• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.207-225
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• 2013

Current ecological stream restoration is focusing on recovery of physical characteristic and ecological functions of individual stream. For effective stream restoration, the relationship between stream environment and riparian flora should be investigated. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between disturbance of hydromorphological structures and naturalized plants ratio in small to mid-sized streams. For the study sites, Gwanpyeong stream, Dongdal stream, and Yongchoo streams were chosen as 'reference stream' while, Gunnam stream, Anchang stream, and Hwa stream were chosen as 'damaged stream'. The hydromorphological structures of streams were evaluated with LAWA and flora of the streams were completely enumerated to calculate naturalized plants ratio. The result showed that there was a significant correlation between the outcome of LAWA and naturalized plants ratio(r=0.675, p<0.01). The result of factor analysis of LAWA identified three factors, 'River front and land use', 'River bed materials and structures', and 'Crossing structure and bar'. Among the factors of hydromorphological structures given by the result of factor analysis, 'river front and land use' and 'bed materials and structures' have statistically significant relationship with naturalized plants ratio($R^2$=0.470, p<0.01). Given this results, quantitative analysis on the relationship between disturbance of hydromorphological structures of streams and naturalized plants ratio could provide some essential information for stream restoration. Also, as this study figured out major factors of hydromorphological structures that affect naturalized plants ratio, it might help monitor ecological states and current problems of small and mid-sized streams.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.35-47
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• 2004

In order to study changes in vegetation pursuant to rooftop revegetation plantation methods, plantation methods for rooftop revegetation were divided into two types through an analysis of recent trends. Then, Planted plants and invasive plants on sites where the planting methods were introduced were monitored. Planting methods were divided into mono-layer meadow cover type and multi-layer planting cover type. They showed some differences in terms of the availability of wetland, the structure of vegetation layers, the planted species, and the material of mulching. According to the results of monitoring the two sample sites for different plantation methods, the number of invasive plants was higher in multi-layer planting cover type and the ratio of naturalized plants was higher by 30% in average in mono-layer meadow cover type. The main reason for such a result is that the natural soil used in the multi-layer planting cover type likely contained some seeds. Moreover, it's harder for invasive plant seeds to germinate in volcanic rocks than in natural soil. Also, it is attributable to wetlands available in multi-layer planting cover type and diverse living environments created by multi-layer planting. The reason of the ratio of naturalized plants being higher by at least 10% in mono-layer meadow cover type is the character of naturalized plants being stronger in unfavorable conditions than nature plants are. Accordingly, the germination rate in the volcanic rock mulching has likely contributed in raising the introduction and germination of naturalized plants. The results showed that multi-layer planting cover type using wetland creation and nature soil can increase the number of invasive plants and lower the ratio of naturalized plants. However, since seeds contained in the natural soil can affect the growth of planted plants, this needs to be clarified, It was judged that mono-layer meadow cover type may affect more greatly on the germination and growth of invasive plants than on those of planted plants, Its potential adoption in highly urbanized areas was examined. By complementing with the mutual benefits of each plantation method, it appeared possible to shift to a rooftop revegetation system suitable to the site.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.281-288
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution status and environmental index of the naturalized plants and exotic plants In the 16 sites in Gayasan National Park from March to October 2004. The exotic plants were recorded as 88 taxa, 39 families, 72 genera, 82 species, 5 varieties and 1 form. The naturalized plants among the exotic plants were certified as 47 taxa. The Naturalized Ratio (NR) was 4.06% and the Urbanization Index (UI) was 17,74% in area of Gayasan National Park. The naturalized plants were distributed around the region that had accepted artificial disturbance however, it was so difficult to identify distribution of naturalized plants in the conserved area as well as natural vegetation without artificial turbulence. The naturalized plants appeared as almost all speciesas 37 taxa (72%) which both originated from Europe and North America. Although a national degree for integrated management plans of exotic plants is needed, distribution and steady management of exotic plants in Gayasan National Park are playing an important role in conservation and protection of natural species.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.9-20
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• 2009

The naturalized plants in the Gwangyang Steel Works were listed 70 taxa; 18 families, 51 genus, 66 species, 3 varieties and 1 form. by field survey. The naturalized plants divided into pattern by survey of annual plants ratio is 31 taxa (44.3%) by life form spectrum and perennials is 23 taxa (32.9%), biennials is 13 taxa (18.5%), two trees (Robinia pseudoacacia, Alianthus altissima) and one shrub (Amorpha furticosa) were founded. According to analysis results form place of origin, Europe covered 26 taxa (37.1%), North America covered 23 taxa (32.8%). Naturalized degree 3 plants, as common but not abundant, founded as 24 taxa (35.0%) were hold most highly ratio, naturalized degree 1 plants founded as 3 taxa (4.0%) were hold lowest. Introduction period 1 covered 31 taxa (44.3%) have had highest score and period 2 covered 11 taxa (15.7%) have had lowest scores. In addition, the urbanization index based on 271 taxa was 25.8% and 2 taxa (Solanum carolinense, Ambrosia artemisiaefolia) is growing in the Gwangyang Steel Works by ecosystem disturbing wild plants. Meanwhile, Ambrosia artemisiaefolia have confirmed into several tens~hundred in the Gwangyang Steel Works were damage the human body of plants develop an allergy to pollen. Solanium carolinense have composed several large communities about $10m{\times}10m$ ($100m^2$) and hold a dominant position, so management plan of the sequel of monitoring them might be required.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2010

This study was conducted to provide a database for biotope conservation and restoration of the Jeonju region in North Cheolla Province. To accomplish this task, investigations were made on the characteristics of the distribution pattern of naturalized plants in the region. From May to June 2008, the flora and lists of naturalized plants were investigated and, based on these data the ratio of naturalization was calculated. The results of this investigation areas follows: a total of 113 families and 54 species were found in the flora. The naturalized plants among them amounted to 19 families and 54 species. The ratio of naturalization was most high in the biotope type of rural dried stream(36.4%). The biotype that showed the lowest ratio of naturalization was coniferous natural forest type, which had no naturalized plants in it. The average naturalization ration of the Jeonju region turned out to be 18.9%, which is similar to that of other mid-size cities in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.519-538
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• 2010

The vascular plants of Cheonbongsan(608m) and its adjacent regions, located in Boseong-gun, Jeollanam-do were surveyed from March to October 2005. The vascular plants collected 4 times were consisted of total 511 taxa; 104 families, 307 genera, 446 species, 3 subspecies, 56 varieties and 6 formas respectively. Among them, 12 taxa Korean endemic plants and 8 taxa of Korean rare plants were investigated in addition to 46 taxa of specially designated plants announced by the Ministry of Environment. The naturalized plants were 38 taxa, therefore naturalized ratio was 7.4%, higher than naturalized ratio average in Jeollanam-do.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.272-289
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• 2017

This study analyzed the status of the naturalized plants in islands in Jeollanamdo from an island biogeographic perspective. As a result of a floristic analysis at 47 inhabited islands and 194 uninhabited islands, 30 families and 134 species naturalized plants are reported. The most commonly occurring naturalized plant from 141 islands was Rumex crispus. The average number of naturalized plants by islands is 20.6 species (${\pm}14.22$) at the inhabited islands and 3.7 species (${\pm}3.89$) at the uninhabited islands. Presence of fifty nine naturalized species at Geumodo in Yeosu-si is the largest in number. The naturalization ratio, which is the ratio of naturalized plants to native plants, is 7.66% (${\pm}3.96$) in the inhabitable islands and 4.97% (${\pm}3.70$) in the uninhabitable islands. The naturalization ratio among islands of the West Sea in Jeollanam-do is 5.92% (${\pm}4.49$), and it is higher than 4.96% (${\pm}2.15$) in islands in the South Sea. Especially, the naturalization ratio at the inhabitable islands, i.e., 8.39% (${\pm}4.37$) at the islands of the West Sea is higher than 5.80% (${\pm}1.41$) at islands in the South Sea. The naturalization ratio of naturalized plants at the islands shows positive correlation with the size of the island (r=0.412, p<0.01), but the correlations with distance from the mainland and altitude above sea level are not significant. Eight ecosystem disturbing species designated by law are reported, and each species shows distinct distributional ranges. The regional differences in the number of naturalized plant species seem to be a result of the complex reflection of natural and human environmental factors, such as the degree of traffic between mainland and islands, degree of cultivation activities, along with the physical environmental differences. Since islands have limited habitats and resources, islands could be more vulnerable to the incoming species from outside, and environmental changes than mainland. Therefore, continuous monitoring and management against the naturalized plants in islands are needed.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.105-115
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• 2009

The naturalized plants in the Byeonsanbando National Park were listed 88 taxa composed of 24 families, 65 genus, 83 species and 3 varieties and 2 forms by field survey. The naturalized plants divided into pattern by survey of annual plants ratio is 38 taxa (43.2%) by life form spectrum and perennials is 28 taxa (31.8%), biennials is 19 taxa (21.6%), two trees (Robinia pseudoacacia, Ailanthus altissima) and one shrub (Amorpha furticosa) were founded. According to analysis results form place of origin, Europe covered 26 taxa (37.1%), North America covered 23 taxa (32.8%). Naturalized degree 3 plants, as common but not abundant, founded as 28 taxa (31.8%) were hold most highly ratio, naturalized degree 1 plants founded as 8 taxa (9.1%) were hold lowest. Introduction period 1 covered 39 taxa (44.3%) have had highest score and period 2 covered 16 taxa (18.2%) have had lowest scores. In addition, the urbanization index based on 271 taxa was 32.5% and Ambrosia artemisiaefolia is growing by ecosystem disturbing wild plants. Meanwhile, Ambrosia artemisiaefolia have confirmed into district of introduction in the Byeonsanbando National Park were damage the human body of plants develop an allergy to pollen. Therefore, management counterplan of the sequel of monitoring them might be required, introduction into naturalized plants are grasp of ecological characteristics and systematical management plan from this point of time by require.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2007

Nauralized plants in Ulleungdo were enlisted as 65 taxa, 21 families,49 genera,63 species and 2 varieties by field survey and flora lists of literature cited. Family Compositae covered 27.7% and Family Gramineae, Family Leguminosae and Family Polygonaceae covered 7.7% each. In this study, the nine taxa such as Rumex nipponicus, Trifolium campestre, Oxalis articulata, Anthriscus caucalis, Ipomoea purpurea, Coreopsis Ianceolata, Galinsoga parviflora, Tritonia crocosmaeflora and Festuca arundinacea are added as Nauralized plants in Ulleungdo. Annual plants ratio is 36.9% by life-form spectrum and Europe ratio is 40.0% by origin. The Urbanization Index was 22.0 and the Ratio of Naturalized has increased by flora lists of literature cited each. Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior is growing in Ulleungdo by a plant cause disturbance. Spread prevention and minimization incoming of gardening plants by management plan of naturalized plants might be required. Moreover, it is needed to induce the succession for the recovery of the cut-slope using the native plants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.13-23
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• 2006

The vascular plants of the studied area in the Mt. Bangjang was listed 422 taxa : 106 families, 299 genera, 372 species, 1 subspecies, 46 varieties and 3 forms. Based on the list of the rare plants by the Forest Research Institute, 5 taxa were recorded in the studied areas; Lilium distichum(Preservation priority order : No. 159), Tricyrtis dilatata (No. 97), Aristolochia contorta (No. 151), Prunus yedoensis (No. 110), Patrinia saniculaefolia (No. 122) and based on the list of Korean endemic plants, 9 taxa were recorded; Cephalotaxus koreana, Carex okamotoi, Populus tomentiglandulosa, Salix purpurea var. japonica, Prunus yedoensis, Forsythia koreana, Paulownia coreana, Weigela subsessilis, Patrinia saniculaefolia. Specific plant species by floral region were total 29 taxa; Prunus yedoensis in class V, 3 taxa(Acer palmatum, Asperula lasiantha, Lonicera subhispida ) in class III, 5 taxa(Lilium distichum, Potentilla dickinsii, Caryopteris incana, Patrinia saniculaefolia, Ligularia fischeri) in class II, 20 taxa(Ulmus parvifolia, Clematis patens, Aconitum jaluense, Ilex macropoda, Grewia biloba var. parviflora etc.) in class I. The naturalized plants in this site were 13 families, 31 genera, 36 species, 2 varieties, 38 taxa and naturalization rate was 9.0% of all 422 taxa vascular plants. Because of recent rapid increase of cars and people around here, analysis shows many naturalized plants and high naturalized ratio. And wild plants disturbing ecosystem like Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior have been increasing. So, it needs continuing control and conservation measures on the plant ecosystem.