• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.499-506
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• 2008

The nutritional composition of the white lotus(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn) leaf are moisture($1.87{\pm}0.06%$), crude ash($9.57{\pm}0.07%$), crude protein($15.53{\pm}0.4%$) and crude lipid($2.42{\pm}0.1%$) per 100g. The highest mineral content was K and Ca. The principal free sugars in the white lotus leaf was sucrose, fructose and glucose. The total phenolics compounds evidenced maximal levels of $8,842.73{\pm}20.57\;g/100g$. DPPH and hydroxyl radical of scavenging ability of each sample tended to increase with increasing degrees of the sample concentration. The $IC_{50}$ values of the ethanol extract, n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, butanol and water fraction from the white lotus leaf to DPPH radicals were 5.65, 8.5, 8.27, 2.03, 2.3 and $13.7\;{\mu}g/mL$ respectively. The $IC_{50}$ values of the hydroxyl radical scavenging ability of the ethanol extract, ethylacetate, butanol and water fraction were 390, 574, 327 and $378\;{\mu}g/mL$ respectively.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.117-122
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of the study is to investigate the activities of Nelumbo nucifera leaf extracts on Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sobrinus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Treponema denticola. Methods : The inhibitory effect of lotus leaf extracts on the growth of oral bacteria was assessed in experiments with extracts from freshly harvested and pulverized lotus leaves and bacterial cultures of dental caries. Results : The results showed that N. nucifera extracts possess antimicrobial activity on all bacterial strains. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values varied from 4 mg/ml to 10 mg/ml against antimicrobial activity. The relative growth ratio (RGR) against of N. nucifera extracts were determined as 50% in concentration of 4.0 mg/ml. The extract of N. nucifera was effective in reducing on the glucosyltransferase (GTase) activity of six strains in vitro. Conclusions : Methanol extracts of lotus leaves showed antimicrobial effects on three bacterial species causing dental caries and three bacterial species causing periodontitis, as well as inhibitory effects on GTase activity.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.95-103
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• 2012

The cell surface sculpture of the plant epidermis has received great interest recently. It has also been an active area of research, as the biological microstructures of the surface, such as papillae and waxes, exhibit several unique properties, including self-cleaning character; namely the "Lotus effect" first described in the leaves of the lotus, Nelumbo nucifera. The Lotus effect is the phenomenon in which the super-hydrophobic and water-repellent nature of lotus leaves allow water drops to run off easily on the surface in a rolling and sliding motion thereby facilitating the removal of dirt particles. It is well-known that surface roughness on the micro- and nanoscale is a primary characteristic allowing for the Lotus effect. This effect is common among plants and is of great technological importance, since it can be applied industrially in numerous fields. In the present study, Nelumbo nucifera leaf and stem epidermal surfaces have been examined with a focus on the features of papillae and wax crystalloids. Both young and mature Nelumbo nucifera leaf epidermis demonstrated the Lotus effect on their entire epidermal surface. The central area of the upper epidermis, in particular, formed extremely papillose surfaces, with an additional wax layer, enabling greater water repellency. Despite the presence of wax crystalloids, epidermal surfaces of the lower leaf and stem lacking papillae, were much more easily wetted.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.161-167
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• 2022

Obesity is a complex metabolic disorder that increases the risk for type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. In this study, we evaluated the anti-obesity effects of Nelumbo nucifera leaf (NL) extract in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and obese db/db mice. NL extract among various parts (leaf, seed, and root) of N. nucifera most effectively reduced adipogenesis via inhibiting CCAAT enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The addition of NL extract enhanced the protein expression of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) as compared to untreated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The oral administration of NL extract (100 mg/kg BW) significantly reduced food efficacy ratio, body weight, and face or total cholesterol level in obese db /db mice. Also, administration of NL extract significantly decreased adipocyte size and C/EBPα or PPARγ expression in the adipose tissues as compared with control (obese db/db mice). Therefore, our results suggest that NL extract among various parts of N. nucifera could be used as a functional food ingredient for the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases including obesity and diabetes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.1544-1547
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• 2011

Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) leaf is known to be effective for 'overcoming body heat' and stopping bleeding. It is commonly used as a traditional curing plant for the treatment of hematemesis, epistaxis, hemoptysis, hematuria, and metrorrhagia in traditional Chinese medicine. This study investigated on the effect of oral administration of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) leaf extract on the serum and liver lipid levels of rats fed a high fat diet. Experimental rats were divided into five different experimental groups, including the general diet group (Cont), high fat diet with lotus leaf extract groups (HL40, HL80, HL120), and high fat diet group (HFG). Body weight significantly decreased in the HL120 sample compared to that of Cont. The weights of the livers and kidneys of rats corresponded to the increase in body weight. Total cholesterol and triglyceride contents in liver tissues of rats were lowest in the sample HL120 sample. The levels of total lipids, total cholesterol, and triglycerides in serum were lower in the HL120 sample compared to the HFG.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.265-274
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Nelumbo leaves have been used in traditional medicine to treat bleeding, gastritis, hemorrhoids, and halitosis. However, their mechanisms have not been elucidated. MATERIALS/METHODS: The present study prepared two Nelumbo leaf extracts (NLEs) using water or 50% ethanol. Inflammatory response was induced with LPS treatment, and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6 and nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) productions were assessed. To determine the anti-inflammatory mechanism of NLEs, we measured nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$) activity. Major metabolites of NLEs were also analyzed and quantified. RESULTS: NLEs effectively reduced the expression and productions of pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, $PGE_2$, and NO. NLEs also reduced NF-${\kappa}B$ activity by inhibiting inhibitor of NF-${\kappa}B$ phosphorylation. Both extracts contained catechin and quercetin, bioactive compounds of NLEs. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we showed that NLEs could be used to inhibit NF-${\kappa}B$-mediated inflammatory responses. In addition, our data support the idea that NLEs can ameliorate disease conditions involving chronic inflammation.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.377-388
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine the content attributes and sensory characteristics of ice cream flavored with lotus leaf and seeds (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner). Analysis of freeze dried lotus leaf powder produced the following technical results: Freeze dried lotus leaf powder contained moisture 12.2, crude protein 5.9, crude fat 1.2, crude ash 7.0, crude fiber 13.4g/100mg; raw lotus seed powder contained moisture 65.0, crude protein 8.2, crude fat 0.3, crude ash 1.0, crude fiber 10.8g/100mg; freeze dried lotus seed powder contained moisture 14.0, crude protein 17.1, crude fat 1.9, crude ash 4.0, crude fiber 2.8g/100mg. Lotus seed was processed by 4 methods: freeze dried, roasted, freeze dried peeled inner layer, cooked cut peeled inner layer. Analysis of the color value produced the following technical results: freeze dried lotus leaf powder were L(lightness) 14.5, a(redness) 4.4, b(yellowness) 24.0; freeze dried lotus seed powder L 57.3, a 14.4, b 12.0; roasted lotus seed powder L 52.7, a 22.5, b 11.9; freeze dried lotus seed peeled inner layer L 60.0, a 1.4, b 12.3. Proportional lotus ingredients used for ice cream were 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 10% for lotus leaves and 1%, 3%, 5% for lotus seeds. The maximum over run ratio for lotus leaf ice cream was 45.3~56.9% at 20~25 minutes operating time. Over run was significantly decreased by increasing the contents of lotus leaf powder. A maximum over run ratio for lotus seed ice cream was 46.1~54.3% at 20~25 operating time. Over run was not significantly different based on content of lotus leaf versus lotus seed. Sensory evaluation of lotus leaf ice cream produced the following results: the highest score was for color of 4.42 and the lowest score was for sweetness of 3.30. The total mean score significantly decreased by increasing the content of lotus leaf powder. Sensory evaluation of lotus seed ice cream produced the following results: the highest score was for cooked cut peeled inner layer type and the lowest was for freeze dried type 3.86. The sensory scores were not significantly different based on the content of lotus seed. Texture was evaluated highest with a rating of 4.21 and the taste was evaluated lowest with a rating of 3.68 For whole evaluation. This study concluded that lotus leaf ice cream demonstrates relative strength in terms of color and taste, and a relative weakness in terms of over run and sweetness. Suitable content of lotus leaf ranged from 1~5%. The lotus seed processed by the cooked cut peeled inner layer method received a higher rating than dried powder for lotus seed ice cream.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.769-776
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• 2022

As an aquatic plant, the lotus leaf Nelumbo nucifera is rich in polyphenols, carotenoids, and flavonoids. We analyzed the chemical (pH, acidity, sugar, alcohol), microbiological (lactic acid bacteria, yeast), and antioxidant activity of Makgeolli supplemented with 5% and 10% lotus leaf (ll) during fermentation for 7 days. The pH of the non-additive group (control) was 3.10-6.03, that of the 5% added group was 3.17-5.77, and that of the 10% added group was 3.27-5.70, which decreased significantly (P<0.05) as the fermentation time elapsed. The acidity and sugar content were 1.89-2.12% and 9.10-12.90 Brix, respectively, which were significantly higher (P<0.05) as the amount of added ll increased. The alcohol content was 5.90-7.20% and was the highest on the seventh day of fermentation. The lactic acid bacteria was 6.07-7.17 log CFU/mL, which was higher in ll Makgeolli. Yeast increased until day 3 and then decreased to 3.27-5.86 log CFU/mL. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhdrazyl) and ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] radical scavenging activities were higher in ll Makgeolli (DPPH 68.72-81.48%, ABTS 90.71-91.67%). In this study, the commercialization potential of ll Makgeolli was expanded by enhancing the quality and antioxidant function of Makgeolli added with ll.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1080-1085
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• 2019

Nelumbo nucifera, also known as sacred lotus, has mainly been used as a food throughout the Asian countries. In the present study, we prepared the ethanol extracts from leaf (NL), seed (NS), and seedpod (NSP) of Nelumbo nucifera and investigated their anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities in human colorectal cancer HCT116 cells. NL, NS, and NSP decreased cell viabilities in a dose-dependent manner. All extracts increased the expression of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-activated gene (NAG-1) as well as NAG-1 protein. And also, NL induced the expression of pro-apoptotic NAG-1 protein and PARP cleavage in a time-dependent manner. The PARP cleavage induced by NL treatment, was recovered in part by the transfection of NAG-1 siRNA. We also evaluated the effects of neferine, one of bioactive components of Nelumbo nucifera, on the proliferation and apoptosis in HCT116 cells. It also decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, and induced the expression of pro-apoptotic NAG-1 protein and PARP cleavage in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, PARP cleavage was recovered in part by the transfection of NAG-1 siRNA, indicating that NAG-1 may be one of the genes responsible for apoptosis induced by neferine. Overall, our findings may contribute to understand the molecular mechanisms of anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects mediated by Nelumbo nucifera and neferine.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.372-376
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• 2018

To investigate the bio-activities of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner), ethanol extracts were prepared from different parts of lotus, including lotus root, node of root (NR), leaf, pod of seed (PS), seed (S), and embryo of seed (ES), respectively. Anti-thrombosis activities were evaluated. NR, S, and PS extracts displayed strong anti-coagulation activities, as evidenced by the inhibition of thrombin, prothrombin, and coagulation factors, respectively. NR, leaf, S, and PS extracts displayed strong platelet aggregation inhibitory activities. The aggregation inhibition of S and PS extract was comparable to that of aspirin. The extracts of NR, S, and PS did not show hemolysis activity up to 1.0 mg/ml.