• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.558-562
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• 2014

Tramadol is an opioid analgesic agent that has been the subject of a series of case reports suggesting potential for misuse or abuse. However, it is not a controlled substance and is not generally considered addictive in Korea. In this study, we examined the dependence potential and abuse liability of tramadol as well as its effect on the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems in rodents. In animal behavioral tests, tramadol did not show any positive effects on the experimental animals in climbing, jumping, and head twitch tests. However, in the conditioned place preference and self-administration tests, the experimental animals showed significant positive responses. Taken together, tramadol affected the neurological systems related to abuse liability and has the potential to lead psychological dependence.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.149-157
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• 2017

The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) is a potential stroke treatment candidate. Intranasal delivery is a novel method thereby a therapeutic protein can be penetrated into the brain parenchyma by bypassing the blood-brain barrier. Thus, this study tested whether intranasal IL-1RA can provide neuroprotection and brain penetration in transient cerebral ischemia. In male Sprague-Dawley rats, focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 1 h. The rats simultaneously received 50 mg/kg human IL-1RA through the intranasal (IN group) or intraperitoneal route (IP group). The other rats were given 0.5 mL/kg normal saline (EC group). Neurobehavioral function, infarct size, and the concentration of the administered human IL-1RA in the brain tissue were assessed. In addition, the cellular distribution of intranasal IL-1RA in the brain and its effect on proinflammatory cytokines expression were evaluated. Intranasal IL-1RA improved neurological deficit and reduced infarct size until 7 days after MCAO (p<0.05). The concentrations of the human IL-1RA in the brain tissue 24 h after MCAO were significantly greater in the IN group than in the IP group (p<0.05). The human IL-1RA was confirmed to be co-localized with neuron and microglia. Furthermore, the IN group had lower expression of $interleukin-1{\beta}$ and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ at 6 h after MCAO than the EC group (p<0.05). These results suggest that intranasal IL-1RA can reach the brain parenchyma more efficiently and provide superior neuroprotection in the transient focal cerebral ischemia.

• 한국산학기술학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국산학기술학회 2011년도 추계학술논문집 1부
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• pp.170-173
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• 2011

Therapeutic hypothermia(TH) improves neurological outcomes and reduces mortality among survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Animal and human studies have shown that TH results in improved salvage of the myocardium, reduced infarct size, reduced left ventricular remodeling and better long-term left ventricular function in settings of regional myocardial ischemia. This study is to investigate the effect of TH on post-resuscitation myocardial dysfunction and survival time after cardiac arrest and resuscitation in a rat model of myocardial infarction (MI). Thoracotomies were performed in 10 Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 450-550 g. MI was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Ninety min after LAD ligation, ventricular fibrillation induction and subsequent cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed before defibrillation attempts. Animals were randomized to two groups: a) Acute MI-Normothermia b) Acute MI-Hypothermia ($32^{\circ}C$ for 4 h). Myocardial functions, including cardiac output, left ventricular ejection fraction, and myocardial performance index were measured echocardiographically together with duration of survival. Ejection fraction, cardiac output and myocardial performance index were $54.74{\pm}9.16$, $89.00{\pm}8.89$, $1.30{\pm}0.09$ respectively and significantly better in the TH group than those of the normothermic group at the first 4 h after resuscitation($32.20{\pm}1.85$,$41.60{\pm}8.62$,$1.77{\pm}0.19$)(p=0.00). The survival time of the hypothermic group ($31.8{\pm}14.8$ h) was greater than that of the normothermic group($12.3{\pm}6.5$ h, p<0.05). This study suggested that TH attenuated post resuscitation myocardial dysfunction in acute MI and would be a potential strategy in post resuscitation care.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.42-57
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• 2020

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is indicated for various mental disorders (e.g., major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder) and the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in elderly patients. Furthermore, ECT is a useful first-line treatment in emergency and crisis situations such as suicide risk, violent behavior, catatonia, and food refusal, which are more frequent in elderly patients. ECT is also effective in the treatment of the motor symptoms of neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. Due to the high risk of various physical diseases, the comorbid physical conditions of elderly patients should be individually controlled to optimize ECT treatment. Compared to young adults, in elderly patients the seizure threshold is higher, the seizure duration is shorter, and the anesthetic dose is lower. On the contrary, the response rate in the elderly is both faster and higher. Considering potential cognitive decline and the prevention of further deterioration of cognitive function in elderly patients, in the absence of significant comorbidities, twice weekly sessions and right unilateral electrode placement with a lower seizure threshold and less cognitive effect are preferred to bilateral electrode placement, which has a high risk of adverse cognitive effects. After an acute course of ECT, continuation and maintenance of ECT, combined with prescription of therapeutic drugs, may prevent possible relapse or recurrence of mental disorders. In conclusion, ECT can be used to treat mental disorders in elderly adults, with safety and effectiveness comparable to that in young adults.

• Laboraroty Animal Research
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.195-202
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• 2018

Hyperglycemia is one of the major risk factors for stroke. Hyperglycemia can lead to a more extensive infarct volume, aggravate neuronal damage after cerebral ischemia. ${\alpha}$-Synuclein is especially abundant in neuronal tissue, where it underlies the etiopathology of several neurodegenerative diseases. This study investigated whether hyperglycemic conditions regulate the expression of ${\alpha}$-synuclein in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced cerebral ischemic injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with streptozotocin (40 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal injection to induce hyperglycemic conditions. MCAO were performed four weeks after streptozotocin injection to induce focal cerebral ischemia, and cerebral cortex tissues were obtained 24 hours after MCAO. We confirmed that MCAO induced neurological functional deficits and cerebral infarction, and these changes were more extensive in diabetic animals compared to non-diabetic animals. Moreover, we identified a decrease in ${\alpha}$-synuclein after MCAO injury. Diabetic animals showed a more serious decrease in ${\alpha}$-synuclein than non-diabetic animals. Western blot and reverse-transcription PCR analyses confirmed more extensive decreases in ${\alpha}$-synuclein expression in MCAO-injured animals with diabetic condition than these of non-diabetic animals. It is accepted that ${\alpha}$-synuclein modulates neuronal cell death and exerts a neuroprotective effect. Thus, the results of this study suggest that hyperglycemic conditions cause more serious brain damage in ischemic brain injuries by decreasing ${\alpha}$-synuclein expression.

• Nano
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.1850131.1-1850131.19
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• 2018

In this paper, an electrochemical sensor for epinephrine (EP), a neurotransmitter was developed by anchoring molecularly imprinted polymeric matrix (MIP) on the surface of gold-coated quartz crystal electrode of electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) using starch nanoparticles (Starch NP) - reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanocomposite as polymeric format for the first time. Use of EP in therapeutic treatment requires proper dose and route of administration. Proper follow-up of neurological disorders and timely diagnosis of them has been found to depend on EP level. The MIP sensor was developed by electrodeposition of starch NP-RGO composite on EQCM electrode in presence of template EP. As the imprinted sites are located on the surface, high specific surface area enables good accessibility and high binding affinity to template molecule. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and piezoelectrogravimmetry were used for monitoring binding/release, rebinding of template to imprinted cavities. MIP-coated EQCM electrode were characterized by contact angle measurements, AFM images, piezoelectric responses including viscoelasticity of imprinted films, and other voltammetric measurements including direct (DPV) and indirect (using a redox probe) measurements. Selectivity was assessed by imprinting factor (IF) as high as 3.26 (DPV) and 3.88 (EQCM). Sensor was rigorously checked for selectivity in presence of other structurally close analogues, real matrix (blood plasma), reproducibility, repeatability, etc. Under optimized conditions, the EQCM-MIP sensor showed linear dynamic ranges ($1-10{\mu}M$). The limit of detection 40 ppb (DPV) and 290 ppb (EQCM) was achieved without any cross reactivity and matrix effect indicating high sensitivity and selectivity for EP. Hence, an eco-friendly MIP-sensor with high sensitivity and good selectivity was fabricated which could be applied in "real" matrices in a facile manner.

• 대한정형도수물리치료학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.71-76
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• 2019

Background: An 8-year-old girl had severe neck pain and stiffness after trauma. CT scan showed atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation (AARS). She had conservative treatment because she did not have neurological symptoms and spinal basilar artery dysfunction. Conservative therapy was halter traction twice for 4 weeks. However, pain and stiffness persisted. She had been recommended to have surgery from her physician, but she received manual therapy for non-surgical procedures. Methods: The joint mobilization, muscle energy technique, motor control exercise, and deep neck flexor (DNF) endurance exercise were applied as manual therapy and 10 session for 2weeks. Results: Clinical outcomes were measured at initial baseline, after 2 weeks, and after 6weeks. Active range of motion was completely restored after 6weeks and numeric pain rating scale was completely reduced after 2 weeks. The strength of neck flexor muscle recovered to normal after 2 weeks, and the DNF endurance was improved to 25 seconds after 2 weeks and to 42 seconds after 6weeks. Motor control capacity recovered to 30 ㎜Hg after 2 weeks. Conclusions: This case report describes the immediate and short-term clinical outcomes for a patient presenting with symptoms of neck pain following AARS. Clinical rationale and patient preference aided the decision to incorporate manual therapy as a treatment for this patient. Manual therapy has shown a successful recovery in AARS patients, more research is needed to validate the inference of this case report.

• 재활치료과학
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.27-39
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• 2019

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 방임경험이 청소년의 스마트폰 의존에 영향을 미치는 경로에서 자아탄력성과 소외감의 매개효과를 검증하는 것이다. 연구방법: 본 연구는 한국청소년정책연구원에서 실시한 '한국아동 청소년패널조사(The Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey, KCYPS)' 자료 중 초등학교 4학년 패널 7차년도(2016년) 데이터를 활용하여 학교에 재학 중인 청소년 데이터 중 결측치가 없는 1,805명을 대상으로 하였다. 자료 분석은 SPSS 23.0과 AMOS 23.0 통계프로그램을 사용하였다. 결과: 방임경험은 청소년의 스마트폰 의존에 직접적인 영향을 미쳤다. 또한 자아탄력성, 소외감은 방임경험과 청소년의 스마트폰 의존의 관계를 부분 매개하였다. 결론: 본 연구는 방임경험이 청소년의 스마트폰 의존에 영향을 미치는 경로에서 자아탄력성, 소외감의 매개효과를 확인하고 아동 청소년 상담 및 부모상담에서 스마트폰 의존을 예방하고 개입하는 방안을 논의했다는데 의의가 있다.

• 재활치료과학
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.55-66
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• 2019

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 아동복지시설 아동 치료 재활 지원사업에 참여 한 아동, 청소년을 대상으로 사업이 종료 된 9개월 후에도 치료 프로그램의 효과가 지속되는지 여부를 확인하는 것이다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 2016년 아동복지시설 아동 치료 재활 사업에 참여하였던 아동, 청소년 중 120명을 대상으로 아동 행동평가 척도를 사용하여 사전(2016년 5월~6월), 사후(2016년 10월~12월), 추후(2017년 9월)평가를 실시하였다. 문제행동의 변화를 확인하기 위해 반복측정 ANOVA(Repeated Mesures ANOVA)로 분석하였다. 결과 : 미취학과 중 고등학생은 사전에 비해 사후에 문제행동이 감소되었고, 추후에 치료효과가 유지되었다. 초등학생은 사전에 비해 사후에 문제행동이 감소되었고, 추후에 더 감소하였다. 결론 : 본 연구 결과, 미취학, 초등학생, 중 고등학생 모든 집단에서 치료효과가 치료 종결 9개월 후에도 지속되고 있다는 것을 확인하였다.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.269-278
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• 2020

Objectives: Yukmijihwang-won (Liuweidihuang-wan in Chinese) is a frequently used medicinal herbal formula. It is used as Yin tonic in Korea and China to recover patients from Yin deficiency. However, the scientific evidence on this drug has not revealed the beneficial effect or mechanism of its effects on the neurological disorder. We designed this study to examine the antidepressive and analgesic effects of Yukmijihwang-won (YJ-01) and the minor modification of YJ-01, YJ-06 on the reserpine-induced pain-depression dyad mice model. Methods: Reserpine (1 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously once a day for three consecutive days to induce pain and depression-like behavior. The oral administration of YJ-01 and YJ-06 (100, 200, or 300 mg/kg) was performed once daily from three days after the reserpine injection. Results: Repeated administration of the YJs significantly reduced the immobility time in a forced swimming test and increased the moved distance and number of crossings in the open field test. In the von-Frey filament test, the oral administration of YJs remarkably suppressed the increase in paw withdrawal frequency. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that YJ-01 and 06 may be good candidates to treat the pain-depression dyad.