• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.21-34
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• 2013

Permanent Scatterer InSAR (PSInSAR) technique extracts permanent scatterers exhibiting high phase stability over the entire observation period and calculates precise time-series deformation at Permanent Scatterer (PS) points by using single master interferograms. This technique is not a good method to apply on nature environment such as forest area where permanent scatterers cannot be identified. Another muti-temporal Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) technique using multi master interferograms with short baselines, can be effective to detect deformation in forest area. However, because of the error induced from phase unwrapping, the technique sometimes fails to estimate correct deformation from a stack of interferograms. To overcome those problems, we introduced new multi-temporal InSAR technique, called Temporarily Coherence Point InSAR (TCPInSAR), in this paper. This technique utilizes multi master interferograms with short baseline and without phase unwrapping. To compare with traditional multi-temporal InSAR techniques, we retrieved spatially changing deformation because PSs have been found enough in forest area with TCPInSAR technique and time-series deformation without phase unwrapping error. For this study, we acquired ERS-1 and ERS-2 SAR dataset on Augustine volcano, Alaska and detected deformation in study area for the period 1992-2005 with SBAS and TCPInSAR techniques.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.671-676
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• 2014

It is known that bones get damaged by accidents and aging. Since the discovery of Bioglass, various kinds of ceramics have been also found to bond to living bone; some of these ceramics are already being clinically used as bone-repairing materials. In the present study, antibacterial calcium silicate gel ($Ag-30CaO{\cdot}70SiO_2$ gel) was prepared by sol-gel method in order to control the microstructure, which is related to the dissolution rate and induction period of apatite formation in body environment. In addition, biological $Ag-30CaO{\cdot}70SiO_2$ is tested. This was done to impart antimicrobial activity to the $30CaO{\cdot}70SiO_2$. Ag ion was added during sol-gel synthesis to replace the $H_2O$ added during the making of the $30CaO{\cdot}70SiO_2$ gel, which has silver solutions of various concentration. After the sol-gel process, 1N-$HNO_3$ solution was used to wash the gel when synthesizing the gel, in order to maintain the porous structure and remove PEG, water soluble polymers. Then, the apatite forming ability of the sol-gel derived CaO-$SiO_2$ gels was investigated using simulated body fluid (SBF), which had almost the same ion concentration as that of human blood plasma. The gels were analyzed by FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM observation, XRD, and fluorescent microscopy. The apatite was successfully created even after washing the gel; apatite is present in an amorphous state, and was found to affect the concentration of the Ag ion in cells in MC3T3 live & dead assay results. From these results, it is suggested that a good material that can be used to repair defects of nature bone is $Ag-30CaO{\cdot}70SiO_2$ gel.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.161-170
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• 2011

The multiphase flow simulator, CHEMPS, was developed based on the fractional flow approach reported in the petroleum engineering literature considering fully three phase flow in physically and chemically heterogeneous media. It is a extension of MPS developed by Suk and Yeh (2008) to include the effect of wettability on the migration of NAPL. The fractional flow approach employs water, total liquid saturation and total pressure as the primary variables. Most existing models are limited to two-phase flow and specific boundary conditions when considering physically heterogeneous media. In addition, these models focused mainly on the water-wet media. However, in a real system, variations in wettability between water-wet and oil-wet media often occur. Furthermore, the wetting of porous media by oil can be heterogeneous, or fractional, rather than uniform due to the heterogeneous nature of the subsurface media and the factors that affect the wettability. Therefore, in this study, the chemically heterogeneous media considering fractional wettability as well as physically heterogeneous media were simulated using CHEMPS. In addition, the general boundary conditions were considered to be a combination of two types of boundaries of individual phases, flux-type and Dirichlet type boundaries.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.113-125
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• 1969

These experiments were designed to study the influence of early protein undernutrition on growth, behaviors toward food, general attitude toward a new environment, brain size and body composition of the experimental rats. The following experimental groups were studied. Lactation period (3 weeks) (Diets of mother rats) 25% Casein diet 12% Casein diet 25% Casein diet 25% Casein diet 12% Casein diet 12% Casein diet After-weaning protein deprivation period None deprivation (25% Casein diet) None deprivation (25% Casein diet) 5% Casein diet (4 weeks) 5% Casein diet (8 weeks) 5% Casein diet (4 weeks) 5% Casein diet (8 weeks) After a long period of rehabilitation with 25% casein diet the following results were obtained. 1. Growth rate during lactation period is closely related with the protein levels of the diet for mother rats. The average body weight of offsprings of the mother rat fed 25% casein diet is 46.0 grams at 21 days old. However, that of the mother rat fed 12% casein diet is only 25.0 grams. 2. The group of protein undernutrition during lactation (S weeks) (offsprings of mother rat fed low protein diet, 12% casein diet) could never catch up with the normal group in its growth even after twenty-four (24) weeks of rehabilitation. 3. However, the groups of protein undernutrition during either four (4) or even eight (8) weeks after weaning could catch up with the normal group in their growth after long period of rehabilitation. 4. The absolute amounts of carcass protein and fat of the normal group are larger than those of the protein deficient groups. In terms of percent carcass, however, the normal group showed higher body fat and lower body protein than the early deficient groups. However, there is no difference between preweaning (3 weeks) and postweaning (8 weeks) deficient groups. It is assumed, from these differences in body composition, that there might be any differences in physiological and metabolic functions among these various groups, and also that the basic formation of various metabolic regulators (protein-nature) might be fixed mostly during lactation and postweaning period. 5. The groups of protein undernutrition during either three (3) weeks lactation or four (4) weeks after weaning are not so remarkably different from the normal group in their amounts of food intake and spillage. However, the groups of undernutrition during either eight (8) weeks postweaning or eleven (11) weeks (3 weeks lactation period plus 8 weeks postweaning period) showed higher amounts of food intake and spillage. In these respects, it seems that desire for food is closely related with the degree of early hunger in protein and also seems that the longer be deficient in early life the more food spillage is found. 6. Both preweaning and postweaning deficient groups showed generally nervous and restless. The normal group is staid and showed less mobilities. 7. The average size of the brains of the group subjected to protein deficiency during three (3) weeks lactation period is smaller than that of the group of the eight (8) weeks postweaning deficiency. This means that the development of the brain is made mostly during lactation period. The group of the eleven (11) weeks postnatal deficiency is significantly different from the normal group in its brain development. It is assumed, in connection with the results of various maze tests reported, that the brain size is closely related with the intellectual ability.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.1-14
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• 2008

Although the Dreamland site was the only flat amusement park in the northern part of Seoul, the site lost its function as a regional park due to aging and, therefore, was no longer in use. The site is surrounded by currently existing high dense low-story housing blocks and proposed new towns. A renovation plan for Dreamland was raised by the City of Seoul to enhance the quality of the urban environment in the northern part of Seoul. This study articulates the design concepts and strategies of the prizewinning work of the International Design Competition for Gangbuk Large Park. The three key points can be summarized as follows: First, this design proposal tried to find a new possibility for a large mountain park in an urban areas. These days, mountain parks are used limitedly as ordinary living spaces for activities such as a walking, hiking, and physical training. New strategies were sought to reconstruct the sentiment with which our ancestors enjoyed the mountains. Second, this proposal tried to make Dreamland a socially self-sufficient park. We designed a park which generates self-energy and which communicates with the city, not a park which only exists as a green island in a city. Lastly, rain fed paddy fields, a typical Korean vernacular landscape, was a tangible space which represented people's life-styles harmonizing with the nature. Rain fed paddy fields is a design motif which puts the three surrounding mountains together with the site. It is expected that the new design will works as a noted place.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.196-206
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• 2020

Background: The Himalayan forests are of great importance to sustain the nature and community resource demands. These forests are facing pressures both from anthropogenic activities and ongoing global climatic changes. Poor natural regeneration has been considered a major problem in mountainous forests. To understand the population structure and regeneration status of Larix (Larix griffithiana and Larix himalaica), we conducted systematic vegetation surveys in three high-altitude valleys namely Ghunsa (Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, KCA), Langtang (Langtang National Park, LNP), and Tsum (Manaslu Conservation Area, MCA) in Nepal Himalaya. The average values of diameter at breast height (DBH), height, and sapling height were compared for three sites and two species using Kruskal-Wallis test. Population structure was assessed in terms of proportion of seedlings, saplings, and trees. Regeneration was analyzed using graphical representation of frequencies of seedlings, saplings, and trees in histograms. Results: The results showed that the population structure of Larix in terms of the proportion of seedling, sapling, and tree varied greatly in the three study areas. KCA had the highest record of seedling, sapling, and tree compared to other two sites. Seedlings were the least among three forms and many plots were without seedlings. We found no seedling in MCA study plots. The plot level average DBH variation among sites was significant (Kruskal-Wallis χ² = 7.813, df = 2, p = 0.02) as was between species (Kruskal-Wallis χ² = 5.9829, df = 1, p = 0.014). Similarly, the variation in average tree height was significant (Kruskal-Wallis χ² = 134.23, df = 2, p < 0.001) among sites as well as between species (Kruskal-Wallis χ² = 128.01, df = 1, p < 0.001). All the sites showed reverse J-shaped curve but more pronounced for KCA and MCA. In comparing the two species, Larix griffithiana has clear reverse J-shaped diameter distribution but not Larix himalaica. Conclusion: The varied responses of Larix manifested through regeneration status from spatially distinct areas show that regeneration limitations might be more pronounced in the future. In all the three studied valleys, regeneration of Larix is found to be problematic and specifically for Larix griffithiana in MCA and Larix himalaica in LNP. To address the issues of disturbances, especially serious in LNP, management interventions are recommended to sustain the unique Himalayan endemic conifer.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.1447-1453
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• 2014

The differentiation of sex is important for species preservation. However, Fairy Pitta is sexually monomorphic and sex of an individual is indistinguishable with its external characteristics. We determined the sex of Fairy Pitta through DNA analysis and investigated the causes and time of injury and mortality and the size based on sex. We collected 21 samples at Jeju Island, Korean Peninsula from 2004 to 2013 and extracted DNA from them and amplified chromo helicase DNA-binding gene from Z and W chromosomes through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). We confirmed their sex with the banding pattern through Agarose gel electrophoresis, i.e. male (ZZ): one banded and female (ZW) two banded. We distinguished the sex of 17 of 21 samples resulting in 9 males and 8 females. Most casualties were recorded in adult of both sexes. Causes of injury and mortality proved that female casualties occurred from window strikes, dehydration, car accident, predation by natural enemies, and male occurred from window strikes, car accident and dehydration. The time of injury and mortality in adults differ by sex. There was no difference between sexes in any of the six size parameters. As the time of injury and mortality differ by sex, the survey on the role and ecological nature by sex in breeding season must be carried out in the future. External measurements may not be reliable for sexing of Fairy Pitta and other traits such as vocal or characteristics are required to identify the sex of individuals in the field.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.24
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• pp.413-448
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• 1996

Nowadays, the World Wide Web (WWW) has become an important resource of timely information for the information-related people such as information scientists, librarians, and students in Library and Information Sciences area. They are information professionals who navigate the information on the internet. Also, they need to be information providers who build a WWW homepage. This paper is a study of the necessity, preparation, and building WWW Homepage files for school of Library and Information Sciences in the age of competition among disciplines. It is particularly focused on the colleges and universities in Republic of Korea (ROK) and North America area. The purpose of this study is to provide various kinds of reference information to prepare a homepage in the future as utilizing information on the internet effectively. Even though a Web page was necessary for a school of Library and Information Sciences to show news, and introduce the purpose of the disciplines and the curriculum of the school, and the professors of a class etc., it was not well-prepared yet in ROK. However, a web page was used well enough and prosperous in North America area (Canada, the United States, and Puerto Rico) comparatively. Those web pages were analyzed and studied to prepare for a good designing of homepages for school of Library and Information Sciences in Korea and for the age of competition among disciplines in this paper. Suggestions for designing a good homepage and guidelines for preparing a best one were studied after both reviewing literature and utilizing experiences by the author who currently serves in the School of Library and Information Sciences in Keimyung University and builds homepage for the school. As a result, the major suggestions are ; premiered, and they are as follows: (1) English version of a homepage is necessary, (2) Provide a multimedia presentation about the nature of a school (3) Incorporate a place to let people make suggestions on the contents (of a homepage), (4) Bear in mind that potential users must be familiar with abbreviations you used, (5) Absolutely do not use abbreviations that may make the content more difficult to understand, (6) Add a feature on the every single page that will take the user back to the main page, (7) Use clear, short and well-structured sentences and remember to divide text into paragraphs, (8) Date with a creation or modification date in the homepage to indicate the updated date, (9) Being a multimedia environment, use colors effectively (the guidelines were also suggested), and (10) Put colleges' name into the title of bookmarks to find out them easily.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.103-116
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• 2018

The Park Act (1967~1980) was the first law to define urban parks in Korea. The urban parks of that time were similar to a reservation area used for other purposes after giving regulation. Because 'the urban park as a reservation area' in the past is a repeated park issue in the present, it is necessary to consider the issues of the original law system that created the cause. From this perspective, this study analyzed the legislation to reserve an urban park by collecting bills and information about the factual relationship between 1960 70s park issues and the Park Act. Analysis showed that the reason for the adoption of different kinds of urban parks in the law of a nature park is that a negative list separated from the Urban Planning Act is required to curb private usage. Inherent in the Park Act, however, was the problem of allowing the encroachment of urban parks by governmental power. (1) The Park Act sets out a wide range of cases to abolish urban park. (2) Unclear setting of governmental power could abuse the urban park. (3) Insufficient standards were able to erode the urban park with large for-profit facilities. (4) The inactivity of the Urban Public Park Committee had reduced democratic decision-making and professional judgement on park issues. Therefore, the Park Act was characterized as infringing on the environment and right to urban parks and took a passive attitude in creating parks and in citizen usage thereof. The Park Act had limitations as a progenitor for establishing the characteristics and concepts of urban parks.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.453-466
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• 2008

In order to examine the generation mechanism of long ocean waves along the west coast of Korea and to understand the amplification process of the long ocean waves, sea level, atmospheric pressure and wind data observed every minute from 2007 March 29 to 2007 April 1 were analyzed and onedimensional numerical ocean model experiments were performed. An atmospheric pressure jump propagated southeastward from Backryungdo to Yeonggwang along the west coast of Korea with speed of $13{\sim}27\;m/s$ between 2007 March 30 23:00 and 2007 April 1 1:30. Average magnitude of pressure jump was 4.2 hPa. As a moving atmospheric jump propagated from north to south along the coast, long ocean waves were generated and the sea level abnormally rose or fell at Anheung, Kunsan, Wido and Yeonggwang. Average amplitude of sea level rise (or fall) was about 113.6 cm. In a one-dimensional numerical ocean model, nonlinear shallow water equations were numerically integrated and a moving atmospheric pressure jump with traveling speed of 24 m/s was used as an external force. While the atmospheric pressure jump travels over 60 m depth ocean, a long ocean wave is generated. Because the propagation speed of the atmospheric jump is almost equal to that of the long ocean wave, Proudman resonance occurs and the long ocean wave amplifies. As the atmospheric pressure jump moves into the coastal area shallower than 60 m, the speed of the long ocean wave decreases and Proudman resonance effect decreases. However, the amplitude of the long ocean wave increases and wave length becomes shorter because of shoaling effect. When the long ocean wave hits the land boundary, amplitude of the long ocean wave drastically amplifies due to reflection. Data analysis and numerical experiments suggest that the southeastward propagation of an atmospheric pressure jump over the shallow ocean, which is a necessary condition for Proudaman resonance, generated the long ocean waves along the west coast of Korea on 2007 March 31 and the ocean waves amplified due to shoaling effect in the coastal area and reflection at the shore.