• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.851-859
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• 2014

The present study was designed to investigate whether ethanol extracts of Sophora flavescens (GS), Glycyrrhiza uralensis (GC), Dictamnus dasycarpus (BSP), and their mixtures (GGB-1, -2, -3, and -4) inhibit 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD) in a mouse model. DNCB was topically applied on the dorsal surface of Balb/c mice to induce AD-like skin lesions. The pathological phenotypes of AD, such as erythema, ear thickness, edema, scabs, and discharge, were significantly decreased in the GGB (DNCB + GS:GC:BSP = 3:1:1 mixture)-1-treated groups compared with the other treated groups. The weight of the spleen in immune organs was significantly decreased in the GGB-1-treated groups, whereas the weight of the liver in a control group was similar to that of the groups treated with the samples. Furthermore, toluidine blue staining analysis, a method used to specifically identify mast cells, showed that master cell infiltration into the dermis of the GGB-1-treated group was significantly decreased. The immunoglobulin E concentration was lower in the GGB-1-treated group. In addition, the levels of inflammatory cytokines (interferon-${\gamma}$, interleukin-1, 4, 5, 6, and 13, $1{\beta}$, and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$) were also significantly reduced in the GGB-1-treated group. Taken together, these results suggest that a mixture of GS, GC, and BSP in a proportion of 3:1:1 (GGB-1) may contribute to the relief of AD symptoms and may be considered an excellent candidate for an AD therapeutic drug.

• Journal of Korean Society of societal Security
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.73-78
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• 2011

In order to resolve the problem of change in global climate which is worsening as days go by and to preemptively cope with strengthened restriction on carbon emission, the government enacted 'Framework Act on Low Carbon Green Growth' in 2010 and selected green technology and green industry as new national growth engines. For this reason, the necessity to use the un-utilized waste heat across the whole industrial system has become an issue, and studies on and applications of recycling in the agricultural and fishery fields such as cultivation of tropical crops and flatfishes by utilizing the waste heat and thermal effluent generated by large industrial complexes including power plants are being actively carried out. In this study, we looked into the domestic and overseas examples of having utilized waste heat abandoned in the form of power plant thermal effluent, and carried out economic efficiency evaluation of sturgeon aquaculture utilizing thermal effluent of Yeongwol LNG Combined Cycle Power Plant in Gangwon-do. In this analysis, we analyzed the economic efficiency of a model business plan divided into three steps, starting from a small scale in order to minimize the investment risk and financial burden, which is then gradually expanded. The business operation period was assumed to be 10 years (2012~2021), and the NVP (Net Present Value) and economic efficiency (B/C) for the operation period (10 years) were estimated for different loan size by dividing the size of external loan by stage into 80% and 40% based on the basic statistics secured through a site survey. Through the result of analysis, we can see that reducing the size of the external loan is an important factor in securing greater economic efficiency as, while the B/C is 1.79 in the case the external loan is 80% of the total investment, it is presumed to be improved to 1.81 when the loan is 40%. As the findings of this study showed that the economic efficiency of sturgeon aquaculture utilizing thermal effluent of power plant can be secured, it is presumed that regional development project items with high added value can be derived though this, and, in addition, this study will greatly contribute to reinforcement of the capability of local governments to cope with climate change.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.697-727
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• 2009

The purposes of this study are to investigate Korean science teachers' perception on the science gifted education in Korea, and to investigate if there are differences on their perception among the science teachers whose institutes are different. Their institutes are divided into three groups, which are the formal schools for the gifted in science such as Science High-School, gifted education centers attached to district education authority, and general secondary schools. For the study, 266 science teachers were sampled from the schools in Busan Metro-city, Ulsan Metro-city, and Kyoungnam Province, and then questionnaire developed by the authors were administered to them. The research results are as follows. Firstly, teachers who were going to participate in special education for the gifted in science answered affirmatively, and they thought it seemed worthwhile. On the other hand teachers who were not going to participate in it, answered negatively, mentioning shortage in specialty or extra work overload. Secondly, only the Korean Educational Development Institute was too much preferred by science teachers for teacher training institute for the gifted education in science. Therefore, it is needed to extend the teacher training institutes for the gifted education in science throughout the country. Thirdly, the perception of science teachers on the constitution of a class for the gifted in science is very different among the teachers of formal schools for the gifted in science and the teachers who teach science part time when it is needed in the district institutes for the gifted education. Finally, the perception on the aims of special education for the gifted in science is very different between the teachers who teach the gifted in science and the teachers who do not teach them.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.42 no.11
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• pp.911-920
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• 2009

Virtual water is defined as the volume of water required to produce a commodity or service. The degree of food self-sufficiency is currently about 27 % in South Korea, so that Korea is one of the largest net virtual water import countries for agricultural product, thus it is necessary to estimate suitable virtual water for South Korea. The objective of this paper is to quantify the agricultural virtual water use (AWU) and virtual water content (VWC) using the method suggested by Chapagain and Hoekstra during the period 1991-2007. To calculate the virtual water content, 44 different crop production quantity and harvested area data were collected for 17 years and FAO Penman-Monteith equation was adapted for computing crop consumptive use of water. As the results, AWU has been estimated at 15.1 billion $m^3$ in average showing a tendency to decrease. Rice has the largest share in the AWU, consuming about 10.1 billion $m^3$/yr which is about 75 % of gross AWU, and the VWC is 1600.1 $m^3$/ton for paddy rice. The largest VWCs of crops are oilseed and tuber crop, and the smallest are leaf and root vegetables. The primary crop production VWC can be used for calculating the VWC of various secondary products using the contribution ratio, therefore the results of this study are expected to be used as basic data for national agricultural water footprint.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.457-467
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the relationship between ocular and allergy symptoms in children by environmental pollutants emitted from new constructed building. Methods: Two different types of survey (6-Item Dry Eye Questionnaire and Ocular Surface Disease Index) were used to study dry eye syndromes and ocular subjective symptoms for a six-grade of elementary school students (54 males and 61 females) in newly built buildings in the past three month, located near capital city, Seoul. Atopy and medical history of allergic rhinitis were investigated with using questionnaire for allergy, and also nose itchiness and ocular symptoms were checked as visual analog scale(10-score) with using questionnaire of allergy rhinitis and conjunctivitis under the guideline of ARIA(Allergic Rhinitis Impacts on Asthma). Results: Fifty seven students (50%) from DEQ and 19 students (16.52%) from OSDI were diagnosed as dry eye, and 18 students (15.79%) were diagnosed as dry eye from both questionnaires. It was surveyed that 45 students (39.5%) and 29 students (25.4%) had atopy and allergy rhinitis, respectively. Among 45 students having atopy, 30 students and 8 students were diagnosed as dry eye with using DEQ and OSDI, respectively. And also, 22 students were diagnosed as dry eye by DEQ and 5 students were diagnosed as dry eye by OSDI from 29 students having allergy rhinitis. Among 29 students having both medical history atopy and allergy rhinitis, 15 students detected observable ocular symptom. The complicating allergy symptoms with ocular syndrome were arranged with sneeze, nose itchiness, nose stuffiness, and runny nose in order of frequency. As students recognized eye symptoms, the number of allergy found and student's number were increased proportionally. Conclusions: It was found that children's subjective ocular symptoms were confirmed in the environment as newly built building. The number of student for dry eye was proportionally increased to students having atopy and allergy symptoms.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.636-662
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• 2018

Recently, the Moon administration established the Ministry of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) and Startups, as part of its national strategy for start-up and innovation growth led by small and medium-sized venture companies. In a slowing economy, as venture companies with excellent internal competencies are seen to be favorable to growth, the government funding for technology development is becoming increasingly important. Previous studies examine the internal competence factors that can strengthen competitiveness through self-efforts and the influence structure of growth stage, which is an important factor in industrial environment, on business performance. As the government support for venture firms has been strengthened, the effect of government funding on the management performance and technological innovation performance of venture firms have been recently discussed in various ways. However, there is a lack of precedent research on the moderating effect of the utilization of government funding on the existing influence structure in which firm's internal competence and growth stages affects business performance. Therefore, this study examined whether the internal competencies of the venture firms and the stage of growth have direct effects on business performance and analyzed the moderating effect in connection with government funding utilization under these influence structures. The results of the study are as follows. First, the utilization of government funding in the venture firms whose R&D personnel ratio is relatively low, not to have own brands and showed an increase of employees has a significantly positive influence on business performance. Second, the moderating effects of the government funding utilization at the high growth stage of the venture firms are shown significantly. These results suggest that the venture policy linked to the job creation of the present government requires not only the support considering R&D personnel but also the necessity of supporting human resources policy to a greater extent and further study on the effectiveness of venture firms in the high growth stage.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.564-570
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to examine the preceding studies and suggest alternatives to establish the role and value of martial arts sports as a leisure activity. To achieve the purpose of this study, the keywords and themes of leisure-related journals were extracted and the articles and current status of martial arts-related journals in Korea were derived using SPSS descriptive statistics method. The subjects of the analysis were 'mudo' and 'leisure' of leisure-related journals between 2005 and 2017, and an interpretative textual analysis was conducted to analyze the contents of individual studies. According to the results of the survey on the actual condition of participation in the 2016 National Sports for all, Taekwondo was ranked 5th among the top 5 sports with 6.1% of the sports for all, and Taekwondo and Kendo were ranked 1st and 2nd respectively in the sports for all students and the clubs that they want to join in the future. Second, the study on martial arts in the journals related to leisure was found most in 2006 and 2010, but only one study was not conducted after 2014, which confirmed that the absolute number of studies was very insufficient. Third, the research themes of the journals related to leisure were serious leisure, female college students, physical self-concept, social development, leisure recreation class, job satisfaction, life satisfaction, training, leisure constraints, etc., and the study of martial arts related to leisure was found to require quantitative and qualitative multilateral approaches. Fourth, in the current status of dance related studies by year in domestic journals, two of 23 studies in 2007 were conducted on leisure topics, and the average number of studies related to domestic martial arts and leisure related papers was 5.65%, which is very low. In conclusion, as a result of analyzing the trend of research on leisure as a martial arts sport, it is necessary to suggest the direction of future research that can reconsider the role and value of martial arts sport as a leisure activity that can improve the quality of life and happiness in future society through quantitative and qualitative improvement.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.496-504
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• 1997

This study was carried out to estimate toxic effects of phenol on survival and metabolism of the abalone juvenile, Haliotis discus hannai. The experiment was conducted by renewal bioassay procedure with different salinities at $20^{\circ}C$. The $LC_{50}$ of the juvenile exposed to phenol in the range of 0.5 and $100mg/\ell\;was\;34.3\~6.5mg/\ell\;at\;2.4\%_{\circ}\;and\;52.2\~9.3m/\ell\;at\;32\%_{\circ}$ salinity with exposure time from 24 hours to 96 hours. $LT_{50}$ was remarkablely reduced with increase of phenol conentration and decrease of salinity. Lethal toxicity or phenol was higher at low salinity than at high salinity. Therefore, salinity is likely to be one of factor to increase phenol toxicity. The oxygen consumption of the juvenile was reduced with increase of phenol concentration and with decrease of salinity. In spite of phenol toxicity, the oxygen consumption of the juvenile exposed to phenol of low concentration was high and similar as compared with that of control group. Survival rates of the abalone kept in phenol-free sea water after exposure to phenol concentration of 5, 10 and $20mg/\ell$ for 96 hours were reduced with decrease of salinity. Durations required to recover the normal metabolic rate of the juvenile, which was exposed to phenol concentration of 5, 10 and $20mg/\ell$ for 96 hours, were made longer with increasing phenol concentration. In the case of the juvenile exposed to sublethal concentration of phenol for 15 days, it were elongated as compared with that of the abalone exposed to phenol concentration caused acute toxicity. The result of this experiment indicated that relatively low concentration of phenol can impact on the abalone juvenile in marine ecosystem.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.437-444
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• 2006

This study was aimed to elucidate the biological function of OD314 (Apin protein), which is related to ameloblast differentiation and amelogenesis. Apin protein, calcifying epithelial odontogenic (pindborg) tumors (CEOTs)-associated amyloid, were isolated from CEOTs, and has similar nucleotide sequences to OD314. We examined expression of the OD314 mRNA using in-situ hybridization during tooth development in mice. Expression of OD314 and several enamel matrix proteins were examined in the cultured ameloblast cell line up to 28 days by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification. After inactivation and over-expression of the OD314 gene in ameloblast cell lines using U6 vectordriven RNA interference and CMV-OD314 construct, RT-PCR were performed to evaluate the effect of the OD314 during amelogenesis. The results were as follows: 1. In in-situ hybridization, OD314 mRNAs were more strongly expressed in ameloblast than odontoblast. 2. When ameloblast cells were cultured in the diffcrentiation and mineralization medium for 28 days, the tuftelin mRNA expression was maintained from the beginning to day 14, and then gradually decreased to day 28. The expressions of amelogenin and enamelin were gradually decreased according to the ameloblast differentiation. 3. Inactivation of OD314 by U6-OD314 siRNA construct down-regulated the expression of OD314, MMP-20, and tuftelin, whereas over-expression of OD314 by CMV-OD314 construct up-regulated the expression of OD314 and MMP-20 without change in tuftelin. These results suggest that OD314 is considered as an ameloblast-enriched gene and may play the important roles in ameloblast differentiation and mineralization.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.171-184
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• 2006

According to ISAAA report, the global area of genetically modified (GM) crops increased more than 50 fold during the ten-year period from 1996 to 2005 with a sustained double-digit growth rate of 10%. This biotechnology adoption is one of the highest rates of technology adoption in agriculture history and this phenomenon indicates that the industrial value of the GM crops is highly perspective. In addition, the year 2010, 60% of cereal seeds in the global market would be GM or biotechnology related seeds so that the GM crop regards as the second green revolution that could provide a huge impact to food and agriculture. Nevertheless, there has not been any GM variety ever successfully commercialized in Korea and even none of the GM crops has ever been approved for safety testing by risk assessment. This seems that Korean agriculture industry might be indeed lost in the war of future seed market. However, lots of evidence show that Korean scientists have established advanced technologies and protocols to develop GM crops for last 20 years. Actually there have been many cases of successful transformation of crops that were previously known very difficult in transforming. Therefore, Korean agbiotechnology arena firmly holds an infrastructure for developing GM crops with a superior technology. Then what were the problems? Why has even a single GM crop not been commercialized in Korea? The tardiness shown by business in adopting the GM crop is caused by many factors: academical weakness, poor research funding, short knowledge of risk assessment, public concern, no successful experience, lack of professional leaders on GM variety development, lack of systems toward industrialization and inappropriate target transgenes from the beginning. In order to catch up in the race for the new green industry, each one of us in private sectors alongside academia and national research institutes needs to focus altogether on what can be done best in terms of choosing crops, investing fund and establishing a road map for commercialization of GM crops.