향상되었다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.5379-5388
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• 2012

비선형 공정에 대한 퍼지 모델링에서, 퍼지 규칙은 일반적으로 입력 변수 선택, 공간 분할 수 및 소속 함수에 의해 형성된다. 비선형 공정에 대한 퍼지 규칙의 생성은 차원이 증가할수록 규칙의 수가 지수적으로 증가하는 문제를 가지고 있다. 이를 해결하기 위해, 입력 공간의 퍼지 분할에 의한 퍼지 규칙을 생성함으로써 복잡한 비선형 공정을 모델링 할 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 HCM 클러스터링 알고리즘을 이용하여 입력 공간을 분산 형태로 분할함으로써 비퍼지 추론 시스템의 규칙을 생성한다. 규칙의 전반부 파라미터는 HCM 클러스터링 알고리즘에 의한 소속행렬로 결정된다. 규칙의 후반부는 다항식 함수의 형태로 표현되며, 각 규칙의 후반부 파라미터들은 표준 최소자승법에 의해 동정된다. 마지막으로, 비선형 공정으로는 널리 이용되는 데이터를 이용하여 비선형 특성 및 성능을 평가한다. 본 실험을 통해 고차원의 비선형 시스템은 매우 적은 수의 규칙을 가지고 모델링할 수 있었다.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.471-482
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• 2004

Purpose: This study intended to identify personality factors and related problematic behaviors of adolescents who drink alcohol in order to provide basic data for developing nursing programs. Methods: The data were collected from October to December 2002 from 1.080 high school students in Seoul. The Revised Cloninger's Tri-dimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) was used to measure their personalities. The alcohol expectancy was measured using the tool revised by Cho (1999) and stress levels were measure using a stress tool revised Cho (1998). The data were analyzed with SPSS Windows using Chi square test. independent t-test. and logistic regression analysis. Results: 1. The percentage of fathers who drank was 79.8%. mothers. 54.3%. and friends. 54.3%. The alcohol expectancy averaged 6.36 while the stress levels were 132.79. 2. It was found that there are significant differences (p<.001) in problematic drinking behaviors according to the following variables: second year high school students among all grade variables, more monthly pocket money for the amount of money variables, the group of students who smoked in the case of the variable related to smoking, spending more time using the Internet for the Internet use variable, and having friends who drink 65.6% for the friend variable. The alcohol expectancy scale of those students who showed problematic drinking behaviors was higher than that of those who did not. There are four family-related stress subscales, and there was a significant difference among them (p<.05). Among the personal characteristics, the group who displayed problematic drinking behaviors seeks new experiences and reward dependence more than the group who did not exhibit those behaviors, and there were significant differences between the two groups (p<.001). 3. When the socio-demographic and drinking-related factors were controlled, the tendency of seeking new experiences increased the risk of problematic behaviors 1.07 times (p<.05). Compared to the non smoking group, the smoking group was found to have a 5.06 time (p<.001) greater risk of displaying problematic drinking behaviors. In comparison with the non drinking group, the drinking group was also found to have a 5.31 time (p<.001) greater risk of exhibiting problematic drinking behaviors. The group with high alcohol expectancy scores was significantly different from the group with the no alcohol expectancy, showing a 1.26 time (p<.00l) greater risk of problematic drinking behaviors. Conclusions: Based on these results, the problematic drinking behaviors were connected with alcohol expectancies, friends and personality types. Therefore, we should develop an alcoholic prevention program for adolescence considering the above results.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.279-287
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• 2012

상 하부 스플릿 T 접합부는 T-stub의 두께, 고력볼트 게이지 거리 등의 주요 변수 조합에 따라서 보통모멘트골조 혹은 특수모멘트골조에 적합한 접합부로 사용된다. 상 하부 스플릿 T 접합부가 안전한 구조거동을 발휘하기 위해서는 건축구조기준에서 규정한 층간변위각 및 접합부모멘트에 대한 요구사항을 만족하여야 한다. 이러한 요구사항 조건의 충족여부를 파악하기 위해서는 접합부의 회전강성 및 한계소성모멘트에 대한 예측이 필수적이다. 따라서 이 연구는 일차적으로 정적하중을 받는 상 하부 스플릿 T 접합부의 회전강성 예측을 위한 해석모델 제안을 위하여 진행하고자 한다. 이를 위하여 3차원 비선형 유한요소해석을 수행하였다. 제안한 해석모델의 적용 적합성은 기존의 해석모델 및 실험결과와 비교 검토하여 입증하였다.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.363-383
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• 2018

One-dimensional (1D) models of incompressible flows, can be of interest for many applications in which fast resolution times are demanded, such as fluid-structure interaction of flows in compliant pipes and hemodynamics. This work proposes a higher-order 1D theory for the flow-field analysis of incompressible, laminar, and viscous fluids in rigid pipes. This methodology is developed in the domain of the Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF), which was first employed in structural mechanics. In the framework of 1D modelling, CUF allows to express the primary variables (i.e., velocity and pressure fields in the case of incompressible flows) as arbitrary expansions of the generalized unknowns, which are functions of the 1D computational domain coordinate. As a consequence, the governing equations can be expressed in terms of fundamental nuclei, which are invariant of the theory approximation order. Several numerical examples are considered for validating this novel methodology, including simple Poiseuille flows in circular pipes and more complex velocity/pressure profiles of Stokes fluids into non-conventional computational domains. The attention is mainly focused on the use of hierarchical McLaurin polynomials as well as piece-wise nonlocal Lagrange expansions of the generalized unknowns across the pipe section. The preliminary results show the great advantages in terms of computational costs of the proposed method. Furthermore, they provide enough confidence for future extensions to more complex fluid-dynamics problems and fluid-structure interaction analysis.