• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제27권10호
• /
• pp.1099-1107
• /
• 2005

오존 투입농도 $0.5{\sim}3\;mgO_3/mgDOC$에서 $UV_{254}$와 DOC가 각각 $23%{\sim}65%$, $2%{\sim}15%$의 제거율을 나타내었고, THMFP와 HAAFP의 제거율은 오존 투입농도 $0.5{\sim}3\;mgO_3/mgDOC$에서 각각 $17%{\sim}52%$, $9%{\sim}29%$로 나타났다. 오존 투입농도에 따른 수중 천연유기물질의 특성변화를 조사한 결과, 소수성 및 반친수성 유기물질은 오존 투입농도 $0.5{\sim}3\;mgO_3/mgDOC$에서 각각 $37%{\sim}68%$, $35%{\sim}64%$의 제거율을 나타내었으며, 반면 친수성 유기물질은 $40%{\sim}49%$의 증가율을 보였다. 오존처리에 의한 천연유기물질 특성변화에 따른 염소 소독부산물 생성능 변화를 조사한 결과, 소수성 및 반친수성 유기물질에서 생성되는 THMFP와 HAAFP는 오존 투입농도가 증가함에 따라 큰 폭으로 감소하였으나, 친수성 유기물질에서는 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 오존처리에 의한 단위 DOC당 THMFP와 HAAFP의 변화에서 두 물질 모두 오존처리에 의해 단위 DOC당 생성능의 감소를 보였고, 오존 투입농도가 증가할수록 반응성의 감소가 크게 나타났다. 그리고, 단위 DOC당 HAAFP 보다는 THMFP의 경우가 오존처리에 따른 제거율이 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 오존 투입농도별 천연유기물질 특성변화에 따른 단위 DOC당 THMFP 및 HAAFP 변화를 조사한 결과, 소수성, 반친수성 및 친수성 유기물질에서의 단위 DOC당 THMFP 및 HAAFP 모두 반응성이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. Br-THMFP와 chloroformFP에 대한 오존 투입농도별 제거특성은 Br-THMFP의 경우 오존 투입농도에 따라 제거율 및 단위 DOC당 THMFP 제거율이 chloroformFP 보다 월등히 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한, Br-HAAFP와 DCAAFP와 TCAAFP에 대한 오존 투입농도별 제거특성을 조사한 결과에서 TCAAFP는 오존 투입농도가 증가할수록 제거율 및 단위 DOC와의 반응성 감소율도 증가하였으나, DCAAFP는 오존처리 전 후로 제거율 및 단위 DOC와의 반응성에는 변화가 없었으며, Br-HAAFP의 경우는 $1\;mgO_3/mgDOC$ 이상의 오존 투입농도에서는 제거율의 상승은 나타나지 않았고, Br-THMFP에 비하여 오존처리에 의해 낮은 제거율을 나타내었다. 본 실험결과에서 소독부산물 생성능과 경제성을 고려하여 오존 투입농도를 결정한다면 $1\;mgO_3/mgDOC$가 적정 오존 투입농도로 조사되었다.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제20권5호
• /
• pp.727-736
• /
• 2006

Granular activated carbon (GAC) has been identified as a best available technology (BAT) by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) for removal disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors, such as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). Rapid small-scale column test (RSSCT) were used to investigate four types of carbon (F400, Norit1240, Norit40S, and Aquasorb1500) for their affinity to absorb natural organic matter (NOM). DOC, $UV_{254}$, and Total dissolved nitrogen (TON) concentrations were measured in the column effluent to track GAC breakthrough. DOC and $UV_{254}$ breakthrough occurred at around 3500 bed volumes (BVs) of operation for all GACs investigated. The $UV_{254}$ breakthrough curves showed 33% to 48% at 8000 BVs, when the DOC was 48% to 65%. All GACs showed greater removal in DOC than $UV_{254}$. The NORIT1240 GAC was determined to have the highest adsorption capacity for DOC and $UV_{254}$. The removal of nitrate (NOTN) had not broken through over BVs. The initial TON breakthrough curves were started around 50%, when the DOC breakthrough was only 10 % at 500 BVs. The curves were gradually increased after 3500 BVs and approximately 69% through 81% of TON breakthrough occurred at 8000 BVs. All of the GACs were able to remove TON, in the case of this investigation the majority of the TON was present as DON. Because nitrate nitrogen was seldom removed and ammonium nitrogen ($NH_3-N$) was not detected in the effluent from RSSCTs even though raw water. The carbon usage rate of DOC was from 2 to 6 times less than that of TON. The NORIT1240 GAC demonstrated the best performance in terms of DOC removal, while the F400 GAC was best in terms of TON removal. Excitation emission matrix(EEM) analysis was used to show that GAC adsorption successfully removed most of Humic-like DOC and Fulvic-like DOCs. However, soluble microbial product(SMP)-like DOC in the absence of raw water were detected in the NORIT40S and Aquasorb1500 GAC. The authors assumed that this results is due probably to the part of GAC in the RSSCT which was converted into biological activated carbon(BAC). To compare with organics removal by GAC according to preloading, the virgin GACs had readily accessible sites that were adsorbed DOC more rapidly than preloaded GACs, but the TDN removal had not showed differences between those GACs.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.123-128
• /
• 2008

The Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) existing in a water includes both hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances however, most of the discussion focuses on hydrophobic substances. The hydrophobic fraction was easily removed by absorption or coagulation more than hydrophilic fraction. Therefore, control of the hydrophilic fraction is very important in water treatment process. This study is to determine the variation of DOC, the removal efficiency of DOC, and Trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) after each stage of water treatment process by fractionating Natural Organic Matters (NOM) into hydrophobic and hydrophilic substance. DOC from raw water was fractionated at acidic pH (pH<2) using XAD 8 resin column, into two fraction : hydrophobic substance (i.e. humic substance) adsorbed on XAD 8 and hydrophilic substance which represent the organics contained in the final effluent. THMFP was carried out according to the following set condition: Cl2/DOC=4 mg/mg, incubation at $25^{\circ}C$ in darkness, pH 7 adjust with HCl or NaOH as necessary, and 72hour-contact time. THMs analyzed in this study were chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethan, and bromoform. Sewage was almost evenly split between the hydrophobic (56%) and hydrophilic fraction (44%). But, Aldrich humic substance (AHS) was found to contain less hydrophilics (14%) than hydrophobics (86%). The formation of THMs may depend on the source which is characterized by the composition of organic matters such as AHS and sewage. The THMFP yield of sewage and AHS were assessed as follows. The value of the THMFP reaction yield, AHS $172.65{\mu}g/mg$, is much higher than that of sewage $41.68{\mu}g/mg$. This illustrates possible significant difference in THMFP according to the component type and the proportion of organic matter existing in water source. Apparently AHS react with chlorine to produce more THMFP than do the smaller molecules found in sewage. Water treatment process may reduce THMFP, nevertheless residual DOC (the more hydrophilic substance) has significant THMFP. Further reduction in organic halide precursors requires application of alternative treatment techniques.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국환경보건학회 2005년도 Proceedings of KSEH.Minamata Forum
• /
• pp.103-114
• /
• 2005

Chlorine disinfection has been used in drinking water supply to disinfect the water-borne microbial disease which may cause to serious human disease. As Chlorination is still the least costly, relatively easy to use, chlorination is the primary means to disinfect portable water supplies and control bacterial growth in the distribution system. However, chlorine also reacts with natural organic matter (NOM), which presents in nearly all water sources, and then produces disinfection by-product (DBps), which may have adverse health effects. Although the existent DBPs have been reported in drinking water supplies, it is not feasible to predict the levels of the various DBPs due to the complex chemistry reaction involved. The objectives of this study were to investigate seasonal variation of DBPs formation and difference of DBPs concentration in the plant to tap water. The average concentration of THMs was 20.04 ${\mu}g/{\ell}$, HAAs 8-15 ${\mu}g/{\ell}$, HANs 2-4.5 ${\mu}g/{\ell}$ respectively. Distant variation of DBPs formation is that THMs concentration increase by 17% at 2 km point from the plant and by 28% at 7 km and HAAs, HANs also increase each by 16%, 32%, at 2 km from the plant and 35%, 56%, at 7 km. DBPs increase in water supply pipe continually. The seasonal occurrence of DBPs is that in May and August DBPs concentration is very high then in March, in May DBPs concentration is highest. The temperature is main factor of DBPs formation, precursor also. Precursor which was accumulated for winter flowed into the raw water by flooding in spring and summer and produced DBPs. Therefore for the supply of secure drinking water, it is required to protect precursor of flowing into raw water and to add to BCAA and DBAA to drinking water standards.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제8권6호
• /
• pp.859-872
• /
• 2015

Pebble matrix filtration (PMF) is a water treatment technology that can remove suspended solids in highly turbid surface water during heavy storms. PMF typically uses sand and natural pebbles as filter media. Hand-made clay pebbles (balls) can be used as alternatives to natural pebbles in PMF treatment plants, where natural pebbles are not readily available. Since the high turbidity is a seasonal problem that occurs during heavy rains, the use of newly developed composite clay balls instead of pure clay balls have the advantage of removing other pollutants such as natural organic matter (NOM) during other times. Only the strength properties of composite clay balls are described here as the pollutant removal is beyond the scope of this paper. These new composite clay balls must be able to withstand dead and live loads under dry and saturated conditions in a filter assembly. Absence of a standard ball preparation process and expected strength properties of composite clay balls were the main reasons behind the present study. Five different raw materials from industry wastes: Red Mud (RM), Water Treatment Alum Sludge (S), Shredded Paper (SP), Saw Dust (SD), and Sugar Mulch (SM) were added to common clay brick mix (BM) in different proportions. In an effort to minimize costs, in this study clay balls were fired to $1100^{\circ}C$ at a local brick factory together with their bricks. A comprehensive experimental program was performed to evaluate crushing strength of composite hand-made clay balls, using uniaxial compression test to establish the best material combination on the basis of strength properties for designing sustainable filter media for water treatment plants. Performance at both construction and operating stages were considered by analyzing both strength properties under fully dry conditions and strength degradation after saturation in a water bath. The BM-75% as the main component produced optimum combination in terms of workability and strength. With the material combination of BM-75% and additives-25%, the use of Red Mud and water treatment sludge as additives produced the highest and lowest strength of composite clay balls, with a failure load of 5.4 kN and 1.4 kN respectively. However, this lower value of 1.4 kN is much higher than the effective load on each clay ball of 0.04 kN in a typical filter assembly (safety factor of 35), therefore, can still be used as a suitable filter material for enhanced pollutant removal.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
• /
• 제10권4호
• /
• pp.62-69
• /
• 2005

본 연구에서는 천연 망간산화물에 의한 4-클로로페놀 화합물의 제거효과를 평가하였으며 자연유기물질과 용액의 pH에 의한 분해율 변화를 살펴보았다. 천연망간산화물은 4-클로로페놀 화합물의 제거에 효과적이었으며 실험결과의 분석을 통하여 반응계수 및 차수에 대한 정량적인 값을 도출하였다. 그 결과, 전체적인 반응은 2차반응으로서 4-클로로페놀 화합물에 대하여 1차, 망간산화물에 대하여 1차에 비례하는 반응이었다. 망간산화물에 의한 4-클로로페놀 화합물의 산화반응은 표면에서 일어나며 pH에 큰 영향을 받았다. 용액의 pH가 망간산화물의 영가전위(PZC) 값보다 클 경우 반응율은 급격히 감소하였으며 PZC 보다 pH가 작은 경우에도 반응율은 감소하였다. 휴믹산을 첨가한 경우 4-클로로페놀 화합물의 산회중합 반응은 다소 증가하는 경향을 보여 휴믹산이 중합반응에 관여하고 있다고 평가할 수 있다. 본 연구 결과, 경제적인 비용으로서 천연망간산화물을 이용하여 페놀계 오염물의 제거에 효과적으로 사용 할 수 있는 방안을 제시하였다.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제32권11호
• /
• pp.1054-1062
• /
• 2010

휴믹물질의 산화중합반응은 천연 효소나 금속산화물 촉매에 의해 유도될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 천연 효소인 horseradish peroxidase (HRP)에 의한 휴믹산의 특성 변화와 이러한 변화된 특성이 정밀여과 공정에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 정제된 Aldrich 휴믹산(PAHA)이 HRP 및 과산화수소 존재 하에 산화중합되어 보다 크고 복잡한 분자를 형성하였으며, 크기배제크로마토그래피(SEC, size exclusion chromatography, SEC)에서도 평균분자량의 증가가 관찰되었다. 또한, HRP 및 $H_2O_2$ 주입량이 증가함에 따라 PAHA의 분자량은 더욱 증가하였다. 휴믹물질의 화학적 안정성은 산화중합반응에 기인한 휴믹 분자 상호간의 공유결합이 촉진됨에 따라 향상되었으며, 형광 분광 및 적외선 분광 분석 결과, 산화중합반응에 의한 PAHA 분자 작용기의 변화도 확인되었다. 수처리 공정에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해, 정밀여과를 적용한 결과, 산화중합반응 산물은 높은 분자량으로 인해 그 제거효율이 크게 향상되었다. 이는 산화중합된 자연유기물이 정밀여과에 의해 제거될 수 있음을 증명하는 것이다.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.69-75
• /
• 2009

The characteristics of disinfection and organic removal were investigated with pulse UV lamp in this study. The intensity and emission wavelength of pulse UV Lamp were compared with low pressure UV lamp. The emission spectrum range of pulse UV lamp was between 200 and 400 nm while the emission spectrum of low pressure UV lamp was only single wavelength of 254nm. 3 Log inactivation rate of B. subtilis spore by pulse UV and low pressure UV irradiation was determined as $44.71mJ/cm^2$ and $57.7mJ/cm^2$, respectively. This results implied that wide range of emission spectrum is more effective compared to single wavelength emission at 254nm. 500ng/L of initial 2-MIB concentration was investigated on the removal efficiency by UV only and $UV/H_2O_2$ process. The removal efficiency of UV only process achieved approximately 80% at $8,600mJ/cm^2$ dose. 2-MIB removal rate of $UV/H_2O_2$ (5 mg/L $H_2O_2$) process was 25 times increased compared to UV only process. DOC removal efficiency for the water treatment plant effluent was examined. The removal efficiency of DOC by UV and $UV/H_2O_2$ was no more than 20%. Removal efficiency of THMFP(Trihalomethane Formation Potential), one of the chlorination disinfection by-products, is determined on the UV irradiation and $UV/H_2O_2$ process. Maximum removal efficiency of THMFP was approximately 23%. This result indicates that more stable chemical structures of NOM(Natural Organic Matter) than low molecule compounds such as 2-MIB, hydrogen peroxide and other pollutants affect low removal efficiency for UV photolysis. Consequently, pulse UV lamp is more efficient compared to low pressure lamp in terms of disinfection due to it's broad wavelength emission of UV. Additional effect of pulse UV is to take place the reactions of both direct photolysis to remove micro organics and disinfection simultaneously. It is also expected that hydrogen peroxide enable to enhance the oxidation efficiency on the pulse UV irradiation due to formation of OH radical.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제39권3호
• /
• pp.105-111
• /
• 2017

본 연구는 낙동강 하류원수를 정수처리하는 정수장에서 전염소 처리시 pH 조절, 오존처리, 응집이 THMs 생성에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해 수행하였다. 원수의 pH를 낮추면 전염소 처리에 의해 THMs 생성이 저감되었다. pH를 9.5에서 9.0로 낮추면 THMs 생성이 18.3%, 9.0에서 8.0으로 낮추면 14%, 8.0에서 7.0으로 낮추면 7%, 9.5에서 8.0으로 낮추면 29% 감소되었다. 염소처리 전에 저농도의 오존($0.11{\sim}0.48mg{\cdot}O_3/DOC$)을 주입하면 오존을 주입하지 않은 경우에 비해 THMs 생성을 6~24% 정도 저감시킬 수 있었다. 전오존 1.0 mg/L을 주입한 원수에 염소 2.5 mg/L를 주입하고 alum 40 mg/L, 황산 6 mg/L를 주입한 경우 THMs 생성농도가 염소만 처리한 경우에 비해 42% 감소하였다. 정수처리공정에서 전오존 처리 후에 염소를 투입하고 응집이나, pH 조절을 하면 취수구에서 pH만 낮추는 경우에 비해 THMs 제어에 더 효과적이다. 염소 2.5 mg/L를 주입한 후 alume 40 mg/L 주입하여 응집실험을 한 결과, THMs 생성농도가 염소만 투입한 경우에 비해 pH 저하로 인해 19%, 천연 유기물질(NOM)의 제거로 18% 정도 저감되었다. 응집은 pH 저하와 유기물 제거를 동시에 유발하기 때문에 pH를 낮추는 경우에 비해 THMs 생성농도 저감에 효과적이었다.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제30권7호
• /
• pp.721-728
• /
• 2008

정수처리과정 중 염소처리로 발생되는 소독부산물(DBPs) 발생현황을 파악하고 저감방안을 제시하기 위해 대표적인 염소소독부산물인 트리할로메탄(THMs)의 공정별 발생현황을 조사하였다. 또한, 계절별 수질별 영향인자와의 상관관계를 분석하고, 공정에서 전 염소 다단투입을 통하여 THMs 생성현황을 파악하고, 원수 수질에 따라 THMs을 저감시킬 수 있는 최적의 운영방안을 고찰하고자 하였다. Y 정수센터는 취수장과 착수정간의 도수시간이 평균 10시간이 소요되어 취수장에서 전염소 처리 시 염소와 THMs 전구물질간의 충분한 반응시간을 제공함으로써, THMs 발생을 억제하는데 한계를 가지고 있다. 따라서, 도수관로상의 THMs 생성을 억제하고 염소 과잉투입을 방지하기 위하여 전염소를 취수장과 착수정에 동시에 투입하여 정수중 THMs 발생을 저감시키고자 하였다. 계절별 정수의 THMs 발생량은 저수온기(겨울철)에 0.015 mg/L 이하로 적게 생성되었고, 고수온기(여름철)에는 평균 0.021 mg/L 이상 생성되어 수온상승에 따라 증가하였다. 공정별 THMs 발생량은 전염소 처리 후 착수정 원수에서 평균 0.013 mg/L, 응집/침전/여과 공정에서 0.014 mg/L, 후염소 처리 후 정수에서 평균 0.016 mg/L로 정수처리공정 시 착수정원수에서 대부분의 THMs이 발생하였다. 정수처리 공정에서 트리할로메탄생성능(THMFP)은 응집 침전공정 후 42.7%가 제거되었고, 여과공정 후 약 50%가 제거되어 공정에서 TOC 제거율과 비슷한 추세를 보였다. 전염소 다단투입은 취수장과 착수정에 염소를 분할하여 주입함으로써 유기물질과 염소와의 접촉시간(T) 및 농도(C)를 감소시키고, 염소주입량을 최적화하여 도수관로에서 생성되는 THMs을 억제시키고 염소사용량을 저감시킬 수 있었다. 수온이 높은 하절기에 전염소 다단 투입을 실시한 결과, 정수에서 THMs 농도는 평균 0.013 mg/L이 생성되어 취수장 단독 전염소 처리 시기에 발생된 정수 THMs 농도 대비 약 50%를 저감시킬 수 있었다.