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http://dx.doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2017.11.4.265

Anti-inflammatory effects of Nelumbo leaf extracts and identification of their metabolites  

Park, Eunkyo (Department of Home Economics Education, Chung-Ang University)
Kim, Gyoung Deuck (Department of Food Science & Technology, Chung-Ang University)
Go, Min-Sun (Department of Home Economics Education, Chung-Ang University)
Kwon, Dodan (Department of Food Science & Technology, Chung-Ang University)
Jung, In-Kyung (Department of Physical Education, Chung-Ang University)
Auh, Joong Hyuck (Department of Food Science & Technology, Chung-Ang University)
Kim, Jung-Hyun (Department of Home Economics Education, Chung-Ang University)
Publication Information
Nutrition Research and Practice / v.11, no.4, 2017 , pp. 265-274 More about this Journal
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Nelumbo leaves have been used in traditional medicine to treat bleeding, gastritis, hemorrhoids, and halitosis. However, their mechanisms have not been elucidated. MATERIALS/METHODS: The present study prepared two Nelumbo leaf extracts (NLEs) using water or 50% ethanol. Inflammatory response was induced with LPS treatment, and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6 and nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) productions were assessed. To determine the anti-inflammatory mechanism of NLEs, we measured nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$) activity. Major metabolites of NLEs were also analyzed and quantified. RESULTS: NLEs effectively reduced the expression and productions of pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, $PGE_2$, and NO. NLEs also reduced NF-${\kappa}B$ activity by inhibiting inhibitor of NF-${\kappa}B$ phosphorylation. Both extracts contained catechin and quercetin, bioactive compounds of NLEs. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we showed that NLEs could be used to inhibit NF-${\kappa}B$-mediated inflammatory responses. In addition, our data support the idea that NLEs can ameliorate disease conditions involving chronic inflammation.
Keywords
Nelumbo leaf; inflammation; metabolomics; macrophage;
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