• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.355-366
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• 2001

Objectives : Oldenlandiae Diffusae herba has been used as a natural drug for tumor, inflammation and liver disease in traditional medicine. This study was performed in order to investigate the antioxidative effects of Oldenlandiae Diffusae herba methanol extract(ODHM) on acetaminophen induced acute liver injury in mice. Methods : In order to investigate the protective effect of ODHM on acute hepatic injury in vivo, ICR mice were pretreated with ODHM, and then treated with acetaminophen(500mg/kg). And the levels of LPO and glutathione(GSH), antioxidative enzyme activities were measured. The levels of LPO were measured by TBA method. And catalase activity was measured as the decrease in hydrogen peroxide absorbance at 240nm on spectrophotometer using 30mM hydrogen peroxide. Superoxide dismutase(SOD) was assayed by recording the inhibition of nitro blue tetrazolium reduction with xanthine and xanthine oxidase. Glutathione peroxidase(GPX) activity was determined by the modified coupled assay developed by Paglia and Lawrence. The reaction was started by addition of 2.2mM hydrogen peroxide as substrate. The change in absorbance at 340nm was measured for 1min on spectrophotometer. Glutathione-S-transferase(GST) activity was assayed with CDNB as substrate and enzyme activity of GST towards the glutathione conjugation of CDNB. And Total SH and GSH levels were measured. Results : In vivo study, LPO levels of acetaminophen treatment group were significantly higher than other groups. This increased level was significantly reduced by ODHM pretreatment. The acetaminophen treatment resulted in a decrease of catalase, GPX, SOD and GST activities. By contrast, ODHM pretreatment markedly increased compare to those of untreated groups. Total SH and GSH levels were reduced by of acetaminophen treatment, and ODHM pretreatment significantly increased GSH levels.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2013

본 연구는 바지락이 흔들림 스트레스에 노출될 경우 나타나는 생리적 변화를 측정하기 위하여 일산화질소량 (NO) 을 측정하였다. 이를 위하여 흔들림 방지 장치가 없는 그룹, NAME (NO 저해제) 를 주사한 그룹, 나일론 섬유 충전재(밀도 $1kg/m^3$) 로 흔들림이 방지된 그룹 등 총 3개 그룹으로 나눈 후 교반기에서 100 rpm으로 6시간동안 교반 한 후 DAF assay와 Griess assay를 이용하여 바지락 혈림프액의 NO 농도를 측정하였다. 조사결과 흔들림 스트레스에 노출된 바지락에서 NO 농도가 급격히 증가하였고 반면 NO 저해제가 주입된 바지락에서는 NO 농도가 감소하였다. 또한 흔들림 방지 장치가 들어간 그룹에서 NO 농도가 감소함이 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 DAF assay와 Griess assay 실험에서 모두 동일하게 나타났다. 결론적으로 NO 측정은 바지락의 생리적 스트레스를 측정하는데 유용한 방법임이 확인되었으며, 형망에 의한 바지락 채취시나 수하식으로 양식할 경우 흔들림에 의한 스트레스를 방지할 수단이 필요함을 시사하였다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.68-74
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 우리나라의 전통차의 계승과 새로운 식품의 개발하고자 생강나무의 잎을 이용한 차의 제조방법에 따른 향기성분의 변화를 조사하였다. 재차방법에 따른 향기성분은 덖음차 81종, 찐후덖음차 78종, 자연건조차 88종, 발효차 86종, 찐차 72종 및 인공건조차 89종의 분리할 수 있었다. 생강나무 잎차의 향기성분은 $\beta-piepne$을 비롯한 hydrocarbone류가 45종이 동정되었으며, 가장 많은 종류의 성분이 분포되었다. Alcohol류는 L-linalool, n-octanoal, phenyl acetaldehyde, $(-)-\alpha-terpineol$, elemol, cholest-5-en-3-ol, 등 16종, 2-nitro-2(3-hydroxybuthyl) -clododexanone, 3-(3-butenyl)-2,3-epoxy-cyclohexanone, 2-ethyl-2-propyl- cyclo-hexanone 등 11종의 ketone류가, phenyl acetaldehyde, tetradecanal, 10-undecanal, 4-Bromo-2- methylbutanal 등 8종의 aldehyde류가 동정되었다. 또한 ester류는 methyl 9, 12, 15-octadecatrienate, didodecyl phthalate, 1,2-benzenediccar-baboxy acid-bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester 3종류가 동정되었고, 또한 phenol류는 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl-phenol이 동정되었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2010

The reaction of N,N-diethyl carbamates of 1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-1-ol (4-HOAt) 7, 3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-3-ol (7-HOAt) 8, 1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-ol (HOBt) 9, 6-chloro-1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-ol (Cl-HOBt) 10, 6-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-ol ($CF_3$-HOBt) 11, and 6-nitro-1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-ol ($NO_2$-HOBt) 12 with morpholine and piperidine in $CH_3CN$ underwent acyl nucleophilic substitution to give the corresponding carboxamide derivatives. The reactants and products were identified by elemental analysis, IR and NMR. We measured the kinetics of these reactions spectrophotometrically in $CH_3CN$ at a range of temperatures. The rates of morpholinolysis and piperidinolysis were found to fit the Hammett equation and correlated with $\sigma$-Hammett values. The values were 1.44 - 1.21 for morpholinolysis and 1.95 - 1.72 for piperidinolysis depending on the temperature. The $Br{\phi}$nsted-type plot was linear with a $\beta_lg = -0.49 \pm 0.02$ and $-0.67 \pm 0.03$. The kinetic data and structure-reactivity relationships indicate that the reaction of 9-12 with amines proceeds by a concerted mechanism. The deviation from linearity of the correlation ${\Delta}H^#$ vs. ${\Delta}S^#$ and plot of $logk_{pip}$ vs. $logk_{morph}$ and $Br{\phi}$nsted-type correlation indicate that the reactions of amines with carbamates 7 and 8 is attributed to the electronic nature of their leaving groups.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.285-291
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• 2016

Background: Ginsenosides have been shown to exert beneficial pharmacological effects on the central nervous, cardiovascular, and endocrine systems. We sought to determine whether total ginsenosides (TG) inhibit monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary hypertension and to elucidate the underlying mechanism. Methods: MCT-intoxicated rats were treated with gradient doses of TG, with or without $N^G$-nitro-$\small{L}$-arginine methyl ester. The levels of molecules involving the regulation of nitric oxide and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways were determined. Results: TG ameliorated MCT-induced pulmonary hypertension in a dose-dependent manner, as assessed by the right ventricular systolic pressure, the right ventricular hypertrophy index, and pulmonary arterial remodeling. Furthermore, TG increased the levels of pulmonary nitric oxide, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and cyclic guanosine monophosphate. Lastly, TG increased mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 expression and promoted the dephosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1/2. Conclusion: TG attenuates MCT-induced pulmonary hypertension, which may involve in part the regulation of nitric oxide and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.221-226
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• 2004

산마늘 에탄올 추출물과 각종 유기용매 분획물에 대하여 항돌연변이원성과 세포독성을 검토하였다. 시료자체는 돌연변이원성이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 직접 변이원인 MNNG에 대한 항돌연변이 효과에서 S. typhimurium TA100 균주에 대해 산마늘 에탄올 추출물(200$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate)에서 88.2%의 억제효과를 나타내었다. 동일 시료 농도에서 4NQO에 대해서는 S. typhimurim TA98과 TA100 두 균주 모두에서 각각 76.4%와 83.0%의 비교적 높은 억제효과를 나타내었다. 암세포 성장 억제 효과를 검토한 실험에서는 에탄올 추출물이 다른 분획물보다 높은 억제활성을 나타내었다. 시료농도의 증가와 함께 억제활성도 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으며 시료농도 50 $\mu\textrm{g}$/plate에서 A549가 74.2%, MCF-7이 71.3% 그리고 KATOIII에 대하여 67.4%의 암세포 성장억제효과를 나타내었다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.220-227
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• 2005

Although ketamine has been used in the field of anesthetic medicine for its safety and favourable respiratory effects, the cardiovascular effects of ketamine is still controversial. To clarify the action and mechanism of ketamine upon cardiovascular system, arterial blood pressure, tension of aortic ring, left ventricular developed pressure and heart rate were measured in rats, Ketamine produced two types of effects on arterial blood pressure in anesthetized rats; monophasic effect (blood pressure lowering) and biphasic effect (initial transient blood pressure increasing following sustained lowering), The ketamine-induced lowering of aterial blood pressure showed a concentration-dependent manner, inhibited by the pretreament of $MgCl_2$ and potentiated by the pretreatment of $CaCl_2$. The ketamine-induced lowering of aterial blood pressure was suppressed by the pretreatment of nifedipine, verapamil or lidocaine. In phenylephrine-precontracted endothelium intact (+E) aortic rings, ketamine sometimes caused a small enhancement of contraction ($112.5{\pm}3.6{\%}$). However, in many experiments, ketamine produced a concentration-dependent relaxation in +E aortic rings precontracted with either phenylephrine or KCl. Ketamine-induced relaxation was significantly greater in KCl-precontracted strips than phenylephrine-precontracted strips. In phenylephrine-precontracted +E aortic rings, the ketamine-induced vasorelaxation was not suppressed by endothelium removal or by the pretreatment of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, L-$N^G$-nitro-arginine and a guanylate cyclase inhibitors, methylene blue, suggesting that the ketamine-induced vasorelaxation is not dependent on the endothelial function. In addition, ketamine elicited an increase in left ventricular developed pressure in perfused hearts accompanied by decrease in heart rate. These results suggest that ketamine could evoke a hypotension due to vasorelaxation and decrease in heart rate in rats. The inhibitory effect of cardiovascular system might be associated with modulation of $Ca^{2+}$ homeostasis.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.651-655
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• 2001

장생 도라지의 메탄올 추출물과 분획물들의 돌연변이 유발 억제 효과를 조사하기 위하여 IQ와 MNNG를 사용하여 Ames mutagenicity test를 검토하였다. 장생 도라지 메탄올 추출물의 돌연변이원성은 없었으며, 또한 메탄올 추출물의 농도 증가에 따른 돌연변이 억제 효과는 상당히 높게 나타났다. 그리고 메탄올 추출물의 분획물중 에틸아세테이트층과 부탄올층에서 돌연변이 억제 효과가 인정되었으며, 농도 증가에 따라 colony 수가 감소하였다. S. typhimurium TA98과 TA100 균주와 각 돌연변이 물질에 따라 돌연변이 억제효과는 다소간의 차이가 있었으나, 장생 도라지의 약리 성분은 대사 활성화 과정의 돌연변이 억제 효과뿐만 아니라, 체내 세포에 직접적으로 영향을 미치는 직접돌연변이원에 대해서도 억제효과가 관찰되었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.987-994
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• 2000

한국 전통누룩으로부터 분리.동정된 Asp. coreanus NR 15-1, Asp. oryzae NR 15-3, 그리고 Asp. oryzae NR 2-5로부터 amylase활성이 높고 세포융합에 사용될 변이주를 분리하고 그의 특성을 검토했다. Aspergillus 속 사상균을 변이처리하기 위한 변이원으로는 NTG를 사용하였으며 Asp. coreanus NR 15-1로부터 총 15종의 변이주중 8종의 영양요구변이주, Asp. oryzae NR 15-3 으로부터 총 5종중 3종의 영양요구변이주를, Asp. oryzae NR 2-5로부터 총 6종중 2종의 영양요구변이주를 분리하였다. 이들 영양요구변이주는 최소배지 에서는 생육하지 않았으며 특정 아미노산과 핵산염기 등을 배지에 첨가했을 경우에만 생육하였다. 분리된 변이주의 당화력, 액화력 및 산 생성능 등을 검토한 결과, 산 생성능이 우수한 균주인 Asp. coreanus NR 15-1로부터 glucoamylase 활성이 높은 \ulcorner(Arg.￣) 변이주와 Asp. oryzae NR 2-5로 부터 $\alpha$-amylase 활성이 우수한 영양요구변이주인 Z6(Ade.￣) 변이주를 세포융합에 사용이 가능한 변이주라 사료되었다. 앞으로 이 들의 변이주를 대상으로 세포융합을 통해 우수한 사상균주를 획득할 수 있는 기초적 자료가 됨으로서 전통누룩의 과학화에 기여할 뿔만 아니라 외국 주류와 경쟁력이 있고 과학화된 전통주류의 개발이 가능하리 라 사료된다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.228-243
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• 1998

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of Sunghyangchungisan (SHCS) on the regulation of vascular tone. Vascular rings isolated from rabbit carotid artery were myographed isometrically in isolated organ baths and the effect of SHCS on contractile activities were determined. SHCS relaxed the arterial rings which were pre-contracted by phenylephrine(PE). The responses to SHCS were partially dose-dependent at concentrations lower than 0.5 mg/ml. When SHCS was applied prior to the exposure to PE, it inhibited the PE-induced contraction by a similar magnitude which was comparable to the relaxation of pre-contracted arterial rings. Washout of SHCS after observing its relaxant effect resulted in a full recovery of PE-induced contractions, indicating that the action mechanism is reversible. The observation that SHCS did not change the $ED_{50}$ of PE on its dose-response curve ruled out the possible interaction of SHCS and ${\alpha}-receptor$. The relaxant effect of SHCS was not affected by removal of endothelium, and pretreatment of the arterial rings with methylene blue or nitro-L-arginine. This results suggest that the action of SHCS is not mediated by endothelium nor soluble guanylate cyclase. SHCS relaxed high $K^{+}-induced$ contractions as well, whereas it failed to relax phorbol ester-induced contractions. When contraction was induced by additive application of $Ca^{2+}$ in arterial rings which were pre-depolarized by high $K^+$ in a $Ca^{2+}-free$ solution, the relaxant effect of SHCS was attenuated by increasing the $Ca^{2+}$ concentration. SHCS, when applied to the arterial rings pre-contracted by PE and then relaxed by nifedipine, a $Ca^{2+}$ channel blocker, did not show additive relaxation. From above results, it is suggested that SHCS relax PE-induced contraction of rabbit carotid artery in an endothelium-independent manner, and inhibition of $Ca^{2+}$ influx may contribute to the underling mechanism.