• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.161-168
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• 2012

The abnormal maturation and ossification of articular chondrocytes play a central role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Inhibiting the enzymatic degradation of the extracellular matrix and maintaining the cellular phenotype are two of the major goals of interest in managing OA. Ginseng is frequently taken orally, as a crude substance, as a traditional medicine in Asian countries. Ginsenoside $Rb_1$, a major component of ginseng that contains an aglycone with a dammarane skeleton, has been reported to exhibit various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. However, a chondroprotective effect of ginsenoside $Rb_1$ related to OA has not yet been reported. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the chondroprotective effect of ginsenoside $Rb_1$ on the regulation of pro-inflammatory factors and chondrogenic genes. Cultured rat articular chondrocytes were treated with 100 ${\mu}M$ ginsenoside $Rb_1$ and/or 500 ${\mu}M$ hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) and assessed for viability, reactive oxygen species production, nitric oxide (NO) release, and chondrogenic gene expression. Ginsenoside $Rb_1$ treatment resulted in reductions in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine and NO in $H_2O_2$-treated chondrocytes. The expression levels of chondrogenic genes, such as type II collagen and SOX9, were increased in the presence of ginsenoside $Rb_1$, whereas the expression levels of inflammatory genes related to chondrocytes, such as MMP1 and MMP13, were reduced by approximately 50%. These results suggest that ginsenoside $Rb_1$ has potential for use as a therapeutic agent in OA patients.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.135-145
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• 2012

Previously, we reported that Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis and gastric cancer are closely associated with increased levels of hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$) and that Korean red ginseng significantly reduced the severity of H. pylori-associated gastric diseases by attenuating $H_2S$ generation. Because the incubation of endothelial cells with $H_2S$ has been known to enhance their angiogenic activities, we hypothesized that the amelioration of $H_2S$-induced gastric inflammation or angiogenesis in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) might explain the preventive effect of Korean red ginseng on H. pylori-associated carcinogenesis. The expression of inflammatory mediators, angiogenic growth factors, and angiogenic activities in the absence or presence of Korean red ginseng extracts (KRGE) were evaluated in HUVECs stimulated with the $H_2S$ generator sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS). KRGE efficiently decreased the expression of cystathionine ${\beta}$-synthase and cystathionine ${\gamma}$-lyase, enzymes that are essential for $H_2S$ synthesis. Concomitantly, a significant decrease in the expression of inflammatory mediators, including cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase, and several angiogenic factors, including interleukin (IL)-8, hypoxia inducible factor-1a, vascular endothelial growth factor, IL-6, and matrix metalloproteinases, was observed; all of these factors are normally induced after NaHS. An in vitro angiogenesis assay demonstrated that NaHS significantly increased tube formation in endothelial cells, whereas KRGE pretreatment significantly attenuated tube formation. NaHS activated p38 and Akt, increasing the expression of angiogenic factors and the proliferation of HUVECs, whereas KRGE effectively abrogated this $H_2S$-activated angiogenesis and the increase in inflammatory mediators in vascular endothelial cells. In conclusion, KRGE was able to mitigate $H_2S$-induced angiogenesis, implying that antagonistic action against $H_2S$-induced angiogenesis may be the mechanism underlying the gastric cancer preventive effects of KRGE in H. pylori infection.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.04a
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• pp.3-3
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• 2018

For centuries, Panax ginseng Meyer (Korean ginseng) has been widely used as a medicinal herb in Korea, China, and Japan. Ginsenosides are a class of triterpene saponins and recognized as the bioactive components in Korean ginseng. Ginsenosides, which can be classified broadly as protopanaxadiols (PPD), protopanaxatriols (PPT), and oleanolic acids, have been shown to flaunt a vast array of pharmacological activities such as immune-modulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-diabetic, and antioxidant effects. In recent years, a number of ginseng and ginsenoside researches have increasingly gained wide attention owing to its unique pharmacological properties. Although good efficacies of ginsenosides have been reported, lack of target specific delivery into tumor sites, low solubility, and low bioavailability due to modifications in gastro-intestinal environments limit their biomedical application in clinical trials. As a result to this major challenge, nanotechnology and drug delivery techniques play a significant role to solve this problematic issue. Thus, we reported the preparation of poly-ethylene glycol (PEG) and glycol chitosan (GC) functionalized to ginsenoside (Compound K and PPD) conjugates via hydrolysable ester bonds with improved aqueous solubility and pH-dependent drug release. In vitro cytotoxicity assays revealed that PEG-CK, and PPD-CK conjugates exhibited lower cytotoxicity compared to bare CK and PPD in HT29 cells. However, GC-CK conjugates exhibited higher and similar cytotoxicity in HT29 and HepG2 cells. Furthermore, GC-CK-treated RAW264.7 cells did not exhibit significant cell death at higher concentration of treatment which supports the biocompatibility of the polymer conjugates. They also inhibited nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW64.7 cells. In addition to polymer-ginsenoside conjugates, silver (AgNps) and gold nanoparticles (AuNps) have been successfully synthesized by green chemistry using different m. The biosynthesized nanoparticles demonstrated antimicrobial efficacy, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity, biofilm inhibition, and anticoagulant effect. Special interest on the effective delivery methods of ginsenoside to treatment sites is the focus of metal nanoparticle research.In short, nano-sizing of ginsenoside results in an increased water solubility and bioavailability. The use of nano-sized ginsenoside and P. ginseng mediated metallic nanoparticles is expected to be effective on medical platform against various diseases in the future.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.04a
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• pp.67-67
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• 2018

Trichoderma species are a rich source of metabolites, but less known for biomedical potential. This work deals with antibacterial and antioxidant potentials of intracellular non-cytotoxic metabolites, extracted from Trichoderma atroviride (KNUP001). A total of 53 fractions was collected by column chromatography and tested for cytotoxicity by MTT assay. Only one fraction (F41) was found to be non-toxic to Vero cells with $95.4{\pm}0.61%$ of survival. The F41 was then subjected to chemical analysis, antibacterial and antioxidant assays. The F41 at $500{\mu}g.ml^{-1}$ showed the total antioxidant of $48.70{\pm}2.90%$, DPPH radical scavenging activity of $37.25{\pm}2.25$, nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging activity of $54.55{\pm}1.95$ and $H_2O_2$ radical scavenging activity of $43.75{\pm}3.21$. The F41 at $25{\mu}g.ml^{-1}$ displayed antibacterial activity against E. coli ($14.25{\pm}0.2mm$), P. mirabilis ($10.4{\pm}0.6mm$), S. dysenteriae ($18.6{\pm}03mm$), S. paratyphi A ($14.1{\pm}1.1mm$), E. aerogenes ($5.6{\pm}0.4mm$) and S. marcescens ($14.25{\pm}0.2mm$). GC-MS analysis revealed the dominant presence of oleic acid C 18.1 (63.18%), n-hexadecanoic acid (6.17%), and ethyl oleate (4.93%) and potent molecules such as 8-[(2E)-2-(3-hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazinyl]-1,3,7-trimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione, 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl (1Z)-N-hydroxy-2-(4-morpholinyl)-2-oxoethanimidothioate, Fluorene in the F41, and virtual study revealed that these molecules are likely responsible for the antibacterial activities of F41. Hence, further investigation deserves on purification and characterization of the active metabolites from T. atroviride strain KNUP001 towards developing molecular leads to effective antibacterial drugs, and non-toxic to host cells.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.04a
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• pp.69-69
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• 2018

아로니아(Aronia czarna)는 anthocyanin, polyphenol, flavonoid, cathechine, chlorogenic acid와 같은 생리활성물질이 풍부하게 존재하며 항산화, 항암, 항균, 피부건강개선, 노화방지 등 다양한 생리활성에 대한 효능이 있는 것으로 알려져 있어 건강 및 기능성식품, 화장품 등의 원료 소재로 각광받고 있다. 생물전환(Bioconversion)은 미생물 또는 효소의 생물학적 촉매 반응을 활용하여 기존 소재의 성분을 변환시키는 기술이다, 최근 생물전환을 활용한 천연소재의 생리활성 물질 기능성, 생체이용률, 안전성을 증대시키기 위한 방안으로 많은 연구가 진행되고 있으며 식품, 의약품, 화장품 등 다양한 분야에서 활성화 되고 있다. 본 연구는 젓갈로부터 분리한 균주를 유전학적 특성을 확인하기 위하여 16S rDNA 염기서열을 분석한 뒤 그중 유산균을 발효공정에 활용하였다. 전북 순창에서 수확된 아로니아 분말과 발효공정을 수행하였으며 아로니아 최적 추출조건 선정, 발효공정 전 후 추출물의 기능성 평가를 진행하기 위하여 DPPH radical scavenging activity, Total polyphenol 함량을 확인하여 항산화 효능 및 유효성분 함량을 평가하였다. 또한 대식세포인 Raw 264.7을 사용하여 MTT assay, Nitric oxide (NO) 생성 억제 효능을 확인하여 세포독성 및 항염증 활성을 평가하였다. 실험결과, 젓갈류 발효물로부터 16종의 다양한 균주를 확보하였으며, 그중 L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum, P. pentosaceus 균을 발효 공정에 활용하여 유용 균주를 선정 결과 P. pentosaceus 종 유산균 처리군에서 무처리군 대비 DPPH radical 소거능 및 polyphenol 함량이 증가됨을 확인하였다. 발효공정 후 항산화 활성은 무처리군 대비 약 119%, polyphenol의 함량은 무처리군 대비 약 119%로 증가됨을 확인되었다. 또한 Raw 264.7 세포실험 결과 발효공정 후 독성활성이 감소되는 경향을 확인되었으며, 항염증 활성이 월등히 증가됨을 확인하였다.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.04a
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• pp.14-14
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• 2018

This Camptotheca acuminata Decne. (CA), belonging to Nyssaceae, is a deciduous tree. and has been used as Traditional Chinese medicine since ancient times. The CA produces camptothecin a natural indole alkaloid, and reported to have anti-cancer effects. But the studies on biological activities of CA leaves are insufficient. Therefore, this study confirmed various biological activities such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, antiinflammatory and metabolism analysis by HPLC-MS/MS of CA leaves. The $RC_{50}$ values of DPPH radical scavenging activity of ethyl acetate fraction, n-Butanol fraction, methanol extraction, water fraction and n-Hexane fraction were $12.23{\pm}0.01$, $15.93{\pm}0.42$, $55.12{\pm}0.45$, $56.29{\pm}4.15$ and $427.29{\pm}6.13ug/mL$, respectively. The $IC_{50}$ values of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity of ethyl acetate fraction, n-Butanol fraction, methanol extraction, n-Hexane fraction and water fraction were $24.29{\pm}0.14$, $47.86{\pm}0.45$, $54.23{\pm}1.21$ $466.76{\pm}2.21$ and $623.91{\pm}9.67ug/mL$, respectively. The nitric oxide release activity of n-Hexane fraction, methanol extraction, ethyl acetate fraction, water fraction and n-Butanol fraction were $31.49{\pm}5.74$, $29.79{\pm}0.71$, $26.89{\pm}0.71$, $8.24{\pm}5.83$ and $7.75{\pm}4.08%$ at 25 ug/mL, respectively. The anti-cancer activity of n-Hexane fraction, methanol extraction, ethyl acetate fraction, water fraction and n-Butanol fraction were $31.49{\pm}5.74$, $29.79{\pm}0.71$, $26.89{\pm}0.71$, $8.24{\pm}5.83$ and $7.75{\pm}4.08%$ at 25 ug/mL, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction activities showed higher biological activities than other fractions. Thus, Additional studies were conducted using ethyl acetate fraction. Metabolite analysis was performed using a LCMS-8040 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. As a result, Five compounds (1-5) were identified in the ethyl acetate fraction of the CA leave. The identification of these compounds was generated by the analysis of fragmentation methods of the negative and positive ion modes. Five compounds were identified as gallic acid (1), chlorogenic acid (2), isoquercetin (3), astragalin (4) and camptothecin (5). These results suggest that the CA leave can be used for functional materials.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.04a
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• pp.64-64
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• 2018

생물전환(Bioconversion)은 천연소재의 기능성을 증대시키기 위한 방안으로 많은 연구가 진행되고 있으며 다양한 산업에서도 활용되고 있어 유용미생물을 기반 차세대 기술로 각광받고 있다. 이러한 기술의 도입은 식품은 물론 의약품 및 화장품 산업에서도 활발히 사용되고 있으며, 특히 최근 기능성 제품에 대한 소비가 급증함에 따라 그 중요성이 높아지고 있다. 산초(Zanthoxylum schinfolium)는 limonene, citronellal, phellandrene 등의 다양한 유효물질을 함유하고 있으며 유효성분들로부터 유래되는 항산화 활성과 항암활성, 항균활성 등의 효능을 지니는 것으로 보고된바 있다. 본 연구의 생물전환 공정에 사용된 유산균들은 전통 발효식품으로 알려진 다양한 젓갈류로부터 분리하였으며, 16S rDNA 염기서열 분석을 통해 유전학적 특성을 확인하였다. 또한 확보된 유산균들을 사용하여 산초(전북 진안군) 분말의 발효공정을 수행하였으며, 산초의 최적 추출조건을 선정하고 추출물을 제조하여 생물전환 공정 전 후 활성의 변화추이를 관찰하였다. 추출물의 활성평가는 항산화 효능 및 유효성분 함량을 평가하기 위하여 DPPH radical scavenging activity와 total polyphenol 함량을 평가하고 세포주를 활용해 MTT assay, Nitric oxide(NO) 생성억제 효능을 확인하여 세포독성 및 항염증 활성을 확인하였다. 실험결과, 생물전환 공정에 사용할 유용 미생물을 확보하기 위한 실험을 통해 다양한 젓갈류에서 다양한 미생물을 확보할 수 있었으며 약 16종의 유산균을 분리하였다. 분리된 미생물을 사용하여 산초 분말의 생물전환 공정을 실시한 결과, 5종의 유용미생물 처리에서 무처리 대비 DPPH radical 소거능 및 polyphenol 함량이 유의적으로 증가됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 그 중 가장 높은 활성을 나타내는 균주를 16S rDNA 염기서열 분석을 통해 확인한 결과 Weissella confusa D1로 확인되었다. 선별 균주를 활용한 생물전환 공정 후 항산화 활성은 대조군 대비 약 120%의 활성을 나타냈으며, polyphenol의 함량은 약 126%로 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 더 나아가 생물전환 공정 후 산초추출물의 세포독성은 처리전과 비교하여 월등히 감소하는 경향을 확인할 수 있었으며, 항염효능 또한 증가하는 경향을 나타내는 것이 확인되었다.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.227-233
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• 2011

Crysochroa fulgidissima (Bidan-beole, Spanish fly) is traditionally used as a crude drug and insecticide in the East Asia and Korea, respectively. This study investigated the effect of ethanol extract of C. fulgidissima on the NO production activity. The C. fulgidissima extract was a potent inducer of NO production in CPAE cells and a stimulator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in a dose-dependent manner. This study also evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of this extract by determining the level of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and prostaglandin $E_2$ from HUVEC cells. Although C. fulgidissima extract was a potent inducer of NO production in the CPAE cells, it showed weak inhibitory effects on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production in HUVEC cells. HPLC and GC-MS analysis of the ethanol extract of C. fulgidissima revealed the presence of cantharidin.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.543-551
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• 2020

Red rose petals are usually disposed but they are an abundant source of phenolics and traditionally used as food supplement and as herbal medicine. Of the Various phenolics, they are known to have anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of red rose ethanolic extracts(GRP) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells. The results demonstrated that pretreatment of GRP(500㎍/mL) significantly reduced NO production by suppressing iNOS protein expression in LPS-stimulated cells. Anti-inflammatory effects byred rose petal were observed in the following. Red rose petal inhibited the translocation of NF-κB from the cytosol to the nucleus via the suppression of IκB-α phosphorylation and also inhibited LPS-stimulated NF-κB transcriptional activity. These findings suggest that red rose petal exert anti-inflammatory actions and help to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the potential therapeutic values of red rose petal. Therefore, red rose petal could be regarded as a potential source of natural anti-inflammatory agents.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.122-129
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• 2017

For the production of a high-density ITO target, $In_2O_3$ powders with a small particle size and low agglomeration should be synthesized. The purpose of this study is to control the size and shape of the Indium hydroxide precursor which affects the properties of the $In_2O_3$ powder. As a starting raw material, Indium metal was dissolved in a Nitric acid ($HNO_3$) solution. The effect of concentration, pH, and temperature on the properties of Indium hydroxide was investigated using ammonium hydroxide as a precipitant. Crystallite size of each sample was analyzed by X-ray diffraction and the shape and the size of the powder was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. As a result, the particle size of Indium hydroxide was increased with increase in the concentration of $In(NO_3)_3$ and the particle size and shape of the Indium hydroxide remained unchanged with increase in the pH of the solution. The particle size increased with increase in the precipitation temperature during precipitation.