• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.191-202
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• 2001

Experiments were conducted on established grassland sward at Gongiam, Kwangju, and Kyung-gi in Korea from 1995 to 1997. The influence of mineral-N fertilizer or animal manure(AW) on herbage dry matter(DM) yield, N yield, the recovery of AM-N, and soil N and organic matter(0M) content in the mixed sward('potomac' orchardgrass, 'fawn' tall fescue, and 'kenblue' Kentuky bluegrass) was investigated. The treatments were replicated three times in a split plot block design. AM(the main plots) was applied at 200kg N ha ' year ' on each plot. The types of AM were cattle feedlot manure(CFM), pig manure fermented with sawdust(PMFS) and Korea native cattle slurry(KNCS). Three levels of mineral-N fertilizer, as urea, ranging from 0 to 200kg N $ha^{-1}\;year^{-1}$ in 100kg increments, were superimposed on each plot. The fertilizers and AM were applied in two equal dressings(the end of March and middle of November). AM and mineral fertilizer had significant effects(p<0.05) on herbage DM and N yields. Herbage yields in KNCS were higher than those in CFM and PMFS(p

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.151-163
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• 2022

This study was conducted to promote organic fertilizer(s) that sustain soil productivity for corn production and protect the environment as required by the Act on the promotion of eco-friendly agriculture. It was conducted at the research station of the Organic Agriculture Division of the National Institute of Agricultural. The treatments consisted of Compost (Com), Bokashi as fermented organic fertilizer (FOF), and mixed expeller pressed cake (PC). They were applied at 174 kg N /ha to field corn, together with a 'no fertilizer' check in Randomized Complete Block Design. At eight weeks after transplanting (WAT) corn, compost increased soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) to 7.48 and 0.76 g/kg respectively, while other fertilizers maintained the initial levels (before treatment application). At corn harvest (13 WAT), soil chemical properties (total C, total N, pH, electrical conductivity, P₂O₅, Ca, K, and Mg) were similar among all organic fertilizer treatments. For soil respiration, FOF increased soil CO₂ respiration by 31-76% above other fertilizer treatments. However, there were no prominent changes in the trends of CH₄ fluxes following the two mechanical weeding operations. Fermented organic fertilizer affected N₂O emissions between 87-96% lower than other fertilizer treatments. Compared to the initial microbial densities, FOF increased fungi and actinomycete colony foming unit by 25 and 16% at harvest. Therefore, the additional potential of improving soil biological fertility and local availability of raw materials make FOF a better option to sustain soil productivity while protecting the environment.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.125-132
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• 1979

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of an organic fertilizer (Glutamic acid fermentation by product ameded with nitrogen) on the growth and yield of radish and chinese cabbage on a relatively fertile soil. Additional laboratory studies were also made to find out the influence of mentioned fertilizer on the phisical and chemical characteristic of soils. The results are summarized as following. 1. Effect of fertilizer on the growth and yield. a. On a relatively fertile soil with high organic matter content (3%), the organic fertilizer was not effective for the growth and yield of radish and yield of radish and chinese cabbage. b. The application of organic fertilizer increased the K contents in plants both in radish and chinese cabbage. It was observed that the high content of K in radish leave lowered the leaf/root ratio and the leaf/root ratio showed a positive correlation with root weight. 2. Effect on soil physical and chemical properties. a. The application of organic fertilizer resulted in the improvement of soil physical property by lowering bulk density and increasing porosity. b. It was found that application of organic fertilizer increased the water stable soil aggregates. c. The application of organic fertilizer did not result in the significant increase in soil organic matter. d. Soil pH was lowered by the application of organic matter. It was speculated that the oxidation of ammonical nitrogen in the fertilizer is responsible for the lowering of soil pH.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.388-395
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• 2004

This study was carried out to determine the application rate of pig slurry for red pepper. Field experiment was designed with non-fertilizer, chemical fertilizer recommended by soil testing (CFRST) and pig slurry treatments. In pig slurry (PS) plots, pig slurry was applied as basal fertilizer with different equivalents to nitrogen of chemical fertilizer plot (60%: PS60, 80%: PS80, 100%: PS100, 120%: PS120) and chemical fertilizer was top-dressed additionally. Soil organic matter contents after 50 day of planting and after experiment in the plots treated with PS were higher than that of CFRST plot, whereas content of $NO_3-N$ of CFRST plot was higher than that of PS plot. Growth of red pepper were lowest in the non-fertilizer plot. Plant lengths of red pepper at 50 day after planting were similar among the different treatments, plant lengths of red pepper of PS100, PS120 and CFRST at 100 day after planting were higher than those of the PS60 and PS80 plots. But Main stem and stem diameter of red pepper were not different among the treatments. Uptake rate of N, P and K by red pepper plant were 27-44, 9-16 and 41-68% for total N, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$, respectively. Utilization of applied fertilizer ingredient by red pepper plant were in the order of PS80> PS60> FRST> PS100> PS120. Yield of red pepper tends to increase by 3% in the PS100 compared with the CFRST, but there was not significant difference between PS120 and CFRST. Chemical component of run-off collected from the furrow of the red pepper field was not different among the treatments. Greenhouse gases ($CH_4$ and $N_2O$) emission of non-fertilizer, PS100 and CFRST during the whole red pepper growth period were 4.0, 4.8 and $5.9kg\;CH_4\;ha^{-1}$, and 0.74, 6.68 and $8.38kg\;N_2O\;ha^{-1}$. Emission of $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ in PS100 was higher than those of CFRST by 23% and 26%, respectively. In this connection, to be used the pig slurry for red pepper, it is required that pig slurry must be decomposed for six months or more. Consequently, pig slurry equivalent to nitrogen of basal fertilizer of CFRST with additional top dressing of chemical fertilizer is recommend as an optimum application rate of pig slurry for red pepper.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.298-305
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• 1984

The competitive relationship between orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and ladino clover (Trifolium repens L.) was studied under aerial and soil partitions and N, P fertilizer combinations. Orchardgrass and ladino clover were grown in field with one of non competition, shoot competition only, root competition only, full competition and competition between same species. Under basal application of K fertilizer N and P were applied in treatment combinations of blank, N only (l5kg/10a), P only (l5kg/10a), and both NP at planting and each cutting. The forage yield in mixture was between yield of pure orchard grass stand and the 'expected yield', which was a mean of both pure stands. The forage yield in pure ladino was the lowest. During the experiment there was a progressive decline in clover yield either pure stand or mixture. Since orchardgrass was 'over-compensated' to low-yielding clover, the yield of mixture was more than non competition. Orchard grass was more competitive than ladino clover as seasons advanced. The aggressivity of orchardgrass was higher in root competition than in shoot competition comparing to clover. Nitrogen fertilizer increased orchardgrass yield, while phosphate did ladino clover yield and root weight of both species. But the additional effect of P to N was not significant in dry weight and LAI.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.219-223
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• 1982

The results of study on the yield and absorption of N and K applied to the chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) which was grown at comparatively infertile red-yellow soil in the fall of 1980 are summerized as below. 1. The optimum quantities of potash to be applied for the autumn chinese cabbage is suggested in the range of 15kg-20kg/10a, $K_2O$. 2. Combined treatments of N and K showed a positive interaction by promoting the effect of the other element. The increase of Nitrogen absorption from the additionally applied 10kgs of nitrogen on top of 15kg N/10a showed only 16 per cent at potash minus plot, while that of potash applied plot showed 60 per cent. The cabbage yield increase therefor, at high rate of nitrogen only was 1,700kgs per 10 are over low rate of nitrogen, while high nitrogen plus potash treatment produced additional 2,200kgs over the low rates of N and K. 3. Additional 10kgs of nitrogen applied on top of 15kgs N/10a resulted in increasing soil potassium uptake; 4kgs of soil potassium was additionally absorbed at potash applied plot and 6.5kgs at potash minus plot. 4. Utilization of applied potash was greater at low rates of N, and K application (each 15kgs of N and $K_2O$ per 10a) where 77 per cent of applied potash was utilized, while high rates of N and K application (each 25kgs of N and $K_2O$ per 10a) showed 44 per cent of potash utilization rate. Lower utilization of applied potash at high rate of nitrogen application is due probably to greater uptake of soil potassium. 5. N and K contents in the chinese cabbage are 0.17-0.20% and 0.35-0.43% respectively and these were not statistically correlated with the yields.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2007

Nitrogen management at the panicle initiation stage(PI) should be fine-tuned for securing a concurrent high yield and high quality rice production. For calibration and testing of the recommendation models of N topdressing rates at PI for target grain yield and protein content of rice, three split-split-plot design experiments including five rice cultivars and various N rates were conducted at the experimental farm of Seoul National University, Korea from 2003 to 2005. Data from the first two years of experiments were used to calibrate models to predict grain yield and milled-rice protein content using shoot fresh weight(FW), chlorophyll meter value(SPAD), and the N topdressing rate(Npi) at PI by stepwise multiple regression. The calibrated models explained 85 and 87% of the variation in grain yield and protein content, respectively. The calibrated models were used to recommend Npi for the target protein content of 6.8%, with FW and SPAD measured for each plot in 2005. The recommended N rate treatment was characterized by an average protein content of 6.74%(similar to the target protein content), reduced the coefficient of variation in protein content to 2.5%(compared to 4.6% of the fixed rate treatment), and increased grain yield. In the recommended N rate treatments for the target protein content of 6.8%, grain yield was highly dependent on FW and SPAD at PI. In conclusion, the models for N topdressing rate recommendation at PI were successful under present experimental conditions. However, additional testing under more variable environmental conditions should be performed before universal application of such models.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 2011

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of application of swine slurry (SS) and slurry composting-biofilteration liquid fertilizer (SCB) on productivity of sorghum${\times}$sorghum hybrid (SSH) and soil environment in reclaimed land of Sukmoon in Korea. Dry matter (DM) yields of SSH in the treatments of SS and chemical fertilizer (CF) were higher than those of in SCB treatment in reclaimed land, but DM yields in SS and CF did not show a significant difference as compared to SCB. Nutritive values of SSH were not different among CF, SS and SCB. In soil samples collected at the end of the experiment, the concentration of organic matter was significantly increased by SS and SCB as compare to that at the beginning of the experiment (P<0.05), whereas the concentration of total nitrogen was not affected by SS and SCB. To investigate the moisture content of soil, the soils were collected from three layers; surface (0~5 cm), intermediate (10~15 cm), and deep (20~25 cm) layer. The moisture contents of soils increased according to the soil depth and the soil moisture was immediately affected by the amount of rainfall. Therefore, we suggest that the cultivation of SSH using SS in reclaimed land is possible and that additional nitrogen fertilizer was surely applied in case of application of SCB to cultivate SSH.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.12-19
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• 2010

Optimum nitrogen fertigation level by soil testing was determined on the growth and yield of eleven-year-old 'Campbell Early' (Vitis labrusca L.) grapevine in a sandy loam soil from 2005 to 2007. Fifty percent of the annual application of the nitrogen rate (195 kg/ha/yr) was top-dressed as basal fertilizer in all treatments, and the remainders were drip-irrigated with fertigation rate at 25 (12.5% of total N, N 1/4 level of the remainder), 50 (25% of total N, N 1/2 level), and 100 mg/L (50% of total N, N 1 level) in intervals of twice (2.1 mm/times) a week for 12 weeks, and the effect of N drip fertigation was compared to control which the N remainder was applied with surface application as an additional fertilizer. The results showed that chlorophyll content reading in SPAD value and N contents of leaves increased as nitrogen fertigation level increased. Also observed was the growth of the internode and stem diameter of shoots which were longest at N 1/2 level among the treatments conducted both in 2005 and 2006. It was also noted that yield of the fruit was different every year, where average yield for three years was recorded highest in N 1/4 level, and lowest in N 1 level compared to control(surface application). Soluble solid content and titratable acidity of fruit juice were also not significant during the treatments, the maturation of fruits tended to be retarded in N 1 level. The study proved that N 1/4 (N 25 mg/L) levels of fertigation based on soil testing was most efficient in obtaining optimum yield and also, fertigation of grapevine at open field condition reduces the use of nitrogen fertilizer.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.223-226
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• 2012

Liquid livestock manure (LLM) has been used as a nitrogen fertilizer source for horticulture plants. LLM contains organic nitrogen (N), ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite. The amount of nitrate and nitrite in LLM are usually small compared to the amount of ammonium in it and so they can be negligible if total nitrogen (N) concentration in LLM is higher than $1,000mg\;L^{-1}$. However, if total N concentration in LLM is less than $1,000mg\;L^{-1}$, the amount of nitrate and nitrite may affect total N concentration in LLM. Currently, Kjeldahl digestion method is mainly used for ammonium-N in LLM. Therefore, it is ineffective to analyze nitrate-N and nitrite-N. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the total N concentrations are affected by the amount of nitrate-N and nitrite-N with diverse LLMs by Kjeldahl method (with and without Devarda's alloy after Conc. sulfuric acid digestion). Five liquid livestock manure samples were collected at swine farms in Ansung and Icheon. All LLM samples were stored at $25^{\circ}C$, subsampled at every $15^{th}$ day for 90 days, and analyzed for total N, ammonium-N, and nitrate-N. At the $90^{th}$ day, LLM samples were analyzed with and without Devarda's alloy after Conc. sulfuric acid digestion. Potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium chloride were used to determine the N recovery percentages. Total N concentration ranged from 560 to $4,230mg\;L^{-1}$. Nitrate-Ns were found in all LLM samples, ranged from 21 to $164mg\;L^{-1}$. N recovery percentages with potassium nitrate were 0 % without Devarda's alloy and 100% with Devarda's alloy because adding Devarda's alloy facilitated nitrate-N into ammonium-N conversion. Total Ns were significantly different between two methods, with and without Devarda's alloy. Total N concentrations were $210mg\;L^{-1}$ at LLM 4 and $370mg\;L^{-1}$ at LLM 5 without Devarda's alloy and $290mg\;L^{-1}$ at LLM 4 and $490mg\;L^{-1}$ at LLM 5 with Devarda's alloy. These results suggest that if total N of LLM is less $1,000mg\;L^{-1}$, additional procedure such as adding Devarda's alloy can be used to estimate the total N and inorganic N better.