• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.1638-1641
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• 2005

In order to develop novel food products or additives using transglutaminase (TGase), some physicochemical and morphological understandings are needed. Raw skim milk was adjusted to pH 5.5, 7.0, and 8.5, and each was treated with microbial TGase for 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours, for the protein structure observation using scanning electron microscope (SEM), The particles of untreated raw skim milk were small and evenly associated. After adjustment of pH to 5.5 and treatment of TGase for 1-hour, the protein particles aggregated widely in a bigger form than that of control. Under the same condition for 2 hours, the particles associated and clustered. The particles gathered widely and became a number of small spherical forms after 4 hours. After 8 hours, they made larger forms than the result of 1-hour treatment, and the aggregation broadened. Under the pH 7.0 and 8.5 conditions with TGase-treatment, the protein Particles fractionated and associated into the bigger masses at 1 hour point, but each piece slowly became smaller and more fractionated until treated time reached 4 hours. After 8 hours, the fragmented protein particles aggregated into larger forms as those on the pH 5.5 condition. In general, the electron microscopical forms of the samples adjusted to pH 5.5 showed smaller than those of pH 7.0 or pH 8.5, It is suggested that the protein particles and textural behavior were influenced by pH, TGase, and reaction time.

• School Mathematics
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.389-413
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• 2009

This thesis assumes that the teaching objective of the Probability unit of the 8th grade textbook under the 7th National Curriculum is to enhance the ability to analyze and utilize informations. And we examine them if this point of view is fully reflected. Based on the analysis of the textbook analysis, followings are found. 1) It is necessary to emphasize more enumerating all possible cases and to induce formulae counting the number of possible cases through organizing them 2) The probability is to be decribed more clearly as a likelihood of events and to be introduced and followed through various students' experiences and the relative frequencies. Less emphasis on probability computations, while more emphasis on probability comparisons of events are recommended. 3) The term "influential events"(a kind of stochastic correlation) is ambiguous. It is necessary to make clear what it means at tile level of the 8th grade or to discard it for it is to be learned at the 10th grade again. Especially, contingency table has been introduced at the 9th grade under the 7th National Curriculum. 4) Uses of the likelihood principle in making a decision and in learning the reliability of it should be encouraged. And students are to team the hazard of transitive inferences in probability comparisons. As a consequence of above, we feel that textbook authors and related stakeholder are to be more serious about the behavioral changes of students that may come along with the didactics of specific contents of school mathematics.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.205-213
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• 2018

Development and validation of crop models often require measurements of biomass for the crop of interest. Considerable efforts would be needed to obtain a reasonable amount of biomass data because the destructive sampling of a given crop is usually used. The Kinect sensor, which has a combination of image and depth sensors, can be used for estimating crop biomass without using destructive sampling approach. This approach could provide more data sets for model development and validation. The objective of this study was to examine the applicability of the Kinect sensor for estimation of chinese cabbage fresh weight. The fresh weight of five chinese cabbage was measured and compared with estimates using the Kinect sensor. The estimates were obtained by scanning individual chinese cabbage to create point cloud, removing noise, and building a three dimensional model with a set of free software. It was found that the 3D model created using the Kinect sensor explained about 98.7% of variation in fresh weight of chinese cabbage. Furthermore, the correlation coefficient between estimates and measurements were highly significant, which suggested that the Kinect sensor would be applicable to estimation of fresh weight for chinese cabbage. Our results demonstrated that a depth sensor allows for a non-destructive sampling approach, which enables to collect observation data for crop fresh weight over time. This would help development and validation of a crop model using a large number of reliable data sets, which merits further studies on application of various depth sensors to crop dry weight measurements.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 2018

Objectives: With the increasing number of single households and so-called Honbab-jok, those who eat alone, people tend to enjoy convenient and simple meals, such as single dish meals. This study was performed to provide data on the energy and nutrient content, and nutritional adequacy of single-dish meal. Methods: From the literature reviews, 61 types of single-dish meals were selected, and divided into 4 groups (steamed rice, noodle, porridge, and sandwich burger), and a further 11 sub-groups (bibimbab, fried rice, topped rice, rolled rice/ warm noodle, cold noodle, seasoned noodle, dukgook/ porridge/, and sandwich, burger). In addition, 382 junior high school students from Gyeonggi, Sejong, Jeonbuk, and Chungnam areas were recruited for the survey. The survey questionnaires were composed of the characteristics, preference, and intake frequency of single-dish meals. The representative energy content (arithmetic mean) of single-dish meals were calculated, and compared with the energy contents of preference and intake frequency-weighted values adjusted. The representative nutrient contents, energy contribution ratio, and INQ (index of nutritional quality) of a single-dish meal were calculated for a nutritional adequacy evaluation. Results: The study subjects considered a single-dish meal as tasty, simple and fast to prepare, inexpensive, nutritious, and no low calorie food. The preference scores of all but 1 sub-group of singledish meals were ${\geq}5.00$ (5.00~5.97), and 1 sub-group (porridge) was 4.67 on a 7-point scale. The intake frequency of 11 sub-groups were 0.31~1.71/week, porridge was the lowest at 0.31 and warm noodles was the highest at 1.71. Fried rice, rolled rice, and warm noodle' intake frequency were ${\geq}1/week$. The representative energy of steamed rice, noodle, sandwich burger were 443, 429, and 428 kcal, respectively, and that of porridge was 264 kcal. Less than 5% differences in the representative energy of 4 groups were observed when adjusted for the preference or intake frequency-weighted values. The energy contribution ratio of macro-nutrients calculations showed that porridge was a high carbohydrate and low fat food, whereas sandwich burger were high fat and low carbohydrate foods. The INQ of calcium and vitamin C were less than 1.0 in all 4 food groups, but the INQ of protein and thiamin were > 1.0 in all 4 single-dish food groups. Conclusions: The representative energy in the 4 groups of single-dish meal was 264~450 kcal, which is a rather low calorie meal, and the energy contribution ratio of macro-nutrients were inadequate. The protein and thiamin levels were sufficient but the calcium and vitamin C levels were insufficient in all 4 groups of a single-dish meal judged by the INQ. The additional intake of fruits and milk dairy products between meals with a single-dish meal, supply of calcium and vitamin C may increase, which will result in an improved nutritional balance.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.39-47
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• 2000

A great deal of computing time and a large computer memory are needed to solve wave equation in a large complex subsurface layers using the finite difference method. The computing time and memory can be reduced by decreasing the number of grid points per minimum wave length. However, the decrease of grids may cause numerical dispersion and poor accuracy. In this study we performed the grid dispersion analysis for several rotated finite difference operators, which was commonly used to reduce grids per wavelength with accuracy in order to determine the solution for the acoustic wave equation in frequency domain. The rotated finite difference operators were to be extended to 81, 121 and 169 difference stars and studied whether the minimum grids could be reduced to 2 or not. To obtain accuracy (numerical errors less than $1\%$) the following was required: more than 13 grids for conventional 5 point difference stars, 9 grids for 9 difference stars, 3 grids for 25 difference stars, and 2.7 grids for 49 difference stars. After grid dispersion analysis for the new rotated finite difference operators, more than 2.5 grids for 81 difference stars, 2.3 grids for 121 difference stars and 2.1 grids for 169 difference stars were needed. However, in the 169 difference stars, there was no solution because of oscillation of the dispersion curves in the group velocity curves. This indicated that the grids couldn't be reduced to 2 in the frequency acoustic wave equation. According to grid dispersion analysis for the determination of grid points, the more rotated finite difference operators, the fewer grid points. However, the more rotated finite difference operators that are used, the more complex the difference equation terms.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.297-307
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• 2008

At the spots of enterprises experiencing rapid environmental changes, necessity for ceaseless managemental innovation is raised. We can't deny that management quality is also a part of such managemental innovation. Introduction of management quality by an organization is different from introduction of other individual innovative techniques. Management quality is not one time project but complete historical change program to be pursued continuously. Furthermore, it must be understood as a strategic 'Quality Journey' looking for far future of an organization. Malcolm Baldrige Model has been increasingly used in Korea as a global standard for management quality. The model, however, has shown a number of limitations in application due to nonsystematic elements in the implementation process. The deployment process of the model should be detailed through a real world case study. In this research, we proposed a quality evaluation standard model which is suitable for the Korean public enterprise based on the Malcolm Baldrige Non-profit Criteria, and examined the model. A 7-Point Likert Scale was used based on the seven categories within the 2007 Malcolm Baldrige Non-profit Criteria: Leadership, Strategic Planning, Customer and Market Focus, Management Analysis and Knowledge Management, Workforce Focus, Process Management, and Results. Furthermore, we analysed the validity and causal relationship among the factors within the model. Through the above case study, following common factors for successful Malcolm Baldrige Model have been derived. The following is a summary of the results of this study. First, for Malcolm Baldrige Model management, needs powerful support Leadership. Second, for Malcolm Baldrige Model management, needs systematic Strategic Planning. Third, for Malcolm Baldrige Model management, needs the continuous Customer and Market Focus. Fourth, for Malcolm Baldrige Model management, needs systematic Measurement Analysis and Knowledge Management. Five, for Malcolm Baldrige Model management, needs systematic Workforce Focus. Six, for Malcolm Baldrige Model management, needs systematic Process Management. The finding are surely necessary factors to arrange the human resource management for upgraded management quality, those factors help to explain why all enterprises consider human resource as the strategic view.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.337-364
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• 2005

The vascular flora of Mt. Deokhang (a.s.l. 1072.5m, $37^{\circ}17^{\prime}{\sim}37^{\circ}20^{\prime}N$, $128^{\circ}09^{\prime}{\sim}129^{\circ}03^{\prime}E$), one of the limestone areas in Korea and is located between Samcheok-si and Taebaek-si, Gangwon-do, is surveyed from 10 Oct. 2003 to 4 Oct. 2005. The characteristics of the flora from the phytogeographical point of view is also discussed. The number of the vascular plant taxa identified in this study is 590 in total which belongs to 90 families, 337 genera, 537 species, 4 subspecies, 46 varieties and 3 forms. Of them, 30 taxa are endemic to Korea, 4 taxa are legally protected ones, and 17 taxa are generally regarded as rare and endangered species in Korea. Naturalized plants are 19 taxa. The phytogeographical importance and the conservation strategy of the flora of Mt. Deokhang focusing on either rare, endemic or phytogeographically important species are discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.570-576
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• 1993

1-, 3-, 9-, and 21-Monolayer Langmuir-Blodgett(LB) films of stearic acid were deposited on silver-coated glass slides at the surface pressure of 30 mN/m. Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) reflection-absorption spectra (RAS) of these LB films were recorded at various temperatures from 31 to $72^{\circ}C.$ The spectra at $31^{\circ}C$ exhibited characteristic features of highly perpendicular orientation of the hydrocarbon chain. In the 1-monolayer LB film, the C=O stretching band was not observed, presumably due to the image dipole effect on the silver surface. In the 1-and 3-monolayer LB films, the trans isomer of stearic acid was prominent, but the cis isomer was dominant in the 21-monolayer LB film. FTIR-RAS measurements at an elevated temperature indicated that the chain melting temperature increases and approached to the bulk melting point with increasing the number of monolayer, except for the 1-monolayer LB film which has a higher melting temperature than the 3-monolayer film due to the strong interaction with the silver substrate.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.170-181
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• 1997

The number of modernized green houses have been increased to produce high quality and high-payoff farm products. The unit investment costs per pyeong($3.3058m^2$) for building a glass house was estimated at 449 thousand won. On the other hand, the unit prices for the PC house with iron frame and the vynil house with automatic control system were revealed 365 thousand won and 93 thousand won respectively. The main objective of the study was to identify the financial feasibility of the green house investment prevailed in rural area. At present, some farmers have selected the green house without any consideration of profitability of crops and accessiblity of their fanning practices and technology. For the soundness of green house cultivation and management, the indices of finacial efficiency for the modernized green houses were necessary. The decesion making criteria such as NPV(Net Present Value), IRR(Internal Rate of Return), B/C Ratio and Payback Period were analyzed for the individual high investment facilities considering the present farmer's technology and on-farm benefits and costs. The results of the feasibility analysis of green houses were as follows: 1. In case of 100% private burden of the investment costs, NPV revealed only positive value for the vinyl house with automatic system and IRR for the house was also estimated at more than 10% and B/C Ratio was amounted to more than 1.0. On the other hand, the other glass and PC houses showed negative NPV and unacceptable B/C ratio and IRR. 2. In case of the following terms and conditions as 50% Government subsidy, 20% loans and 30% farmers burden of the total investment cost, all the green houses showed acceptable IRR, B/C Ratio and NPV. 3. The financial feasibility of the glass house was acceptable in tomato cultivation rather than in cucumber cultivation. The payback periods of cucumber were represented as 8.9 years for glass house, 8.5 years for PC house and 4.1 years for vinyl house with automatic system respectively. In conclution, the glass and PC house cultivation of high value vegetables were only acceptable under the Goverment subsidy and loan systems from the view point of farmer's financial situations. On account of the unacceptable economic rate of return, the government subsidy and loan policy for glass house cultivation should be transfered to the vinyl and pc houses in the future.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.8C no.6
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• pp.831-838
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• 2001

Mobile information service aims to provide some degree of effective information for real life activities of mobile users. Due to the user mobility and actual realism, it becomes very important technical issue to support an adaptive information service methodology to current situations of the terminal and/or user. This paper deals with a prefetching scheme for location-aware, out of the various context-aware which can be considered in mobile information service. It makes use of the velocity-based mobility model to shape the terminal and/or user's mobility behavior. Based on the moving speed and direction, the prefetching zone is proposed to define the number of prefetched information, so as to limit effectively the prefetched information whilst to preserve the location-aware adaptability. Using a simulator, the proposed scheme has been evaluated in the effectiveness point of view. The idea in this paper is expected to be able to extended to the other mobile service contexts, such as service time, I/O types of mobile terminals, network bandwidth.