• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.23-41
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• 2014

Objective : The purpose of this study was to lay the groundwork for understanding the details and scope of the legal definition of medicinal products, following the changes in the relevant laws and regulations. This will let readers properly understand the origins of the ongoing conflicts on herbal drugs and new drugs from natural products that are present in the medical field and the medical industry. Possible solutions are proposed in the end. Method : I analyzed the changes in definition of medicinal products since 1945 that have been used in relevant laws and regulations(i.e. Pharmaceutical Affairs Act) and drug approval process(i.e. New Drug Application and Investigational New Drug Application). Results : Legal definition of medicinal products has changed in accordance with the changes in the pharmaceutical industry, such as the establishment of dualistic medical and pharmaceutical System and the introduction of the substance patent. Due to those changes, boundaries of Western medicinal products and health food expanded, while those of herbal medicine products relatively downscaled. Conclusion : Legal definition of medicinal products-i.e. Herbal Drugs, Crude Drugs, and New Drugs from Natural Products-should be reestablished according to academic legitimacy and dualistic medical and pharmaceutical System.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.79-87
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• 1986

Water extracts of 21 traditional Korean herbal drugs were prepared, and a dose range of 100 mg/kg to 400 mg/kg was administered orally into mice once a day for five days. Changes of serum enzyme activities of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), alkaline phosphatase, body weight changes and histo pathological examination of various organs were investigated. Water extract of Ephedra Herba caused severe body weight loss at a dose of 100 mg/kg and death from a dose level of 200 mg/kg by oral administration. Angelica koreanae Radix and Anthrisci Radix showed a slight body weight loss and damages to liver and kidney.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.198-201
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• 1986

The successful elucidation of the opiate receptor and its natural ligands has generated speculation that other drugs might interact with cellular sites designed to accommodate endogenous mediators. The properties of binding sites for the cardiac glycosides(CG), together wit the potency and specificity of the digitalis drugs suggest that CG mimic an endogenous digitalis-like factor. Recenthy, several laboratories have reported the potency in mammalian tissues and fluids of unidentified materials that share certain specific propeties of the CG. Identification of body's own digitalis might yield a natural co pound whose synthetic analogs may provide safer and more effective drugs than can be achieved by structural edification of the CG of plant origin.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.108-111
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• 1979

In vivo antioxidant activities were screened over 30 kinds of crude drugs which are most frequently prescribed in oriental medicine. Of these, only Ginseng Radix, Cimicifugae Rhizoma, Zingiberis Rhizoma(steam dried), Alismatis Rhizoma, and Liriopes Tuber were shown to be positive in the activity.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.165-174
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• 2011

Naturally occurring small molecules from plants, microorganisms, and animals allow the design of drugs that can be beneficial in virtually all kinds of human diseases. Liver diseases with diverse etiologies such as viral infection, chemical intoxication, and metabolic fat accumulation are one of the leading causes of human mortality. Unfortunately, however, there are few effective drugs available capable of stopping or reversing the progress of liver disease. Here, we discuss the current advances in developing hepatoprotective natural products for several arrays of liver disease pathogenesis.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.272.2-272.2
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• 2003

Dopamine ${\beta}$-hydroxylase (DBH) synthesizes norepinephrine from dopamine under the presence of ascorbate as a coenzyme. Dopamine is transported into the vesicles of the varicosity, where the synthesis and the storage of norepinephrine take place. Some drugs such as DBH inhibitors, dopaminergic agonists,etc. are known to assist in treating Parkinson's disease. (omitted)

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.705-714
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• 2015

We investigated the role of HDAC3 in anti-cancer drug-resistance. The expression of HDAC3 was decreased in cancer cell lines resistant to anti-cancer drugs such as celastrol and taxol. HDAC3 conferred sensitivity to these anti-cancer drugs. HDAC3 activity was necessary for conferring sensitivity to these anti-cancer drugs. The down-regulation of HDAC3 increased the expression of MDR1 and conferred resistance to anti-cancer drugs. The expression of tubulin ${\beta}3$ was increased in drug-resistant cancer cell lines. ChIP assays showed the binding of HDAC3 to the promoter sequences of tubulin ${\beta}3$ and HDAC6. HDAC6 showed an interaction with tubulin ${\beta}3$. HDAC3 had a negative regulatory role in the expression of tubulin ${\beta}3$ and HDAC6. The down-regulation of HDAC6 decreased the expression of MDR1 and tubulin ${\beta}3$, but did not affect HDAC3 expression. The down-regulation of HDAC6 conferred sensitivity to taxol. The down-regulation of tubulin ${\beta}3$ did not affect the expression of HDAC6 or MDR1. The down-regulation of tubulin ${\beta}3$ conferred sensitivity to anti-cancer drugs. Our results showed that tubulin ${\beta}3$ serves as a downstream target of HDAC3 and mediates resistance to microtubule-targeting drugs. Thus, the HDAC3-HDAC6-Tubulin ${\beta}$ axis can be employed for the development of anti-cancer drugs.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.155-162
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• 1999

This study was performed to assess that clinco-therapeutic effect of natural Italian honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom in adjuvant-induced arthritic rat. Ninety Sprague- Dawley rats of male were injected with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Adjuvant arthritis was produced by a single subcutaneous injection of 1 mg Mycobacterium butyricum suspended in 0.1 ml paraffin oil into the right hindpaw. Righting reflex was uniformly lost and considered to be the point of arthritis development on day 14 after CFA injection. Experimental groups were divided into three groups. When arthritis was developed in the rat hind-paw, tested groups were administrated with prednisolone (10 mg/kg, p.o) and honeybee venom (one bee, s.c) at an interval of two days. Control group was subcutaneously injected with 0.1 ml of physiological saline solution in the rat at an interval of two days. Clinical findings, hematological values and histopathological findings were observed during or after the drugs administration. In tested groups, the development of inflammatory edema and polyarthritis on day 14 after treatment was suppressed. No significant differences of hindpaw edema volume and lameness score between prednisolone and honeybee venom groups were observed during or after therapeutic drugs treatment. WBC counts of prednisolone and honeybee venom treatment groups as compared with the control group were getting remarkably decreased during or after the therapeutic drugs administration(p＜0.01). Erosions of articular cartilage and inflammatory cell infiltrations during or after the therapeutic drugs treatment was effectively suppressed in natural honey venom.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.343-349
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• 2018

Although drugs such as barbiturates and benzodiazepines are often used for the treatment of insomnia, they are associated with various side effects such as habituations, tolerance and addiction. Alternatively, natural products with minimal unwanted effects have been preferred for the treatment of acute and/or mild insomnia, with additional benefits of overall health-promotion. Basic and clinical researches on the mechanisms of action of natural products have been carried out so far in insomnia treatments. Recent studies have been focusing on diverse chemical components available in natural products, with an interest of developing drugs that can improve sleep duration and quality. In the last 15 years, our co-workers have been actively looking for candidate substances from natural products that can relieve insomnia. This review is, therefore, intended to bring pharmacological data regarding to the effects of natural products on sleep duration and quality, mainly through the activation of $GABA_A$ receptors. It is imperative that phytochemicals will provide useful information during electroencephalography (EEG) analysis and serve as an alternative medications for insomnia patients who are reluctant to use conventional drugs.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.562-572
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• 2015

We previously reported the role of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) in response to anti-cancer drugs. The decreased expression of HDAC3 in anti-cancer drug-resistant cancer cell line is responsible for the resistance to anti-cancer drugs. In this study, we investigated molecular mechanisms associated with regulation of HDAC3 expression. MG132, an inhibitor of proteasomal degradation, induced the expression of HDAC3 in various anti-cancer drug-resistant cancer cell lines. Ubiquitination of HDAC3 was observed in various anti-cancer drug-resistant cancer cell lines. HDAC3 showed an interaction with SIAH2, an ubiquitin E3 ligase, that has increased expression in various anti-cancer drug-resistant cancer cell lines. miRNA array analysis showed the decreased expression of miR-335 in these cells. Targetscan analysis predicted the binding of miR-335 to the 3'-UTR of SIAH2. miR-335-mediated increased sensitivity to anti-cancer drugs was associated with its effect on HDAC3 and SIAH2 expression. miR-335 exerted apoptotic effects and inhibited ubiquitination of HDAC3 in anti-cancer drug-resistant cancer cell lines. miR-335 negatively regulated the invasion, migration, and growth rate of cancer cells. The mouse xenograft model showed that miR-335 negatively regulated the tumorigenic potential of cancer cells. The down-regulation of SIAH2 conferred sensitivity to anti-cancer drugs. The results of the study indicated that the miR-335/SIAH2/HDAC3 axis regulates the response to anti-cancer drugs.