Background: Intraoral local anesthesia is essential for delivering dental care; however, injection of this local anesthetic is perceived as the most painful and distressing agent for children, parents, and healthcare providers. Reducing pain as much as possible is essential to ensure smooth subsequent treatment procedures, especially in pediatric dentistry. In clinical practice, oral sucrose administration has been reported to decrease the pain during heel lance and cold pressor tests in neonates and children. This study aimed to determine whether the prior administration of a 30% sucrose solution reduced the pain related to inferior alveolar nerve block in children. Methods: A total of 42 healthy children aged 7-10 years requiring dental treatment of mandibular molars involving inferior alveolar nerve block were recruited. The participants' demographic details were recorded, height and weight were measured, and the anesthetic injection was delivered after receiving the respective intraoral sucrose solution and distilled water by the intervention (group 1) and control (group 2) group participants for 2 min. The subjective pain perceived during injection was measured using an animated emoji scale. The pain scores between the groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: The median pain score and range for the intervention and control groups were 4 (2 - 6) and 6 (4 - 8), respectively, and statistically significant differences (P < 0.001) were observed in the intervention group. Age, sex, height, and weight did not influence the analgesic effect of the sucrose solution. Conclusion: Oral administration of sucrose may relieve pain associated with inferior alveolar nerve block in children.
Pursuing the fabric materials for military chemical warfare protective clothing with the improved detoxification properties, this study investigated the simple and effective cotton treatment method using pad-dry-cure process and 3-aminopropyltrimethox ysilane(APTMS) solution for surface amination. Detoxification properties of the untreated and treated cotton fabrics were evaluated via decontamination of chemical warfare agent simulant, DFP(diisopropylfluorophosphate). The surface aminated cotton fabric increased the rate of the hydrolysis of DFP by the factor of 3 and the decontamination ratio reached 88.2% after 24h. Therefore, the surface amination of the cotton fabric with APTMS can be an effective pathway to prepare the material for protective clothing against chemical warfare agents.
Kim, Jiyun;Kwon, Woong;Kim, Changkyu;Jeong, Euigyung
Textile Coloration and Finishing
/
v.33
no.1
/
pp.1-9
/
2021
This study aims to prepare the fabric with detoxification properties against chemical warfare agent by the simple treatment. For this purpose, polypropylene non-woven fabric(PP) was treated with polyethyleneimine(PEI) and guanidinylated PEI and detoxification properties of the guanidinylated PEI treated PP were evaluated using diisopropylfluorophosphate(DFP), as a chemical warfare agent simulant, and compared with the untreated and PEI treated PP. The half-lives of DFP on guanidinylated PEI treated PP and untreated PP were 334 min and 714 min, respectively. The half-life of DFP with guanidinylated PEI treated PP was 53.22% shorter than with untreated PP. This result shows that guanidine group in guanidinylated PEI treated PP was acted as a base catalyst for hydrolysis of DFP and decreased half-life of DFP. Therefore, it is expected that guanidinylated PEI treatment can be an simple pathway to prepare the detoxification fabric material for protective clothing against chemical warfare agents.
Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
/
v.16
no.2
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pp.218-224
/
2013
Organophosphorus compounds are irreversible inhibitors of cholinesterase enzyme. Exposure causes a progression of toxic signs, including hypersecretion, tremor, convulsion, respiratory distress, epileptiform seizure, brain injuries and death. To protect brain injuries, administration of diazepam as a neuroprotectant is now considered essential for severely exposed nerve agent casualties. However, studies have shown diazepam to provide less than total protection against the neuropathological consequences of nerve agent exposure. In this context, extensive studies have been carried out to find out effective alternative drugs to protect brain from epileptiform seizures induced by organophosphate compounds intoxication. It has been reported that a combination of carbamate and anticholinergic or antiglutamatergic can be a very effective medical countermeasure in dealing with the threat of organophosphorous poisoning. In this study, experimental animals including rats and guinea pigs were implanted with microelectrodes on their brain sculls, and treated with various centrally acting drugs such as physostigmine and procyclidine prior to soman challenge, and then its electroencephalography(ECoG) was monitored to see anticonvulsant effects of the drugs. It was found that seizure activities in ECoG were not always in proportion to clinical signs induced by soman intoxication, and that combinative pretreatment with physostigmine plus procyclidine effectively stopped the seizures induced by organophosphorous poisoning.
The evoked potentials for concentrations of solutions of the four qualities of tastes(i.e., sweet, salty, sour, and bitter tastes) were measured. The solution was applied to the chorda tympani nerve located on the left side of the tongue at 20mm from the tip and 15mm left from the center line. The evoked potentials were detected from Cz referred to A1(left lobe) with the ground at the Fpz position. The Maximum potential level and its latency were evaluated. The individual threshold level of concentration of the solutions of four tastes were measured. Artificial saliva was used as a control solution. The evoked positive potentials for four qualities of tastes (i.e., gustatory evokde potentials) were found to be around 150ms by averaging eight responses. The arbitrary concentration of the solutions were presented by the relative concentration, which was the ratio of the arbitrary concentration to the individual threshold level. The characteristic relations between the latency and the relative concentration ;and those between the potential level and the relative concentration were evaluated. These evalutions showed that (1) the latencies for salty and bitter tastes denoted the minimum values due to for the change of relative concentration, and that (2) the latency for sour taste decreased as the relative concentrations increased, while the latency for sweet taste denoted the inverse tendency, Sinificant differences between any two maximum potential levels were not recognized. A response latencies to sucrose were abolished after treatment of tongue by a sweet-suppressing agent.
Purpose: Many conditions can mimic the presentation of burns. Herpes zoster is one of them. The characteristic features of herpes zoster such as vesicles, pustular lesions and crusts can also be found in burns. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus is a disease caused by recurrent infection of varicella - zoster virus in the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. This virus frequently affects nasociliary branch and serious ocular complications can occur. Thus, early diagnosis and proper treatment of this disease is important to prevent further ocular manifestations. We report a man who sustained minor facial burn injury that was complicated with herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Methods: A 66 - year - old man visited emergency room with multiple whitish vesicles with serous discharge on right forehead, right medial canthal area and nose. At first he was thought to have a secondary infection of facial burn injury. The vesicles on his face began to form crusts on the next day. Since his skin lesion was located on the ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve, we also suspected herpes zoster ophthalmicus. He was referred to dermatologist and ophthalmologist. Results: We used antiviral agent (Acyclovir) and NSAIDs for treatment. The patient had no ocular complications. His skin lesion was almost healed after 1 month and remained scars. We treated a patient with minor facial burn complicated with herpes zoster ophthalmicus with antiviral agent. Conclusion: In this work, we describe a case of old patient with herpetic infection and emphasize the need for careful examination to diagnose accurately.
Since 1989, mass mortality has repeatly occurred in cage-cultured sevenband grouper, Epinephelus septemfasciatus along the southern coast of Korea in the summer season and usually reached over 80% within a few months. Diseased fish showed the clinical signs of anorexia, dark coloration, loss of eqilibrium, spinal swimming behaviour, vertebral deformity and inflation of swim bladder. Histopathologically, necrosis and/or vacuolation of the nerve cells in the brain and retina were observed. We previously reported that the causative agent was filtrable. The causative agent was not culturable in various fish cells; RTG-2, CHSE-214, BF-2, EPC and FHM. However, electron microscopic observation revealed unenveloped icosahedral viral particles with about 30 nm in diameter in the cytoplasm of nerve cells of the brain. The characteristics of the virus was tested by an artificial infection with the filtrate of the homogenate of diseased fish. The pathogenicity of the virus was retained after treatment with ether or heat ($50^{\circ}C$, 30 min) but partly lost by pH 3 or 11 treatment. These results suggest that the causative agent are similar to the fish nodavirus. In order to compare the causative agent with a fish nodavirus, Striped Jack Nervous Necrosis Virus (SJNNV), a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed with primers specific to SJNNV. As a result, about 430 by PCR products were detected from the brain and the eye of both naturally and artificially infected sevenband grouper. All these results represent that the mass mortality in the cultured sevenband grouper is caused by the infection of a nodavirus similar to SJNNV and this is the first report of a fish nodavirus from the cultured sevenband grouper in Korea.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dental therapeutic agent on conduction velocity and threshold current of intradental A- and C-fibers in the cat. Inferior alveolar nerve of cat anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital was exposed and dissected until response of functional single pulp nerve until could be evoked by monopolar electrical stimulation of the crown of the lower left canine teeth. 10ms rectangular pulse was used to determine the threshold current and 1ms rectangular pulse was used to determine conduction velocity. After application of calcium chloride (1, 2, 6M), calcium hydroxide mixed with saline, potassium chloride (0.2, 0.8, 1.6M), eugenol, zinc oxide eugenol to the cavity on the labial surface, conduction velocity and threshold current of single pulp nerve unit were compared with the control. In 10 cats, 24 $A{\delta}$- and 11 C- pulp nerve units were recorded. The mean conduction velocities of $A{\delta}$- and C-fibers were 7.5m/sec (SD=5.8) and 1.2m/sec (SD=0.4), respectively. The mean threshold current was $12.3{\mu}A$ (SD=5.3) for $A{\delta}$-fibers and $24.9{\mu}A$ (SD=8.1) for C-fibers. 1, 2, 6M calcium chloride caused decrease of conduction velocity and remarkable increase of threshold current in $A{\delta}$- and C-fibers. The effect of calcium hydroxide mixed with saline was similar but smaller than calcium chloride solution. 0.2M potassium chloride had insignificant effect. In 0.8M potassium chloride, the threshold current was increased although conduction velocity was not affected. In 1.6M potassium chloride, the threshold current was increased and the conduction velocity was slowed down. Spontaneous activity was recorded frequently for first 5 min but gradually reduced both in $A{\delta}$- and C-fibers. Eugenol had irreversible effect on pulp nerve in that initially there were not certain changes in the conduction velocity and threshold current of $A{\delta}$- and C-fibers, but the responses to electrical stimulation were abruptly disappeared after sustained application and were not recovered. Contrary to eugenol, zinc oxide eugenol did not caused significant increase of the threhold current and caused time dependent decrease of the conduction velocity, and did not show any irreversible change.
da Silva, Livia Maria Alves Valentim;Cintra, Luciano Tavares Angelo;de Oliveira Gallinari, Marjorie;Benetti, Francine;Rahal, Vanessa;Ervolino, Edilson;de Alcantara, Sibele;Briso, Andre Luiz Fraga
Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
/
v.45
no.2
/
pp.20.1-20.14
/
2020
Objectives: To minimize the tooth sensitivity caused by in-office bleaching, many dentists use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and topical desensitizing gels containing potassium nitrate and sodium fluoride. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of these substances on inflammation and the expression of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in pulp nerve fibers. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two rats were divided into 6 groups as follows: GI, control; GII, only dental bleaching; GIII, only ibuprofen; GIV, ibuprofen administered 30 minutes before and after the bleaching treatment and every 12 hours until the analysis; GV, only topical application of a desensitizing agent; and GVI, topical application of a desensitizing agent before dental bleaching. Placebo gel was applied to the upper left jaw and the bleaching agent was applied to the upper right jaw in all groups. Subsequently, the groups were divided into 3 subgroups based on the time of analysis: 0, 24, and 48 hours after bleaching (n = 8). The rats were euthanized and the maxillae were processed and evaluated by histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Dunn test (p < 0.05). Results: In the bleaching groups, the inflammatory process and expression of neuropeptides decreased over time. The animals in which a desensitizing agent was applied showed better results within 24 hours. Conclusions: The use of a desensitizing agent had positive effects on inflammation and pain-related neuropeptide expression, minimizing the painful effects of dental bleaching treatment.
Percutaneous neurolysis of upper thoracic sympathetic ganglion was performed in 40 patients by simultaneously injecting 3 ml of pure alcohol into the T2 and T3 levels after 3 ml of injection of local anesthetic agent on the same sites. Using a skin temperature probe, finger tip temperatures were measured on the index finger ipsilateral to the nerve block before block, 15 and 30 minutes after test block, and 30 minutes after alcohol block. Alcohol block was performed immediately after 30 minutes test block. Finger tip temperatures obtained at 30 minutes post alcohol block and test block and the differences in the temperatures measured before and 30 minutes after alcohol block were shown to be statistically important as potential indicators for prediciting long term outcome of therapy for palmar hyperhidrosis using this technique. These results demonstrate that the palmar temperature monitoring method is sufficiently sensitive to predict the outcome of nerve block during and after thoracic sympathetic ganglion block.
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