• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.100-106
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• 2004

$NO^3$-N removal was examined from July 2002 to December 2002 of a surface-flow constructed treatment wetland cell, which was a part of a treatment wetland system composed of four wetland cells and one distribution pond. The system was established on rice paddy near the Kohung Estuarine Lake located at the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The lake and the paddy were formed by a salt marsh reclamation project. Effluent from a secondary-level treatment plant was funneled into the system. The investigated cell was created in June 2002. Its dimensions were 87 m in length and 14 m in width. It had an open water zone at its center, which was equivalent to 10 percent of its total area. Reeds(Phragmites australis) were transplanted from natural wetlands into the cell and their stems were cut at about 40 cm height from their bottom ends. Average 25 $m^3$/day of effluent from the plant was funneled into the cell by gravity flow and average 24.2$m^3$/day of its treated effluent was discharged into the Sinyang Stream flowing into the lake. Its water depth was maintained about 0.2 m and its hydraulic detention time averaged 5.2 days. The average height of the reed stems was 45.2 cm in July 2002 and 80.5 cm in September 2002. The number of stems averaged 40.3 stems/$m^2$ in July 2002 and 74.5 stems/$m^2$ in September 2002. The reeds were established initially well. $NO_3$-N loading rate of influent and effluent averaged 173.7 and $93.5mg/m2{\cdot}day$, respectively. Removal of $NO_3$-N averaged $80.2mg/m2{\cdot}day$ and its removal rate by mass was about 50 %. Considering the initial operation of the cell and the inclusion of the cold months of November and December in the analysis period, the $NO_3$-N removal rate was good.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.55-63
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• 1997

Constructed wetland system which can be applied to the rural wastewater treatment system was examined by pilot plant in Kon-Kuk University. Hydraulic loading rate of wastewater was about 0.16m$^3$/m$^2$. day and theoretical detention time in the system was 1.38 days. The effluent of the septic tank for the school building was applied as inflow to the system. The influent concentration of DO was zero but effluent was up to 4.37mg/${\ell}$ which implies that oxygen was supplied enough from atmosphere by reaeration to support biological activity of the system. Average influent concentration of BOD was 104mg/${\ell}$ and effluent was 24mg/${\ell}$ with average removal rate of 76%. Average influent concentration of COD was 215mg/${\ell}$ and effluent was 63mg/${\ell}$ with average removal rate of 70 % . Average influent concentration of SS was 78mg/${\ell}$ and effluent was 10mg/${\ell}$ with average removal rate of 87%. Two components, BOD and SS, are regulated by law to keep maximum water quality standard of 80mg/${\ell}$ when daily outflow rate is less than 100$m^3$/day which is the case of most rural communities. Therefore, the results from the experiment showed that constructed wetland system can meet the water quality standard easily. Average influent concentration of total nitrogen was 165mg/lwhich is relatively higher than normal wastewater, and effluent was about 156mg/${\ell}$ with average removal rate of only 6%. Average influent concentration of total phosphorus was 41 mg/${\ell}$ and effluent was 6mg/${\ell}$ with average removal rate of 87%. Overall, constructed wetland system was thought to be effective to treat wastewater if nitrogen removal mechanism is improved. Considering low cost, less maintenance, and high treatability, this system can be a practical alternative for the wastewater treatment in rural area The experiment was performed during the summer and fall season, and treatment efficiency of the system is expected to decrease in low temperature. therefore, further study including temperature is required to evaluate feasibility of the system more in detail.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.211-223
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• 2015

Korean society has been recently promoting the restoration of coastal wetlands. These efforts might become the basis of a policy framework that compensates for the limitations of a regulation-oriented policy such as the designation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). The shift in government policy could contribute to strengthening the socioeconomic infrastructure of coastal development through the accumulation of ecological capital. Although our scientific efforts and social demands in regard to the ecological restoration of the coastal wetlands have increased during the past years, the bases for restoration in Korea requires that scientific, technological, financial, social and legal aspects be enhanced. The present study re-examined the concept and attitudes behind coastal wetland restoration in the light of changing circumstances in Korea. Herein, we first defined coastal wetland restoration as "An act of recovering the functions of the ecosystem of coastal wetlands to a state that resembles conditions prior to being damaged." Next, this study discussed the limitations and future directions of such restoration efforts based on the descriptive analyses of recent restoration practices from social, economic, and technological aspects. Finally, we suggest future policy directions regarding coastal wetland restoration on the basis of a PFST (Policy, Financial, Social, and Technological) analysis; 1) re-arranging legal mechanisms, 2) setting multi-dimensional restoration goals, 3) establishing a multi-discipline- and convergence based R&D system, 4) linking spatial management and local development to the restoration, 5) building restoration governance at the local level, 6) implementing an ecosystem service payment system, and 7) applying test-bed projects in accordance with proper directions.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.13-22
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• 2007

The uncertainty in water quality model predictions is inevitably high due to natural stochasticity, model uncertainty, and parameter uncertainty. An integrated modeling system under uncertainty was described and demonstrated for use in watershed management and receiving-water quality prediction. A watershed model (HSPF), a receiving water quality model (WASP), and a wetland model (NPS-WET) were incorporated into an integrated modeling system (modified-BASINS) and applied to the Hwaseong Reservoir watershed. Reservoir water quality was predicted using the calibrated integrated modeling system, and the deterministic integrated modeling output was useful for estimating mean water quality given future watershed conditions and assessing the spatial distribution of pollutant loads. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to investigate the effect of various uncertainties on output prediction. Without pollution control measures in the watershed, the concentrations of total nitrogen (T-N) and total phosphorous (T-P) in the Hwaseong Reservoir, considering uncertainty, would be less than about 4.8 and 0.26 mg 4.8 and 0.26 mg $L^{-1}$, respectively, with 95% confidence. The effects of two watershed management practices, a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and a constructed wetland (WETLAND), were evaluated. The combined scenario (WWTP + WETLAND) was the most effective at improving reservoir water quality, bringing concentrations of T-N and T-P in the Hwaseong Reservoir to less than 3.54 and 0.15 mg ${L^{-1}$, 26.7 and 42.9% improvements, respectively, with 95% confidence. Overall, the Monte Carlo simulation in the integrated modeling system was practical for estimating uncertainty and reliable in water quality prediction. The approach described here may allow decisions to be made based on probability and level of risk, and its application is recommended.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.97-108
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• 1997

Natural wastewater treatment systems using the constructed wetland system were evaluated for the wastewater from the industrial complex in rural areas. For the treatment of wastewater from the industrial complex in rural area, a pilot plant of the constructed wetland system was installed at Baeksuk agri-industrial complex in ChunahnCity, Chunchungnam-Do. The experiment with this pilot plants was performed for 1996 and 1997. Results of the study were summarized as follows. For the BOD and COD, when the pollutant loading of them was about 1 3.8g/$m^2$. day (the concentration was l24.0mg/${\ell}$) arid 24.4g/$m^2$.day(the concentration was 220.Omg/${\ell}$), the removal rate of them was high, 90.2% and 93.4%, respectively. For the SS, the effluent concentration was consistently lower than the water quality standard even though the influent concentration varied significantly, which showed that SS was removed by the system effectively which consist of soil and plants. For the T-N and T-P, when the influent pollutant loading of them were moderately high, 2.8g/$m^2$.day to 7.4g/$m^2$. day(concentration 25.0mg/${\ell}$ to 49.7mg/${\ell}$) for T-N and 1.0g/$m^2$.day to 2.6g /$m^2$.day(concentration 8.6mg/${\ell}$ to 14.7mg/${\ell}$) for T-P, the removal rate of them were 86.5% and 94.0%, respectively. The removal rate by the flow distance increased rapidly in the first 4m from the inlet zone, and gradually there after. The width of system was 2m. Overall, the result showed that constructed wetland system is a feasible alternative for the treatment of wastewater from industrial complex in rural areas. Compared to existing systems, this system is quite competitive because it requires low capital cost, almost no energy and maintenance, and therefore, very cost effective.

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.300-312
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• 2016

전남 순천시에 있는 순천만습지와 순천만국가정원은 2013순천만국제정원박람회 개최 이후 우리나라의 대표적인 생태관광지로 각광을 받고 있다. 이 연구는 순천만습지와 순천만국가정원을 관람한 방문객의 관광행태를 분석한 것이다. 순천만습지와 순천만국가정원은 봄보다는 가을에 집중하였고 10월이 1위를 차지하였다. 관광객 거주지는 광주 전남지역이 상대적으로 많았으며, 20~40대의 젊은 연령층(72.6%)이 다수를 차지하였다. 숙박보다 1일 관광객 비중(75.2%)이 많았으며, 자연경관 감상과 가족여행이 주요 관광동기였다. 관광정보는 인터넷을 주로 이용하였고, 가을철에 공원을 재방문하기를 선호하였으며, 순천만습지에 대한 선호도(71.1%)가 높았다. 관광만족도는 전체적으로 매우 높았으며, 춘계 관광객의 만족도가 가장 높았다. 관광객의 1인당 평균 소비지출금액은 5~10만 원(30%)이 다수를 차지하였으며, 순천지역에서 소비하는 지출액은 그렇게 많지 않았다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.228-233
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• 2004

Nitrate removal was examined from May to October 2003 of a surface flow treatment wetland cell, which was a part of a treatment wetland system composed of four wetland cells and a distribution pond The system was established on rice paddy near the Kohung Estuarine Lake located in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. Effluent from a secondary-level night soil treatment plant was funneled into the system. The investigated cell, 87 m in length and 14 m in width, was created in April 2003. An open water was designed at its center, which was equivalent to 10 percent of its total area. Cattails (Typha angustifolia) were transplanted from natural wetlands into the cell and their stems were cut at about 40cm height from their bottom ends. Average $25.0\;m^3/day$ of effluent from the treatment plant was funneled into the cell by gravity flow and average $24.1\;m^3/day$ of its treated effluent was discharged into the Sinyang Stream flowing into the lake. Its water depth was maintained about 0.2 m and its hydraulic detention time averaged 5.2 days. Average height of the cattail stems was 42.5 cm in May 2M3 and 117.7 cm in September 2003. The number of stems averaged $9.5\;stems/m^2$ in May 2003 and $16.4\;stems/m^2$ in September 2003. The growth of cattails was good. Temperature of influent and effluent averaged 25.9 and $26.7^{\circ}C$, respectively. $NO_3$-N loading rate of influent and effluent averaged 176.67 and $88.09\;mg/m^2\;day$, respectively. Removal of rf03-N averaged $89.58\;mg/m^2\;day$ and its removal rate by mass was about 50%. Considering its initial operating stage in which cattail rhizomes and litter layer on the bottom were not Idly established, the $NO_3$-N removal rate of the cell was rather good.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.79-90
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• 2013

가축사육지역으로부터 발생되는 강우유출수 처리를 위해 건설된 인공습지에 대해 2010년 5월부터 2011년 11월까지 수행한 20회의 강우시 모니터링을 통하여 얻은 자료를 분석한 결과 강우시 저감효율은 TSS 88%, BOD 54%, $COD_{Mn}$ 35%, $COD_{Cr}$ 70%, TN 31%, TP 64%이었다. 이론적으로 강우계급의 증가(강우유출량 증가)는 습지의 수리학적 교환비율을 증가시키기 때문에 TSS 저감효율은 감소해야하는데 교환비율이 1에 접근하였을 때 대략 55%의 효율을 달성하였다. 또한 연속적인 강우활동, 개별적인 강우사상의 대소, 강도, 선행건기 일수 등 습지에서는 실험자가 제어할 수 없는 수많은 자연변수들이 복합적으로 작용하기 때문에 처리효율의 변동이 매우 컸다. 효율에 가장 큰 영향을 미친 요인으로는 수리학적 요인과 함께 조류증식이 성능 불확실성에 크게 기여하였다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.10-27
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• 2017

최근 들어 급속한 도시화로 자연환경에 대한 인식의 중요성과 보존의 필요성이 높아지고 있다. 세계 5대 연안습지이자 명승 41호인 순천만은 우리나라 갯벌 가운데 염습지가 남아있는 유일한 갯벌이며, 생태적 측면에서 높은 보존 가치를 지니고 있다. 또한 순천만국가정원과 더불어 방문객뿐만 아니라 지역주민에게 경제적, 환경적, 역사 문화적 측면에서 다양한 편익을 제공하고 있으나, 연간 2백 만명의 탐방객이 지속적으로 방문하고 있어 생태적 수용력의 한계에 대한 지적이 끊임없이 제기되고 있다. 이러한 순천만습지의 가치평가는 지역경제 활성화를 위한 관광 자원적 측면의 가치보다 보존적 측면의 가치를 측정하는 것이 향후 순천만습지의 지속가능성을 위해 더 중요하다고 볼 수 있다. 본 연구는 가상가치평가법(CVM)으로 순천만습지의 경제적 가치를 평가하기 위해 확률선택모형(Probabilistic Choice Model) 중 일반적으로 많이 사용되는 로짓모형(Logit Model)을 이용하였다. 순천만습지의 보존가치의 비중을 1인 1일 편익인 8,200원에 적용하면 탐방을 통한 편익은 2,050원, 관리 및 보존적 가치는 3,034원, 유산적 가치는 3,116원으로 나타났다. 그 결과 순천만습지의 연간 탐방을 통한 편익은 44.3억 원, 관리 및 보존적 가치는 65.5억 원, 유산적 가치는 67.3억 원으로 나타났으며, 연간 유료방문객수로 환산할 경우 보존가치는 약 177.1억 원의 효과를 가지는 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구는 순천만습지의 이용과 보존적 측면의 경제적 가치를 평가하여 순천만습지의 잠재적 가치의 근거를 제시하고, 순천만습지의 효율적 관리 및 정책수립의 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행되었다. 본 연구는 '탐방을 통한 편익', '관리 및 보존적 가치', '유산적 가치' 측면의 인식 파악을 바탕으로 순천만습지의 생태적 지속가능성과 비시장재의 가치를 평가했다는 점에서 연구의 의의가 있으며 향후 순천만습지와 순천만국가정원의 입장료 통합징수에 관한 정책결정 자료로 활용될 수 있다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.25-43
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• 2016

This research was completed to provide fundamental data regarding the guidelines to installing and managing utility facilities & structures in wetland protected area to advance the functions and sustainable use of ecology services by preserving the ecology within wetland protected area. There were 5 on-site researching areas that were used as the main subject with these areas chosen and considered from 21 inland wetlands that have been designated and are being managed from the Ministry of Environment and by their designated dates as a wetland protected area. The utility facilities in these wetland areas were categorized by their types and a detailed on-site investigation was proceeded with investigation items chosen whereas these facilities are working by their roles from their location, size, used materials, types, information contents and etc., The results showed that regarding informational structures, several locations of information boards were distanced from the main exploring routes which did not consider the visitor's eye level which had their readability dropped and by sunlight, time lapse and water penetration, many information boards were damaged or corrupted so that it was hard to confirm the information noticed or understanding an image. Insufficient observation and educational structures were installed that considered the ecological characteristics of wild animals and their living conditions. Regarding convenience facilities, there were parking lots that were installed on the fore-land and to decrease non-point solution sources, some parking lots needed to be located in protected lowlands while some facilities' shape and colors did not harmonize with their natural surroundings, creating a sense of awareness, which will need some more consideration. As for safety facilities, they were very insufficient compared to other facilities. This means that additional safety structures are needed so that related personnel can be aware of where a visitor is located when an accident occurs. Protectional facilities strongly needed new structures and a management system to cut off entrances and do surveillance so that visitors do not go into areas outside of the managed areas and bring damages to restricted locations. Research labs needed to expand the use of automatic weather systems and water gauge equipments to build fundamental data regarding floodgates that are intimated to the forming of wetlands. Sensor cameras and other types of monitoring systems are needed to monitor the majority types of animals living in the wetlands as well.