• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권11호
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• pp.1666-1684
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• 2023

Objective: Our objective was to examine the relationships of supplemental rumen-protected lysine (RPL) or lysine + methionine (RPLM) on lactational performance, plasma amino acids (AA) concentration, and nitrogen use efficiency of lactating dairy cows by using a meta-analysis approach. Methods: A total of 56 articles comprising 77 experiments with either RPL or RPLM supplementation were selected and analyzed using a mixed model methodology by considering the treatments and other potential covariates as fixed effects and different experiments as random effects. Results: In early lactating cows, milk yield was linearly increased by RPL (β₁ = 0.013; p<0.001) and RPLM (β₁ = 0.014; p<0.028) but 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM) and energy-corrected milk (ECM) (kg/d) was increased by only RPL. RPL and RPLM did not affect dry matter intake (DMI) but positively increased (p<0.05) dairy efficiency (Milk yield/DMI and ECM/DMI). As a percentage, milk fat, protein, and lactose were unchanged by RPL or RPLM but the yield of all components was increased (p<0.05) by feeding RPL while only milk protein was increased by feeding RPLM. Plasma Lys concentration was linearly increased (p<0.05) with increasing supplemental RPL while plasma Met increased (p<0.05) by RPLM supplementation. The increase in plasma Lys had a strong linear relationship (R² = 0.693 in the RPL dataset and R² = 0.769 in the RPLM dataset) on milk protein synthesis (g/d) during early lactation. Nitrogen metabolism parameters were not affected by feeding RPL or RPLM, either top-dress or when supplemented to deficient diets. Lactation performance did not differ between AA-deficient or AA-adequate diets in response to RPL or RPLM supplementation. Conclusion: RPL or RPLM showed a positive linear relationship on the lactational performance of dairy cows whereas greater improvement effects were observed during early lactation. Supplementing RPL or RPLM is recommended on deficient-AA diet but not on adequate-AA diet.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.282-287
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• 1996

시설재배지(施設栽培地)에 적합한 질소공급력(窒素供給力) 지표(指標)를 알기 위하여 토양유기물(土壤有機物), 총질소(總窒素), 6N HCl가용질소 및 2M KCl, 0.01M $CaCl_2$, 0.01M $NaHCO_3$ 침출질소(浸出窒素)와 배추의 수량(收量) 및 질소흡수량(窒素吸收量)과의 관계를 비교(比較) 검토(檢討)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 배추수량(收量)과 침출방법(浸出方法)에 따른 질소함량(窒素含量)과의 상관(相關)에서 2M KCl침출(浸出) 총(總) 무기태(無機態) 질소(窒素)(r= 0.789)와 질산태질소(窒酸態窒素) (r=0.765)가 가장 높았으며, 그 다음으로는 토양유기물(土壤有機物) > T-N > 0.01M $NaHCO_3$ 침출질소(浸出窒素) > 0.01M $CaCl_2$ 침출질소(浸出窒素) > 2M KCl침출(浸出) $NH{_4}^+-N$ > 6N HCl가용질소순(可溶窒素順)으로 2M KCl침출(浸出) 총무기웅질소량(總無機熊窒素量)과 질산태질소(窒酸態窒素)가 시설재배지(施設栽培地)의 질소시비추천(窒素施肥推薦)을 위한 우수(優秀)한 지표성분(指標成分)이었다. 토양(土壤) 중 질산웅질소량(窒酸熊窒素量)과 시비질소량(施肥窒素量)의 합(合)과 배추의 수량(收量) 및 질소흡수량(窒素吸收量)과는 고도(高度)의 유의성(有意性)있는 정(正)의 상관관계(相關關係)가 있으며, 토양의 질소함량과 시비효율(施肥效率)과는 부(負)의 상관관계(相關關係)가 있었다. 토양질소침출방법별(土壤窒素浸出方法別) 질소함량간(窒素含量間)의 상관관계(相關關係)에서 $NO{_3}^-+NH{_4}^+-N$는 0.01M $NaHCO_3$와 0.01M $CaCl_2$ 침출성질소(浸出性窒素), OM은 T-N와 6N HCl가용성(可溶性) 질소(窒素), T-N는 6N HCl가용성질소(可溶性窒素) 및 0.01M $CaCl_2$ 침출질소(浸出窒素)와 높은 정(正)의 상관관계(相關關係)를 나타 내었다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.586-591
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• 2010

Solar cells have been more intensely studied as part of the effort to find alternatives to fossil fuels as power sources. The progression of the first two generations of solar cells has seen a sacrifice of higher efficiency for more economic use of materials. The use of a single junction makes both these types of cells lose power in two major ways: by the non-absorption of incident light of energy below the band gap; and by the dissipation by heat loss of light energy in excess of the band gap. Therefore, multi junction solar cells have been proposed as a solution to this problem. However, the $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ generation solar cells have efficiency limits because a photon makes just one electron-hole pair. Fabrication of all-silicon tandem cells using an Si quantum dot superlattice structure (QD SLS) is one possible suggestion. In this study, an $SiO_x$ matrix system was investigated and analyzed for potential use as an all-silicon multi-junction solar cell. Si quantum dots with a super lattice structure (Si QD SLS) were prepared by alternating deposition of Si rich oxide (SRO; $SiO_x$ (x = 0.8, 1.12)) and $SiO_2$ layers using RF magnetron co-sputtering and subsequent annealing at temperatures between 800 and $1,100^{\circ}C$ under nitrogen ambient. Annealing temperatures and times affected the formation of Si QDs in the SRO film. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that nanocrystalline Si QDs started to precipitate after annealing at $1,100^{\circ}C$ for one hour. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images clearly showed SRO/$SiO_2$ SLS and Si QDs formation in each 4, 6, and 8 nm SRO layer after annealing at $1,100^{\circ}C$ for two hours. The systematic investigation of precipitation behavior of Si QDs in $SiO_2$ matrices is presented.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.807-815
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• 2015

The present study aimed at evaluating the intensity of Tifton 85 conditioning using a mower conditioner with free-swinging flail fingers and storage times on dehydration curve, fungi presence, nutritional value and in vitro digestibility of Tifton 85 bermudagrass hay dry matter (DM). The dehydration curve was determined in the whole plant for ten times until the baling. The zero time corresponded to the plant before cutting, which occurred at 11:00 and the other collections were carried out at 8:00, 10:00, 14:00, and 16:00. The experimental design was randomised blocks with two intensities of conditioning (high and low) and ten sampling times, with five replications. The high and low intensities related to adjusting the deflector plate of the free iron fingers (8 and 18 cm). In order to determine gas exchanges during Tifton 85 bermudagrass dehydration, there were evaluations of mature leaves, which were placed in the upper middle third of each branch before the cutting, at every hour for 4 hours. A portable gas analyser was used by an infrared IRGA (6400xt). The analysed variables were photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs), internal $CO_2$ concentration (Ci), transpiration (T), water use efficiency (WUE), and intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi). In the second part of this study, the nutritional value of Tifton 85 hay was evaluated, so randomised blocks were designed in a split plot through time, with two treatments placed in the following plots: high and low intensity of cutting and five different time points as subplots: cutting (additional treatment), baling and after 30, 60, and 90 days of storage. Subsequently, fungi that were in green plants as well as hay were determined and samples were collected from the grass at the cutting period, during baling, and after 30, 60, and 90 days of storage. It was observed that Tifton 85 bermudagrass dehydration occurred within 49 hours, so this was considered the best time for drying hay. Gas exchanges were more intense before cutting, although after cutting they decreased until ceasing within 4 hours. The lowest values of acid detergent insoluble nitrogen were obtained with low conditioning intensity after 30 days of storage, 64.8 g/kg DM. The in vitro dry matter of Tifton 85 bermudagrass did not differ among the storage times or the conditioning intensities. There was no fungi present in the samples collected during the storage period up to 90 days after dehydration, with less than 30 colony forming units found on plate counting. The use of mower conditioners in different intensities of injury did not speed up the dehydration time of Tifton 85.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.490-496
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• 2020

가축유전자원으로서 동결정액을 생산하는 가장 쉬운 방법은 스티로폼박스를 이용한 간이동결법으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 스티로폼 동결박스를 제작하여 가축의 동결정액 생산에 활용하는 방법을 검토하였으며 칡소 동결정액 생산을 최적화 할 수 있는 방법을 제시하고자 박스의 크기, 액체질소와 노출된 정액 스트로와 거리, 노출시간 및 생산량을 검토하였다. 2가지 동결박스를 비교하여 자료를 확보하였으며 내부 크기는 세로×가로×높이가 23.5×30.5×22.5 cm와 25.5×46.5×26.5 cm로 측정되었다. 액체질소를 5cm 높이로 채우고 액체질소 위 2, 5 및 8cm 높이에서 동결하여 융해 후 생존성을 조사하였다. 칡소 정액을 동결할 경우, 액체질소와의 노출시간은 모두 10분이 적절하였으며 25.5×46.5×26.5 cm 크기의 상자가 높은 생존율을 보여주었다(60.4±5.3% 대 67.2±3.1%). 동결 상자의 최적화 공간은 정자 동결에 가장 중요한 요소로 판단되며 1회 동결 시 최대 생산 가능한 칡소 동결정액은 60개 이상으로 증가시킬 수 있었다. 이러한 정보를 활용하면, 축종에 따라 동결 정액 생산량 결정하고 목적에 맞는 용기를 활용하여 효율적인 동결정액 생산이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2005년도 국제학술회의
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• pp.57-74
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• 2005

Rice yield and protein content have been shown to be highly variable across paddy fields. In order to characterize this spatial variability of rice within a field, the two-year experiments were conducted in 2002 and 2003 in a large-scale rice field of $6,600m^2$ In year 2004, an experiment was conducted to know if prescribed N for site-specific fertilizer management at panicle initiation stage (VRT) could reduce spatial variation in yield and protein content of rice while increasing yield compared to conventional uniform N topdressing (UN, ,33 kg N/ha at PIS) method. The trial field was subdivided into two parts and each part was subjected to UN and VRT treatment. Each part was schematically divided in $10\times10m$ grids for growth and yield measurement or VRT treatment. VRT nitrogen prescription for each grid was calculated based on the nitrogen (N) uptake (from panicle initiation to harvest) required for target rice protein content of $6.8\%$, natural soil N supply, and recovery of top-dressed N fertilizer. The required N uptake for target rice protein content was calculated from the equations to predict rice yield and protein content from plant growth parameters at panicle initiation stage (PIS) and N uptake from PIS to harvest. This model equations were developed from the data obtained from the previous two-year experiments. The plant growth parameters for this calculation were predicted non-destructively by canopy reflectance measurement. Soil N supply for each grid was obtained from the experiment of year 2003, and N recovery was assumed to be $60\%$ according to the previous reports. The prescribed VRT N ranged from 0 to 110kg N/ha with average of 57kg/ha that was higher than 33kg/ha of UN. The results showed that VRT application successfully worked not only to reduce spatial variability of rice yield and protein content but also to increase rough rice yield by 960kg/ha. The coefficient of variation (CV) for rice yield and protein content was reduced significantly to $8.1\%\;and\;7.1\%$ in VRT from $14.6\%\;and\;13.0\%$ in UN, respectively. And also the average protein content of milled rice in VRT showed very similar value of target protein content of $6.8\%$. Although N use efficiency of VRT compared to UN was not quantified due to lack of no N control treatment, the procedure used in this paper for VRT estimation was believed to be reliable and promising method for managing within-field spatial variability of yield and protein content. The method should be received further study before it could be practically used for site-specific crop management in large-scale rice field.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.772-790
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• 2011

In this paper, we use the HDDM (High-order Decoupled Direct Method)-driven ozone sensitivity to predict change in ozone concentrations in response to domain-wide $NO_x$(Oxides of Nitrogen) and VOC (Volatile Organic Compound) emission controls over the Seoul Metropolitan Area during June 11~19, 2007. In order to validate the applicability of HDDM to $NO_x$ and VOC control scenarios, the HDDM results are compared to Brute Force Method (BFM). For VOC controls, NME (Normalized Mean Error) between BFM and HDDM remains less than 2% until the domain-wide VOC emissions are reduced by 80%. The NME for a 40% reduction in the domain-wide $NO_x$ emissions is less than 5% but increases abruptly after further reductions in the $NO_x$ emissions (i.e., 80% reduction). The results indicates that it may be inaccurate to use ozone sensitivity coefficients estimated at a given base emission condition in predicting ozone after $NO_x$ reductions larger than ~50% of the domain total in the SMA. Therefore, HDDM application on piecewise emissions is desirable to predict ozone response to emission controls with accuracy (i.e., truck emissions rather than the domain total). For computational efficiency, HDDM shows approximately 30% faster than the BFM sensitivity approach.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.395-406
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• 2023

The large amount of energy required for successful crop production is the main challenge in greenhouse cropping systems. As a response to this challenge a comprehensive evaluation of greenhouse energy consumption was carried out in two structurally similar single-span greenhouses with different thermal curtain positions, with particular attention to energy productivity, specific energy, net energy, and energy ratio. The greenhouses are used for strawberry production. In the R-greenhouse (RGH), the thermal curtain hanged directly at the roof ridge, whereas in the Q-greenhouse (QGH), the thermal curtain was placed 5° from an imaginary vertical axis, from the middle of the roof ridge downwards to the north side of the greenhouse roof. The relevant data were recorded using standard methods. The results indicated that the energy expended in the RGH and QGH systems was 2,186.48 and 2,189.26 MJ/m², respectively. Electricity and nitrogen fertilizer contributed the highest energy input in both greenhouses and in all seasons. The output energy was 3.12 and 3.82 MJ/m², respectively, in RGH and QGH in season I and 4.40 and 4.87 MJ/m² in season II. In terms of energy expended, there was no significant difference between the two greenhouses, nor between the two seasons. These results indicate that greenhouses of the size used in this investigation are not viable in terms of energy productivity, energy-use efficiency, and subsequent economic performance. However, further studies should be conducted to scale-up the information obtained from this investigation.

• 환경생물
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.26-34
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• 2014

에너지 소비의 증가와 화석 연료의 감소로 인해 바이오디젤과 같은 재생 가능한 대체 에너지 자원이 관심을 받고 있다. 미세조류를 이용한 바이오디젤은 기존의 농작물과 경쟁하지 않는 것과 더불어 많은 장점을 갖고 있다. 본 연구에서는 미세조류 배양의 생산 비용 절감과 축산 폐수 처리라는 두 가지 목표를 충족시키지 위해 돈분 액체 비료를 사용하였다. 옥외 배양 시스템(Small Scale Raceway Pond; SSRP)과 희석된 돈분 액체 비료를 이용하여 단일 미세조류 Chlorella sp. JK2, Scenedesmus sp. JK10 과 혼합 토착 미세조류 CSS를 20일 동안 각각 배양하였다. 미세조류 혼합균주인 CSS의 바이오매스 생산과 지질 생산성은 각각 $1.19{\pm}0.09gL^{-1}$, $12.44{\pm}0.38mgL^{-1}day^{-1}$로 단일 종에 비해 2배 이상 높았다. 돈분 액체 비료의 TN, TP의 제거율 역시 혼합 토착 미세조류 CSS에서 93.6%, 98.5%로 단일 종의 이용에 비해 30%이상 높은 제거 효율을 보여주었다. 이를 통해 돈분 액체 비료는 미세조류 배양에 필요한 N과 P를 제공하며, 미세조류를 이용한 SSRP를 통하여 영양염류를 제거할 수 있는 가능성을 확인하였다. 또한 미세조류 배양을 위한 생산 비용의 감소로 경제성 있는 바이오디젤의 생산 가능성을 확인하였다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.208-214
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• 1985

수원지방(水原地方)의 농가포장(農家圃場)에서 1978년(年)~83년(年) (6개년(個年)) 식양토(埴壤土)인 보통답(普通畓)에서 수도품종별(水稻品種別) 질소(窒素) 시비반응(施肥反應) 및 질소(窒素) 생산효율(生産效率) 등(等)을 검토(檢討)하였는바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 2차회귀식(次回歸式)을 적용(適用), 최다수량(最多收量)을 생산(生産)하기 위(爲)한 질소시비(窒素施肥) 최적량(最適量)은 13.9g~28.0kg/10a 범위(範圍)로 품종(品種)에 따라 차이(差異)가 크므로 질소내비성(窒素耐肥性)을 고려(考慮)하여 품종(品種)을 선정(選定), 재배(栽培)함이 필요(必要)하였다. 2. 질소(窒素) 시비최적량(施肥最適量)이 높았던 품종(品種)에서는 수확기(收穫期) 질소함량(窒素含量)(경엽(莖葉)) 및 총질소(總窒素) 흡수량(吸收量)(경엽(莖葉)+곡실(穀實))이 증가(增加)하였으나 최적량(最適量) 시용시(施用時) 시비(施肥) 및 흡수질소(吸收窒素)의 생산효율(生産效率)과 질소이용율(窒素利用率)은 오히려 감소(減少)하였다 3. 품종별(品種別) 무질소구(無窒素區) 정조수량(正租收量)에 대(對)한 질소(窒素) 최적량(最適量) 시용시(施用時) 정조수량(正租收量)의 증수효과(增收效果)를 증수율(增收率)로서 볼 때 29~121%의 범위(範圍)로서 품종간(品種間) 질소응수(窒素應酬)의 차이(差異)가 현저(顯著)하였다. 4. 질소(窒素) 최적량(最適量) 시용시(施用時) 질소응수(窒素應酬)가 큰 품종(品種)은 수확기(收穫期) 총질소(總窒素) 흡수량(吸收量), 시비(施肥) 및 흡수질소(吸收窒素)의 생산효율(生産效率)과 질소이용률(窒素利用率)이 높았다.