• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보디스플레이학회 2000년도 제1회 학술대회 논문집
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• pp.133-134
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• 2000

Effect of nitrogen doping on field emission characteristics of patterned Diamond-like Carbon (DLC) films was studied. The patterned DLC films were fabricated by the method reported previously[1]. Nitrogen doping in DLC film was carried out by introducing $N_2$ gas into the vacuum chamber during deposition. Higher emission current density of $0.3{\sim}0.4$ $mA/cm^2$ was observed for the films with 6 at % N than the undoped films but the emission current density decreased with further increase of N contents. Some changes in CN bonding characteristics with increasing N contents were observed. The CN bonding characteristics which seem to affect the electron emission properties of these films were studied by Raman spectroscopy, x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The electrical resistivity and the optical band gap measurements showed consistence with the above analyses.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.413-416
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• 2008

A synthesis route to ordered mesoporous carbons with controllable nitrogen content has been developed for high-performance EDLC electrodes. Nitrogen-doped ordered mesoporous carbons (denoted as NMC) were prepared by carbonizing a mixture of two different carbon sources within the mesoporous silica designated by KIT-6. Furfuryl alcohol was used as a primary carbon precursor, and melamine as a nitrogen dopant. This synthesis procedure gave cubic Ia3d mesoporous carbons containing nitrogen as much as 13%. The carbon exhibited a narrow pore size distribution centered at 3-4 nm with large pore volume (0.6-1 cm3 g-1) and high specific BET surface area (700-1000 m2 g-1). Electrochemical behaviors of the NMC samples with various N-contents were investigated by a two-electrode measurement system at aqueous solutions. At low current density, the NMC exhibited markedly increasing capacitance due to the increase in the nitrogen content. This result could be attributed to the enhanced surface affinity between carbon electrode and electrolyte ions due to the hydrophilic nitrogen functional groups. At high current density conditions, the NMC samples exhibited decreasing specific capacitance against the increase in the nitrogen content. The loss of the capacitance with the N-content may be explained by high electric resistance which causes a significant IR drop at high current densities. The present results indicate that the optimal nitrogen content is required for achieving high power and high energy density simultaneously.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.59-65
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• 2010

습지는 식생과 수위 정도에 따라 다양한 물리 화학적 특성을 보이는 생태계로 작은 공간내에서도 다양한 생지화학적 반응이 일어날 수 있다. 특히, 용존유기탄소와 무기질소는 습지 내 생물학적 반응 정도를 결정하는 주요 인자로 탄소와 질소의 동태를 파악하고, 습지 환경의 변화 즉, 식생과 수위 및 계절변화에 따른 시공간적 패턴을 이해하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구는 실험을 위해 인공적으로 건설, 운용되고 있는 인공습지에서 식생유무와 수심정도, 계절에 따라 토양시료를 채취, 분석하였다. 그 결과, 용존유기탄소와 질산염의 함량이 식생이 있는 지역에서 모두 높게 나타났다. 용존탄소는 식생이 있는 경우, 수심이 깊은 지역에서는 평균 $0.37mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$, 수심이 낮은 지역에서는 $0.31mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$로 나타나 수위 정도에 따라 차이를 보였다. 이는 식생에서 제공되는 뿌리 삼출물의 증가와, 미생물의 유기물 분해작용의 복합적인 영향에 의한 것으로 판단된다. 반면, 질산염 함량은 수심에 따라 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았으며, 이는 식생의 유무가 수심보다 질산염의 동태에 주요 영향을 미치는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 본 연구결과, 습지의 환경조건, 특히 수심이나 식생의 유무에 따라 탄소와 질소의 양적, 질적인 차이가 나타나며, 이는 습지 내에서 진행되는 생지화학적 반응의 시공간적 패턴에 영향을 미칠 것으로 보인다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제97권5호
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• pp.492-500
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• 2008

Since vegetation significantly influences on soil carbon and nutrient storage, vegetation change has been focused on terrestrial carbon and nutrient cycling studies. In this study we investigated soil carbon and major nutrient capitals at the abandoned fields, which had different vegetation composition: a three year abandoned field ($AGR_3$), two ten years abandoned fields ($PD_{10}$ dominant with Pinus densiflora and Fraxinus rhynchophylla and $PM_{10}$ dominant with Populus maximowiczii), and an over sixty years forest ($FOR_{60}$). which were located at Hongcheon-gun, Kangwon-do, South Korea. Both main effects for organic matter (%) were significant: shallow soil > deep soil and $FOR_{60}=PM_{10}$ > $AGR_3=PD_{10}$. Nitrogen concentrations at $PM_{10}$ were the highest, while the lowest at $PD_{10}$. Available phosphorus concentrations were the highest at $PD_{10}$, which were over 10 times of site $FOR_{60}$ and $AGR_3$ at 0-10 cm soil depth. The average organic matter ($173Mg\;ha^{-1}$) and nitrogen contents ($10Mg\;ha^{-1}$) of $PM_{10}$ and $FOR_{60}$ were higher than those of $AGR_3$ and $PD_{10}$ by 57% and 42%, respectively. The available phosphorus contents above 30 cm mineral soil at $PD_{10}$ ($3.8Mg\;ha^{-1}$) and $PM_{10}$ ($1.3Mg\;ha^{-1}$) were over 120 times and 40 times more than at $FOR_{60}$. Calcium ($3.7Mg\;ha^{-1}$) and magnesium contents ($2.8Mg\;ha^{-1}$) at $FOR_{60}$ were twice or three times higher than at other sites. Organic matter amounts in 0-10 cm and 10-30 em soil had significant positive relationships with nitrogen, calcium, and magnesium contents, but not available phosphorus and potassium contents. This study could not identify the effect of chronological factor and vegetation composition on soil carbon and nutrient capital owing to diverse topography as well as limited study sites. However, this study suggests the accuracy of investigation for regional carbon and nutrient sequestration can be achieved by considering the period of abandoned time on the fields and the land use types. These results may suggest the benefits of forest restoration for soil carbon and nutrient accumulation in marginal agricultural lands in South Korea.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.115-123
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• 2008

We describe plant biomass in the grasslands of the Mongolian steppe obtained using a quadrat sampling technique. Four sites were studied in the northeastern Mongolia located between $47^{\circ}12'N$ and $47^{\circ}40'N$ and $102^{\circ}22'E$ and $112^{\circ}24'E$, which were typical grasslands of the steppe. Biomass, carbon and nitrogen content were determined for the plants collected from the grazed and ungarazed stands. With the measurements above, we expect to obtain information on grazing effects on the grasslands and carbon sequestration of the grassland from the air. In order to estimate the biomass without destroying the stands, we derived an equation to describe the relationship between plant biomass and v-value using plant height and species coverage within the stand. Estimated plant biomass in the ungrazed and grazed stands ranged between $108.0\;g\;m^{-2}$ and $13.4\;g\;m^{-2}$ and between $97.5\;g\;m^{-2}$ and $14.1\;g\;m^{-2}$ in late June 2005, respectively. Litter in the ungrazed and grazed stands ranged from $330.3\;g\;m^{-2}$ to $78.4\;g\;m^{-2}$ and from $188.0\;g\;m^{-2}$ to $20.3\;g\;m^{-2}$, similarly. Average carbon and nitrogen contents in plants and in litter were 43.0% and 1.9% and 33.7% and 1.4%, respectively. In study sites at Baganuur, the carbon and nitrogen content of plant materials (plant plus litter) was $118.4\;g\;m^{-2}$ and $4.7\;g\;m^{-2}$ on 30 June 2005.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.13-23
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• 2003

Organic carbon and nitrogen contents in suspended particulate matter (SPM) and surface sediments in seawater were measured in the Northern East China Sea in summer. The distribution of particulate organic carbon(POC) and particulate organic nitrogen(PON) were in the ranges of 54~481㎍/ℓ and 6~85㎍/ℓ, respectively, with relatively high level of concentrations in the western and southern sides of the study area. Also, there has been a significantly positive correlation between POC and PON, gradually increasing toward the deeper range of depth. Average C:N ratios of POC and PON of SPM were 6 in study area. The ratios of POC to PON of SPM increased as the range of depth increased, indicating nitrogen decomposes more rapidly than carbon and is considered to be influenced by the input of detritus from surface sediments. The distribution of total organic matter(TOM), total organic carbon(TOC) and total organic nitrogen(TON) in surface sediments were in the ranges of 3.1~9.6%, 0.282~0.635% and 0.022~0.069%, respectively, with relatively low range in the western and northern sides of the study area. The ratio of TOC to TON of surface sediments were in the range of 9.8~17.4(average of 13), strongly indicating the active role of the input from the terrestrial organic pollutants.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.195-204
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• 2010

In the study, the effects of elevated $CO_2$ and temperature on the photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll content, nitrogen content, carbon content, and C/N ratio of Phytolacca insularis and Phytolacca americana were examined under control (ambient $CO_2+$ ambient temperature) and treatment (elevated $CO_2+$ elevated temperature) for 2 years (2008 and 2009). The photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and water use efficiency of two plant species were higher under the treatment than the under the control. The stomatal conductance of P. insularis was higher under the control, but that of P. americana was not significantly affected by $CO_2$ and temperature under the treatment. The chlorophyll contents of two species were decreased about 72.5% and 20%, respectively, by elevated $CO_2$ and temperature. The nitrogen contents of two species were not significantly altered by increase in $CO_2$ and temperature. The carbon contents of the two species were higher under the treatment than under the control. The C/N ratio of P. insularis was higher under the treatment but that of P. americana was not significantly affected by $CO_2$ and temperature. These results demonstrated that the physiological responses of P. insularis native plants might be more sensitively influenced by a $CO_2$-mediated global warming situation than those of the P. americana invasive plants.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.216-222
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• 2013

Fertilizer management has the potential to promote the storage of carbon and nitrogen in agricultural soils and thus may contribute to crop sustainability and mitigation of global warming. In this study, the effects of fertilizer practices [no fertilizer (Control), chemical fertilizer (NPK), Compost, and chemical fertilizer plus compost] on soil total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents in inner soil profiles of paddy soil at 0-60 cm depth were examined by using long-term field experimental site at $42^{nd}$ years after installation. TC and TN concentrations of the treatments which included N input (NPK, Compost, NPK+Compost) in plow layer (0-15 cm) ranged from 19.0 to 26.4 g $kg^{-1}$ and 2.15 to 2.53 g $kg^{-1}$, respectively. Compared with control treatment, SOC (soil organic C) and TN concentrations were increased by 24.1 and 31.0%, 57.6 and 49.7%, and 72.2 and 54.5% for NPK, Compost, and NPK+Compost, respectively. However, long term fertilization significantly influenced TC concentration and pools to 30 cm depth. TC and TN pools for NPK, Compost, NPK+Compost in 0-30 cm depth ranged from 44.8 to 56.8 Mg $ha^{-1}$ and 5.78 to 6.49 Mg $ha^{-1}$, respectively. TC and TN pools were greater by 10.5 and 21.4%, 30.3 and 29.6%, and 39.9 and 36.3% in N input treatments (NPK, Compost, NPK+Compost) than in control treatment. These resulted from the formation and stability of aggregate in paddy soil with continuous mono rice cultivation. Therefore, fertilization practice could contribute to the storage of C and N in paddy soil, especially, organic amendments with chemical fertilizers may be alternative practices to sequester carbon and nitrogen in agricultural soil.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.210-221
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• 2008

저층 퇴적물내 탄소와 질소성분의 조절인자를 파악하기 위한 광역적 환경조사가 1997년부터 2002년까지 서경 131.5도를 중심으로 북위 5도에서 17도 사이에서 수행되었다. 위도에 따라 지역적인 분포를 보이는 연구지역의 퇴적물은 네 가지로 분류할 수 있다; 석회질 연니($5{\sim}6^{\circ}N$), 규질 퇴적물($8{\sim}12^{\circ}N$), 원양성 적점토($16{\sim}17^{\circ}N$), 석회질과 규질이 섞여 있는 혼합 퇴적물($7^{\circ}N$). 무기탄소함량은 탄산염보상심도(CCD)와 수심에 의해 변하고 있었다. 수심이 CCD보다 얕은 저위도 지역에서는 석회질 물질이 잘 보존되고 있었다. 반면 규질 퇴적물과 적점토가 우세한 고위도 지역은 수심이 CCD보다 깊을 뿐만이 아니라 낮은 수층 생산성을 가지고 있다. 따라서 대부분의 석회질 물질들은 용해되고 그 결과 퇴적층내 무기탄소함량은 0.05%이하의 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 유기탄소와 총질소함량은 수층의 생산력이 상대적으로 높은 규질 퇴적물지역이 적점토지역보다 함량이 높게 나타났다. 석회질 연니내 유기탄소와 총질소 함량은 규질 퇴적물보다 낮게 나타났다. 이는 상대적으로 낮은 수심에 기인된 저층으로 유입되는 석회질 물질의 높은 유입율이 퇴적층내 유기물 함량을 희석하기 때문인 것으로 추정된다. 전체적인 결과들은 CCD와 연관된 수심, 수층의 생산력, 그리고 퇴적율이 연구지역내 탄소와 질소함량의 광역적 분포를 조절하고 있음을 지시한다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.256-262
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• 2021

A carbon felt electrode was prepared using ozone and ammonia sequential treatment and applied as an electrode for a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). The physical and electrochemical analyses demonstrate that the oxygen groups facilitate nitrogen doping in the carbon felt. Carbon felt (J5O3+NH3), which was subjected to ammonia heat treatment after ozone treatment, showed higher oxygen and nitrogen contents than carbon felt (J5NH3+O3), which was subjected to ammonia heat treatment first and then ozone treatment. From the charging/discharging of VRFB, the J5O3+NH3 carbon felt electrode showed 14.4 Ah/L discharge capacity at a current density of 150 mA /cm², which was 15% and 33% higher than that of J5NH3+O3 and non-activated carbon felt (J5), respectively. These results show that ozone and ammonia sequential treatment is an effective carbon felt activation method to increase the performance of the vanadium redox flow battery.