• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.382-391
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• 2019

Many poultry eggs are discarded worldwide because of infection (i.e., avian flu) or presence of high levels of pesticides. The possibility of adopting egg yolk as a source material to produce polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biopolymer was examined in this study. Cupriavidus necator Re2133/pCB81 was used for the production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) or poly(3HHx), a polymer that would normally require long-chain fatty acids as carbon feedstocks for the incorporation of 3HHx monomers. The optimal medium contained 5% egg yolk oil and ammonium nitrate as a nitrogen source, with a carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio of 20. Time course monitoring using the optimized medium was conducted for 5 days. Biomass production was 13.1 g/l, with 43.7% co-polymer content. Comparison with other studies using plant oils and the current study using egg yolk oil revealed similar polymer yields. Thus, discarded egg yolks could be a potential source of PHA.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.70-80
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• 2014

Duplex stainless steels with nearly equal fraction of the ferrite(${\alpha}$) phase and austenite(${\gamma}$) phase have been increasingly used for various applications such as power plants, desalination facilities due to their high resistance to corrosion, good weldability, and excellent mechanical properties. Hyper duplex stainless steel (HDSS) is defined as the future duplex stainless steel with a pitting resistance equivalent (PRE=wt.%Cr+3.3(wt.%Mo+0.5wt.%W)+30wt.%N) of above 50. However, when HDSS is welded with gas tungsten arc (GTA), incorporation of nitrogen in the Ar shielding gas are very important because the volume fraction of ${\alpha}$-phase and ${\gamma}$-phase is changed and harmful secondary phases can be formed in the welded zone. In other words, the balance of corrosion resistance between two phases and reduction of $Cr_2N$ are the key points of this study. The primary results of this study are as follows. The addition of $N_2$ to the Ar shielding gas provides phase balance under weld-cooling conditions and increases the transformation temperature of the ${\alpha}$-phase to ${\gamma}$-phase, increasing the fraction of ${\gamma}$-phase as well as decreasing the precipitation of $Cr_2N$. In the anodic polarization test, the addition of nitrogen gas in the Ar shielding gas improved values of the electrochemical parameters, compared to the Pure Ar. Also, in the erosion-corrosion test, the HDSS welded with shielding gas containing $N_2$ decreased the weight loss, compared to HDSS welded with the Ar pure gas. This result showed the resistance of erosion-corrosion was increased due to increasing the fraction of ${\gamma}$-phase and the stability of passive film according to the addition $N_2$ gas to the Ar shielding gas. As a result, the addition of nitrogen gas to the shielding gas improved the resistance of erosion-corrosion.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
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• 2002.10b
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• pp.165-166
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• 2002

Hydrogen free diamond like carbon (DLC) films were prepared on steel substrates by using a single ion beam in a configuration that allowed sputtering of a graphite target and at the same time allowed to impact the substrate at a grazing angle. The DLC films so prepared have improved properties with increased disorder and with modest hardness that is slightly higher than previously reported values. We have studied the effects of $N_2^+$ ions implantation on such films. It is found that the implantations of nitrogen ions into DLC films lead to chemical modifications that allowed N atoms to be incorporated into the carbon network to produce a nitrogenated DLC. Nano-indentation experiments indicated that the nitrogenated films have consistently higher hardnesses ranging from 30 to 45GPa, which represents a considerable increase in surface hardness, compared with non-nitrogenated precursor films. The investigations by XPS and Raman spectroscopy suggests that the $N_2^+$ implanted DLCs had undergone both chemical and structural modifications through the incorporation of N atoms and the increased ratio of $sp^3/sp^2$ type bonding. The observed high hardness was therefore attributable to these structural and chemical modifications. This result has implication for the preparation of super hard wear resistant films required for tribological functions in devices.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.611-617
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• 2006

We report the preparation of N doped, p-type ZnO films by post-annealing in $NH_3$ ambient. The properties were examined by XRD, Hall-effect measurement, PL, and SIMS. ZnO films showed better crystallinity and electron concentration of $10^{15}-10^{17}/cm^3$ with post-annealing in $NH_3$ ambient. These films were converted to p-type ZnO by activation thermal annealing process at $800^{\circ}C$ under $N_2$ ambient. The electrical properties of the p-type ZnO showed a hole concentration of $1.06\times10^{16}/cm^3$, a mobility of $15.8cm^2/V{\cdot}s$, and a resistivity of $40.18\Omega{\cdot}cm$. The N doped ZnO films showed a strong photoluminescence peak at 3.306 eV at 13 K, which is closely related to neutral acceptor bound excitons of the p-type ZnO:N. In the SIMS spectra, the incorporation of nitrogen was confirmed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.30-34
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• 2001

The expediency of promoting rabbit production on underutilized by-product feedstuffs prompted the current investigation of caecal fermentation pattern, blood biochemical profile and histopathological changes of vital organs in 48 broiler rabbits fed diets containing 0, 5, 10 and 20% level of neem seed kernal cake (NSKC) for 6 weeks and subsequently sacrificed. The NSKC incorporation in the diet did not exert any adverse effect on caecal fermentation although the weight of caecum and its contents was significantly (p<0.01; p<0.05) lower in rabbits fed the diet containing 20% NSKC. Except for blood glucose concentration, none of the blood biochemical constituents (serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, total protein, haemoglobin) and the activities of different enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, asparatate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase) varied significantly due to NSKC feeding. A histopathological examination of the vital organs (liver, kidney, heart, spleen, lungs, intestine and stomach) revealed a variable degree of villus atrophy in the intestine and degenerative changes in the liver and tubular epithelium of kidney in some rabbits when NSKC was fed at levels above 10%.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.455-461
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• 1994

Each nitrogen and oxygen site isotope enriched the cyclophosphamide metabolite phosphoramide mustard was synthesized. Reaction of N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)phosphoramidic dichloride$[Cl_2P(O)N(CH_2CH_2Cl)_2]$ with benzyl alcohol and ammonia gave N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)phosphorodiamidic acid phenylmethyl ester $[BzO(H_2N)P(O)N(CH_2CH_2Cl)_2]$. Catalytic hydrogenation of this benzyl ester followed by the addition of cyclohexylamine provided PM. Incorporation of $^{15}NH_3$ into this general scheme gave PM with a $^{15}NH_2$ moiety. Glycine-$^{15}N$ was converted to bis(2-chloroethyl)amine-$^{15}N$ hydrochloride which, in turn, provided for N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)phosphorodiamidic-$^{15}N$ dichloride. Use of this compound in the general synthetic pathway yielded PM CHA with $^{15}N$ in the mustard moiety. $^{17}O$-Enriched PM was generated through the use of benzyl alcohol-$^{17}O$. To obtain the alcohol, labelled benzaldehyde was made by exchange with $^{17}OH_2$ and was then reduced with sodium borohydride.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.174-180
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• 2014

In this study, TiAlSiN coatings have been successfully synthesized on stainless steel and tungsten carbide substrate by a hybrid coating method employing a cathodic arc and a magnetron sputtering source. TiAl and Si target were vaporized with the cathodic arc source and the magnetron sputtering source, respectively. Process gas was the mixture of nitrogen and argon gas. With the increase of Si content, the crystallinity and the grain size of TiAlSiN film was decreased. At the Si content of more than 8 at.%, grain size of TiAlSiN was saturated at around 2 nm. The hardness value of the TiAlSiN film increased with incorporation of Si, and had the maximum value of ~ 3,233 Hv at the Si content of 9.2 at.%. The oxidation resistance of TiAlSiN film was enhanced with the increase of Si content.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.701-705
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• 2007

The incorporation of N in a-C film is able to improve the friction coefficient and the adhesion to various substrates. In this study, a-C:N films were deposited on Si and steel substrates by closed-field unbalanced magnetron (CFUBM) sputtering system in $Ar/N_2$ plasma. The lubricant characteristics was investigated for a-C:N deposited with total working pressure from 4 to 7 mTorr. We obtained high hardness up to 24GPa, friction coefficient lower than 0.1 and the smooth surface of having the extremely low roughness (0.16 nm). The physcial properties of a-C:N thin film are related to the increase of cross-linked $sp^2$ bonding clusters in the film. However, the decrease of hardness, elastic modulus and the increase of surface roughness, friction coefficient with the increase of $N_2$ partial pressrue might be due to the effect of energetic ions as a result of the increase of ion bombardment with the increase of ion density in the plasma.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.72-77
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• 1993

This study was conducted to evaluate coated urea complex fertilizer (CUC) application for rice growth and its grain quality on clay loam (Deogpyeong series) and sandy loam (Gangseo series) in southern region of Korea, 1992. The coated urea complex fertilizer used in the experiment was CUC I and II. The CUC I is a complex fertilizer consisting of 18-12-13 for $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ including 50% of coated urea as nitrogen source, and CUC II is the same complex fertilize as mentioned above but it contains 25% of coated urea. Seventy percent of conventional fertilizer for nitrogen level was applied as basal dose of side-band placement (SBP) and whole plowlayer placement (WPP). Greenish degree of rice leaf color at the late growth stage was high in CUC plots regardless of application method and soil series. Amount of nitrogen uptaken by the rice plant at harvesting stage was mush more in the CUC treatment compared to convential fertilizer, and also much more in CUC I than that of CUC II. In the WPP on clay loam, harvest index of CUC treatment was showed very low level, which was reduced more in CUC II plot. In the CUC treatments, perfect rice grain ratio decreased remarkably, and the notched-belly rice kernel ratios among imperfect rice grain increased drastically. In rice grain, Hon-value(Mg to K.N ratio) decreased, protein and amylose contents increased in CUC application plots in WPP. In addition, gel consitency and alkali spreading value related to eating quality in CUC plots were getting longer and lower, respectively. The yield in CUC plot was similar to conventional fertilizing, but significant decreased in SBP. As a result, the rice grain quality became poor with the coated urea complex fertilizer application, but it could be improved by incorporation with fast-release fertilizer.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.389-398
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• 2009

This study was conducted to determine the feed value of total mixed rations (TMR) containing different winter forage crop silages on feed intakes, daily gain, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen retention in Korean black goats. A total of 12 male goats were used in this study and each goat was housed in individual metabolism crates. The treatments were four diets, consisting of whole crop barley silage (T1), rape silage (T2), rye silage (T3), and Italian ryegrass silage (T4). The experiment was designed as a $4{\times}4$ Latin square arrangement in three replicates. Daily intakes for dietary dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) per head were highest in rape silage treatment, and lowest in whole barley silage (p<0.05). Digestible intakes for CP and acid detergent fiber were highest in rape silage treatment. The daily gain of rape, rye, and Italian ryegrass silages were significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of whole crop barley silage. Digestibility of DM. CP, fiber were highest in whole crop barley silage, and lowest in rape silage (p<0.05). Nitrogen (N) intake and N retention were significantly highest in rape silage and lowest in whole crop barley silage (p<0.05). The results showed that, among different winter forage crop silages, rape silage incorporation into TMR had the best performances indicating increases of feed intakes and N retention in Korean black goats.