• Computers and Concrete
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.187-206
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• 2007

A rational three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model is described and implemented for evaluating the behavior of high strength concrete slabs under transverse load. The concrete was idealized by using twenty-nodded isoparametric brick elements with embedded reinforcements. The concrete material modeling allows for normal (NSC) and high strength concrete (HSC), which was calibrated based on experimental data. The behavior of concrete in compression is simulated by an elastoplastic work-hardening model, and in tension a suitable post-cracking model based on tension stiffening and shear retention models are employed. The nonlinear equations have been solved using the incremental iterative technique based on the modified Newton-Raphson method. The FE formulation and material modeling is implemented into a finite element code in order to carry out the numerical study and to predict the behavior up to ultimate conditions of various slabs under transverse loads. The validity of the theoretical formulations and the program used was verified through comparison with available experimental data, and the agreement has proven to be very good. A parametric study has been also carried out to investigate the influence of different material and geometric properties on the behavior of HSC slabs. Influencing factors, such as concrete strength, steel ratio, aspect ratio, and support conditions on the load-deflection characteristics, concrete and steel stresses and strains were investigated.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.459-465
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• 2018

Reducing response of buildings during earthquakes by mass dampers, has been examined in many articles and books. Nowadays, many researchers are trying to realistically examine this type of dampers by new methods of performance. In this paper, for the better study of tuned mass damper (TMD), two schematic models are presented for a passive TMD with softening stiffness (softening TMD) and a passive TMD with hardening stiffness (hardening TMD). Then by modeling and analysis of the damper on a single degree of freedom (SDOF) structure and an 11-story steel building, the dampers performance was evaluated. State space was used for damper and structure modeling and to solve nonlinear equations, the Newton-Raphson method was used. The results show that when the structure is subjected to the Chi-Chi earthquake, response of the sixth floor in the system without TMD reduces 54.0% in comparison to the structure with softening TMD. This percentage of reduction for hardening TMD is 55.0%. Also for the Tabas earthquake, reduction in the RMS acceleration of the sixth floor in the system with hardening TMD is 96.2% more than the structure without TMD. This percentage of reduction for hardening TMD is 96.3%.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2006년도 추계학술대회 논문집 전력기술부문
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• pp.33-35
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• 2006

배전 독립사업부제 도입 및 분산전원의 출현으로 배전계통은 계획 및 운영에 있어서도 변화가 일어 날 것이다. 예로, 기존의 방사상 구조의 배전 계통은 분산 전원의 출현으로 부분적인 그물망 구조로 변형될 수 있으며, 사업 구역이나 사업 지역으로 나누어진 배전계통에서는 서로 다른 관리 체제 하에서 운영이 필요하기 때문에 각 배전회사간의 정보 공유 문제가 발생할 수도 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 분화된 배전 계통의 특성을 고려하여 송전계통과 같이 전체 시스템에 대해 조류 계산하지 않고 배전 계통을 몇 개의 영역으로 나누고 다른 영역과의 경계 정보만을 이용하여 자신의 영역에 대한 조류 계산을 수행하는 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 이런 특성을 최대한 반영한 각 영역의 조류 계산은 분산 전원의 투입으로 인한 양방향 조류가 발생하게 되므로 그물망 구조로 된 구역과 기존의 방사상 구조로 된 영역으로 구분할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 구역 특성에 맞고 배전 계통에 적용 가능한 알고리즘으로 먼저 분리 구역별 조류 계산을 수행한 후 그 다음 경계치 교환으로 배전 계통 전체의 조류 계산을 수행하는 알고리즘을 제안한다. 즉 방사상 구조 영역에서는 back/forward sweep 방법으로 수행하고 그물망 구조 영역에서는 Full Newton-Raphson 방법으로 구분하여 영역의 특성에 맞게 수행하였다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.511-519
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• 2017

Multi-regional water supply system, which installed for supplying multiple water demands, is characterized by large-sized, long-distance, tree-type layout. This system is vulnerable to long-standing service interruption when a pipe breaks is occurred. In this study, a numerical method is proposed to calculate drainage time that directly affects time of service interruption. To begin with, governing equations are formulated to embed the delayed drainage effect by the friction loss, and to resolve complicated connection of pipelines, which are derived from the continuity and energy equations. The nonlinear hydraulic equations are solved by using explicit time integration method and the Newton-Raphson method. The developed model is verified by comparing the result with analytical solution. Furthermore, the model's applicability is validated by the examples of pipelines in serial, in parallel, and complex layout. Finally, the model is utilized to suggest an appropriate actions to reduce the deviation of draining time in the C transmission line of the B multi-regional water supply system.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.101-108
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• 2011

In this paper, a study on the frictional losses and dynamic behaviors of a reciprocating compression mechanism used in small refrigeration compressor is performed. In the problem formulation of the compressor dynamics, the viscous frictional force between piston and cylinder wall is considered in order to determine the coupled dynamic behaviors of piston and crankshaft supported on a thrust ball bearing. The solutions of the equations of motion of the reciprocating mechanism along with the time dependent Reynolds equations for the lubricating film between piston and cylinder wall and lubricant films of the journal bearings are obtained simultaneously. The hydrodynamic forces of journal bearings are calculated using finite bearing model and G$\hat{u}$m-bel boundary condition. And, a Newton-Raphson procedure was employed in solving the nonlinear equations of piston and crankshaft with a thrust ball bearing. The results explored the effects of design parameters on the frictional losses and dynamic stability of the compression mechanism.

• 유변학
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• 제8권3_4호
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• pp.215-225
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• 1996

평판형의 열가소성 수지를 유리전이온도 이상으로 가열한 다음 압력을 가함으로써 원하는 형상의 제품을 성형하는 열성형공정은 대상 수지가 큰 변형을 일으킬 뿐만 아니라 비선형적 거동을 보이게 된다. 따라서 수지의 변형거동 예측과 최적성형조건의 설정에 많은 어려움과 시행착오를 거치게 되는 바, 열성형 공정의 최적화를 위한 연구의 일환으로 원형 평판위 수지를 대상으로 수지의 부풀림 거동과 이에 따른 두께 분포를 예측할수 있는유한요 소법의 수치모사 알고리듬을 개발하고자 하였다. Piola-Kirchhoff 응력 텐서와 Green 변형 텐서 및 lagrangian 변형 텐서를 사용하여 평판상의 응력-변형에 대한 비선형의 에너지 수 지식을 수립하고 Newton-Raphson 반복수렴법을 이용하여 근사적으로 해석하였으며 수지의 유변학적 구성방정식으로는 neo-Hookean 모델, Mooney-Rivlin 모델 및 Ogden 모델등의 초탄성 모델을 사용하여 그결과를 비교하였다. 수치모사에는 두께가 매우 얇기 때문에 두께 방향의 응력변화를 무시할수 있는 membrane 가정을 도입한 2차원적 해석과 두께 방향의 응력 변화를 고려하는 3차원적 해석을 모두 수행하고 그 차이를 비교하였으며 3차원적 해석 의 경우에는 penalty법을 이용하여 비 압축성을 만족하였다. 일차적으로 내압을 받는 두꺼 운 원통계에 대한 수치모사 해석을 수행하고 완전해와 비교함으로써 개발된 수치모사 알고 리듬의 열성형 공정에의 적용 타당성을 검증하였으며 이를 이용하여 원형 평판의 자유부풀 림거동을 예측한 결과 Treloar 등의 실험결과와 잘 부합함을 확인하였다. 또 간단한 형상의 금형이 있는 경우와 반지름 방향으로의 온도변화에 따른 수지의 변형거동을 해석함으로써 실제 열성형 공정에서 요구되고 있는 성형품의 두께 분포를 균일하게 하기 위한 방안을 제 시하였다.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제12권3호통권29호
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• pp.19-30
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• 1998

In this paper, the dynamic analysis of a dolphin system for mooring a floating structure such as barge mounted plant is studied. The characteristics of the soil-pile system are simplified by a set of equivalent spring elements at the mudline. To evaluate the equivalent spring constants, the finite difference method is used. Since the characteristics of the soil-pile system are nonlinear in case of soft foundation, the nonlinear dynamic analysis technique is needed. The Newmark $beta$ method incorporating the modified Newton-Raphson method(initial stiffness method) is used. A numerical analysis is performed on two mooring dolphin systems on soft foundation and rock foundation. In case of the rock foundation, the characteristics are found to be nearly linear, so the linear dynamic analysis may be sufficient to consider the foundation effect. But in case of soft foundation, the non-linearity of the foundation appears to be very signigicant, so the nonlinear dynamic analysis si needed.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.460-475
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• 2018

In the variable-speed wind energy system, to achieve maximum power point tracking (MPPT), the wind turbine should run close to its optimal angular speed according to the wind speed. Non-linear control methods that consider the dynamic behavior of wind speed are generally used to provide maximum power and improved efficiency. In this perspective, the mechanical power is estimated using Kalman filter. And then, from the estimated mechanical power, the wind speed is estimated with Newton-Raphson method to achieve maximum power without anemometer. However, the blade shape and air density get changed with time and the generator efficiency is also degraded. This results in incorrect estimation of wind speed and MPPT. It causes not only the power loss but also incorrect wind resource assessment of site. In this paper, the adaptive maximum power point tracking control algorithm for wind turbine system based on the estimation of wind speed is proposed. The proposed method applies correction factor to wind turbine system to have accurate wind speed estimation for exact MPPT. The proposed method is validated with numerical simulations and the results show an improved performance.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.103-109
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• 2004

본 논문은 조합하중을 받는 공간구조물의 안정경계를 파악하는 것이다. 구조물에 작용하는 독립된 여러 가지 하중벡터는 기본이 되는 하중 모드와 하중매개 변수를 이용하여 나타내고, 독립된 하중 매개변수에는 비례관계를 설정함으로서 하나의 하중변수에 의해 하중을 부여한다. 구조물의 좌굴하중 즉 임계점은 평형조건이 불안정이 되는 극한점과 분기점으로 분류되고, 가장 낮은 하중이 좌굴하중으로 정의된다. 본 논문에서는 기하학적 비선형 문제를 해석하기 위한 수치해석법으로는 호장법과 뉴턴-랩슨법을 이용하였으며, 본 해석을 통하여 안정경계를 파악함은 물론 좌굴모드 및 좌굴하중을 명확히 규명하였다.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.579-583
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• 2012

The purpose of this paper is to suggest IDE (Incremental Displacement Estimation) algorithm for the previously proposed visually servoed paired structured light system. The system is composed of two sides facing with each other, each with one or two lasers with a 2-DOF manipulator, a camera, and a screen. The 6-DOF displacement between two sides can be estimated by calculating the positions of the projected laser beams and rotation angles of the manipulators. In the previous study, Newton-Raphson or EKF (Extended Kalman Filter) has been used as an estimation algorithm. Although the various experimental tests have validated the performance of the system and estimation algorithms, the computation time is relatively long since aforementioned algorithms are iterative methods. Therefore, in this paper, a non-iterative incremental displacement estimation algorithm which updates the previously estimated displacement with a difference of the previous and the current observed data is introduced. To verify the performance of the algorithm, experimental tests have been performed. The results show that the proposed non-iterative algorithm estimates the displacement with the same level of accuracy compared to the EKF with multiple iterations with significantly less computation time.