• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.213-221
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• 2010

관상동맥질환의 진단과 치료를 위한 관상동맥조영술(Coronary Angiography, CA)과 경피적관상동맥중재술(Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, PCI) 과정에서 환자에 대한 유효선량을 알아보고, 이 선량으로 인한 암 발생위험을 CA와 PCI를 구분하여 평가해 보고자 하였다. CA를 시행한 환자 60명과 PCI 시술을 받은 환자 58명을 대상으로 DAP(dose-area product)를 측정하였고, 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션(Monte Carlo simulations) 프로그램(PCXMC 1.5)을 이용하여 유효선량과 장기선량을 산출하였다. 암 발생의 생애귀속위험의 평가는 전리방사선 생물학적 효과 위원회의 7차 보고서(BEIR VII)를 활용하였다. 그 결과 대상자의 DAP 값 평균은 CA군에서 $53.76\;Gy{\cdot}cm^2$이었고, PCI군에서는 $165.82\;Gy{\cdot}cm^2$이었다. 유효선량은 CA군에서 평균 1.28 mSv이었고, PCI군에서는 3.94 mSv이었다. 장기선량은 폐에서 CA군 2.17 mSv, PCI군 6.71 mSv이었고, 여성 유방선량은 CA에서 5.45 mSv, PCI에서 16.82 mSv이었다. 암 발생 생애귀속위험은 CA에서 남성은 1,508명 중 1명, 여성은 1,357명 중 1명이었고, PCI에서는 남성 553 중 1명, 여성은 482명 중 1명이었다. DAP 값은 몬테 카를로 시뮬레이션을 기본으로 하여 장기선량과 유효선량을 계산할 수 있는 지표가 되었다. CA와 PCI 과정에서 환자에게 노출되는 방사선량은 무시할 수 없는 암 발생의 생애귀속위험이 된다. 또한 암 발생 위험은 PCI군에서 더 높았고, 남성보다는 여성이 더 높았다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2014

고양이 백혈병 바이러스(feline leukemia virus, FeLV)는 전 세계적으로 고양이의 가장 일반적이고 중요한 전염성 질환 중 하나이며, 다른 어떤 전염병 보다 고양이에 폐사를 일으키는 중요한 전염병이다. 방글라데시에 있어서 이 질병의 이환율은 집에서 기르는 고양이나 집을 나간 야생 고양이에 대한 예방, 관리, 치료 방침을 정하는데 중요한 자료를 제시할 것이다. 이 연구는 신속 면역크로마토그라피 분석법을 이용한 RapiGEN$^{(R)}$ FeLV 항원검사 키트(RapiGEN$^{(R)}$ Inc., 대한민국)를 사용하여 방글라데시 Mymensingh 지역의 FeLV의 감염률을 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 총 130마리 고양이(23마리 집에서 기르는 고양이와 107마리의 집을 나간 야생 고양이)의 혈액 샘플은 제조 업체의 사용법에 따라 수집 및 검사를 수행하였다. FeLV 감염의 전체 유병률은 1.54%(2마리/130마리)이었으며, 감염률은 1세 미만의 고양이에서는 1.79%(2마리/112마리)로 나타났으며, 1세 이상의 고양이에서는 모두 음성이었다. 수컷과 암컷의 감염률은 각각 1.72%(1마리/58마리), 1.39%(1마리/72마리)로 나타났다. 집에서 기르는 고양이에 있어서는 모두 음성이었으나 집을 나간 야생 고양이에 있어서 감염률은 1.87%로 나타났다. FeLV 양성은 모두 임상증상이 나타나는 고양이에서 발견되었다. 이 연구결과에 있어서는 성별, 소유 및 건강 상태에 따라 유의한 상관관계가 있는 것은 아니었다. 이 연구결과는 방글라데시에서 FeLV 감염률에 대한 처음 보고이며, 이 검사 방법에 사용한 신속 면역크로마토그라피 분석법을 활용한 항원검사 키트는 저렴하고, 빠른 검사로 결과를 얻을 수 있는 장점이 있어서 임상에 적용하기에 효과적인 것으로 판단된다.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제1호
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• pp.351-370
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• 1997

This study concerns possible measures to prevent separatists' terrorist acts against overseas Korean businessmen. Of late, many Korean enterprises are helping a number of foreign countries develop their economy, by building factories and manning regional offices in those countries. But recent development of terrorism especially against Korean businessmen is alarming. This report discusses the need for Korean enterprises heading overseas to prepare themselves with awareness of terrorism and possible protective measures against it, besides their routine pursuance of profits; and for the government and prospective enterprises to refrain from investing in those countries having active separatist movements. If an investment has become inevitable, a careful survey of the region in conflict should be conducted and self-protective measures should be put in place through security information exchange, emergency coordination and training of personnel, etc. This study will first review the past terrorist incidents involving employees of overseas Korean enterprises, and then will focuss on seeking effective measures on the basis of the reported incidents. In carrying out the study, related literature from both home and abroad have been used along with the preliminary materials reported and known on the Internet from recent incidents. 1. The separatist movements of minority groups Lately, minority separatist groups are increasingly resorting to terrorism to draw international attention with the political aim of gaining extended self rule or independence. 2. The state of terrorism against overseas Korean enterprises and Koreans Korean enterprises are now operating businesses, and having their own personnel stationed, in 85 countries including those in South East Asia and Middle East regions. In Sri Lanka, where a Korean enterprise recently became a target of terrorist bombing, there are 75 business firms from Korea and some 700 Korean employees are stationed as of August 1996. A total of 19 different terrorist incidents have taken place against Koreans abroad since 1990. 3. Terrorism preventive measures Terrorism preventive measures are discussed in two ways: measures by the government and by the enterprises. ${\blacktriangleleft}$ Measures by the government - Possible measures at governmental level can include collection and dissemination of terrorist activity information. Emphasis should be given to the information on North Korean activities in particular. ${\blacktriangleleft}$ Measures by individual enterprises - Organizational security plan must be established by individual enterprises and there should also be an increase of security budget. A reason for reluctant effort toward positive security plan is the perception that the security budget is not immediately linked to an increment of profit gain. Ensuring safety for overseas personnel is a fundamental obligation of an enterprise. Consultation and information exchange on security plan, and an emergency support system at a threat to security must be sought after and implemented. 4. Conclusion Today's terrorism varies widely depending on reasons and causes, and its means has become increasingly informationalized and scientific as well while its method is becoming more clandestine and violent. Terrorist organizations are increasingly aiming at enterprises for acquisition of budgets needed for their activities. Korean enterprises have extended their business realm to foreign countries since 1970, exposing themselves to terrorism. Enterprises and their employees, therefore, should establish their own security measures on the one hand while the government must provide general measures, on the other, for the protection of the life and property of Korean residents abroad from terrorist attacks. In this regard, set-up of a counter terrorist organization that coordinates the efforts of government authorities in various levels in planning and executing counter terrorist measures is desired. Since 1965, when the hostile North Korea began to step up its terrorist activities against South Koreans, there have been 7 different occasions of assassination attempt on South Korean presidents and some 500 cases of various kidnappings and attempted kidnappings. North Korea, nervous over the continued economic growth and social stabilization of South Korea, is now concentrating its efforts in the destruction and deterioration of the national power of South Korea for its earlier realization of reunification by force. The possibility of North Korean terrorism can be divided into external terrorist acts and internal terrorist acts depending on the nationality of the terrorists it uses. The external terrorist acts include those committed directly by North Korean agents in South Korea and abroad and those committed by dissident Koreans, hired Korean residents, or international professionals or independent international terrorists bought or instigated by North Korea. To protect the life and property of Korean enterprises and their employees abroad from the threat of terrorism, the government's administrative support and the organizational efforts of enterprises should necessarily be directed toward the planning of proper security measures and training of employees. Also, proper actions should be taken against possible terrorist acts toward Korean business employees abroad as long as there are ongoing hostilities from minority groups against their governments.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 1997년도 추계 국제학술심포지움 논문집
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• pp.3-31
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• 1997

Water has always played a significant role in the lives of people. In urbanised Rome, with its million people. sophisticated supply systems developed and then fled with the empire. only to be rediscovered later But it was the industrial Revolution commencing in the eighteenth century that ushered in major paradigm shifts In use and altitudes towards water. Rapid and concentrated urbanisation brought problems of expanded demands for drinking supplies, waste management and disease. The strategy of using water from local streams, springs and village wells collapsed under the onslaughts of rising urban demands and pollution due to poor waste disposal practices. Expanding travel (railways. and steamships) aided the spread of disease. In England. public health crises peaks, related to water-borne typhoid and the three major cholera outbreaks occurred in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century respectively. Technological, engineering and institutional responses were successful in solving the public health problem. it is generally accepted that the putting of water into pipe networks both for a clean drinking supply, as well as using it as a transport medium for removal of human and other wastes, played a significant role in towering death rates due to waterborne diseases such as cholera and typhoid towards the end of the nineteenth century. Today, similar principles apply. A recent World Bank report Indicates that there can be upto 76％ reduction in illness when major water and sanitation improvements occur in developing countries. Water management, technology and thinking in Australia were relatively stable in the twentieth century up to the mid to late 1970s. Groundwater sources were investigated and developed for towns and agriculture. Dams were built, and pipe networks extended both for supply and waste water management. The management paradigms in Australia were essentially extensions of European strategies with the minor adaptions due to climate and hydrogeology. During the 1970s and 1980s in Australia, it was realised increasingly that a knowledge of groundwater and hydrogeological processes were critical to pollution prevention, the development of sound waste management and the problems of salinity. Many millions of dollars have been both saved and generated as a consequence. This is especially in relation to domestic waste management and the disposal of aluminium refinery waste in New South Wales. Major institutional changes in public sector water management are occurring in Australia. Upheveals and change have now reached ail states in Australia with various approaches being followed. Market thinking, corporatisation, privatisation, internationalisation, downsizing and environmental pressures are all playing their role in this paradigm shift. One casualty of this turmoil is the progressive erosion of the public sector skillbase and this may become a serious issue should a public health crisis occur such as a water borne disease. Such crises have arisen over recent times. A complete rethink of the urban water cycle is going on right now in Australia both at the State and Federal level. We are on the threshold of significant change in how we use and manage water, both as a supply and a waste transporter in Urban environments especially. Substantial replacement of the pipe system will be needed in 25 to 30 years time and this will cost billions of dollars. The competition for water between imgation needs and environmental requirements in Australia and overseas will continue to be an issue in rural areas. This will be especially heightened by the rising demand for irrigation produced food as the world's population grows. Rapid urbanisation and industrialisation in the emerging S.E Asian countries are currently producing considerable demands for water management skills and Infrastructure development. This trend e expected to grow. There are also severe water shortages in the Middle East to such an extent that wars may be fought over water issues. Environmental public health crises and shortages will help drive the trends.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.195-221
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• 2009

According to an industry report, a large number of organizations have invested in Organizational Information System(OIS) in the past few years. Several research results indicate that successful investments in OIS lead to productivity enhancement, while failed ones result in undesirable consequences such as financial losses and dissatisfaction among employees. In spite of huge investments, however, many organizations have failed in achieving the hoped-for returns from OIS. Thus, understanding user acceptance, adoption, and usage of new IS(Information Systems) is an important issue for IS practitioners. Indeed, study of the user acceptance of new information system has been one of the most important research topics in the contemporary IS literature. Several theoretical models are tested to examine 'user acceptance' and 'usage behavior' in IS context. While many research models incorporate 'ease of use' or 'usefulness' as important factors in explaining user acceptance, Technology Acceptance Model(TAM) has been one of the most widely applied models in user acceptance and usage behavior. Even in recent IS studies that employ theories of innovation diffusion in the area of IS implementation, a major focus has been on the user's perception of information technologies. In this research, we study 'voluntariness' as an important factor in IS acceptance by users. Voluntariness is defined as "the degree to which the use of the innovation is perceived as being voluntary, or of free will" When examining the diffusion of accepting OIS, a thoughtful consideration should be given to 'perceived voluntariness.' Current article has following research questions: 1) What models are appropriate to explain the success of OIS? and 2) How does the 'voluntariness' affect the success of OIS? In order to answer these questions, a research model is proposed to describe the detailed nature of association among three independent variables (IT usage level, task interdependency, and organizational support), a mediating variable (IS usage), a dependent variable (perceived performance), and a moderating variable(perceived voluntariness). The central claim of this article is that organizations hardly realize expected returns from OIS investments unless perceived voluntariness is effectively managed after operating OIS. As an example of OIS in this study we have selected the Intranet of Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF). ROKAF has implemented the Intranet in an attempt to improve communication and coordination within the organization. To test our research model and hypotheses, survey questionnaires were first sent out to 400 Intranet users. With the assistance of ROKAF, Intranet users were initially identified among its members, and subjects were randomly drawn from the pool. 377 survey responses were finally returned. The unit of measurement and analysis in this research is a personal level. Path analysis based on structural equation modeling was used to test research hypotheses. Construct validity represents accordance between the theoretical base concept of constructs and its measurement items. Tests for the reliability and discriminant validity are accepted, thus verifying our survey instrument. In this research, we have proposed a conceptual framework to highlight the importance of perceived voluntariness after organization deploys OIS. The results of our analysis present several key finding. First, all three independent variables (IT usage level, task interdependency, and organizational support) have significant effects on IS usage, which will eventually improve performance. Thus, IS usage plays a mediating role between antecedent variables (IT usage level. task interdependency, and organizational support) and performance improvement. Second, the effect of the task dependency was the highest for IS usage among the three antecedent variables. This is highly plausible since one of the Intranet's major capabilities is to facilitate communication among members within an organization. Accordingly, we conclude that the higher the task dependency, the higher Intranet usage. The effect of user's IT usage level was the second, while the effect of the organizational support was the third. Finally, the perceived voluntariness plays a pivotal role in enhancing perceived performance in personal level after launching the Intranet. Relationships among investigated variables were significantly different between groups with a high level and a low level of voluntariness. The impact of the Intranet usage on the performance was greater in the higher level voluntariness group than in the lower one. For the lower level voluntariness group, the user's IT usage had the highest effect on the Intranet usage among the three antecedent variables. In short, our study suggests that the higher the perceived voluntariness is the more IS usage will be. Perceived voluntariness was found to have a moderating effect on the relationships among user IT usage level, task interdependency, IS usage, and perceived performance, supporting all the hypotheses on the moderating effect. Most of all, user IT usage level has the strongest influence on IS usage, indicating that users with superior IT usage are more likely to enjoy a high level of perceived performance.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.43-50
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• 1976

This is the report of a food consumption survey of 193 members of 30 farm families in three rural villages of Korea. From a total of 188 households of the three villages, namely Wolgok in Kyunggi Do Province, Wachon in Kangwon Do Province, and Sobong in Cholla Namdo Province, 30 households were chosen for the survey. Four consecutive seasonal surveys, beginning in the autumn, November 1974 and finishing with the summer, August 1975, were made and each survey covered three consecutive days. The Precise Weighing Method was used in evaluating the kinds of food and nutrient intakes of the subjects. This method entails the accurate weighing of all foods by the investigator just prior to their consumption by the subjects under investigation. This survey was male to determine the actual food eaten by the members of these farm families at each season of the year, and to note any special differences in the foods consumed. The results obtained are summarized as follows: Food Intake The traditional ordinary diet of Korean farmers consists mainly of rice and other cereals as staple foods, and simple subsidary foods. The nutritional shortcomings of rice as a staple food are evident in the subclinical status of nutritional deficiencies. The mean consumption of cereals and their products was very high and it was more than half of the daily total food intake throughout all the seasons. The consumption of animal food, fruits, and fat by the farmers was very low. Fruit intake during winter and spring was almost nil. One of the special foods in the Korean dietary pattern is Kim-chi, a variety of pickled and fermented vegetables. The mean intake of Kim-chi during autumn and winter was very much higher than the other seasons. Korean farmers have difficulties in balanced year-round supply of food due to seasonality of food production and lack of food preservation. As nutrition problems of Korean farmers are highly influenced by seasonal variations, the expansion of an appropriate food preservation and storage programme should be encouraged. Special consideration should be given to new methods of preservation, the types of foods preserved, and production and consumption of nutritionally valuable foods for the improvement of the nutritional status in rural communities. Nutrient Intake Average adult rates for calorie and protein in the three study areas were 0.80 and 0.87 respectively, with little variations by villages. The adult caloric intake in averaged 2,928 kcal for autumn, 2,662 for winter, 2,673 for spring, and 2,760 for summer. Cereals contributed most of the total calories. In terms of the recommended daily dietary allowances for the Korean given by the Korea FAO Association, the diets in this survey were adequate except in the winter and spring. The protein intake averaged from 76.4 grams in autumn to 83.4 grams in summer and was near the recommended allowance, but a relatively large proportion of the total protein came from cereals and their products. The fat intake was unsatisfactory, ranging from 19.2 grams to 29.3 grams for the four seasons, and the consumption during farming season was higher than other seasons. It is apparent that the diet of the Korean farmers should be supplemented by calcium during autumn and winter. The highest calcium intake, with a mean of 583.5 milligrams, was recorded in summer. The mean intake of iron ranged from a low of 9.2 milligrams in the autumn to a high of 15.0 milligrams in the spring and it was satisfactory for all seasons. Among the vitamin group, the daily average intakes of vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, and ascorbic acid were lower than the desired intake throughout all the seasons. The mean vitamin A intake as ${\beta}-carotene$ ranged from a low of 2,807.8 IU to a high of 5,221.0 IU. The thiamine intake ranged from 0.98 milligrams to 1.19 milligrams, while mean riboflavin intake ranged from 0.92 milligrams to 1.13 milligrams. Ascorbic acid intake was 37.3 milligrams, the lowest, and the highest 47.8 milligrams. Niacin intake among Korean farmers was higher than the recommended allowance throughout all the seasons, and the mean intake ranged from 18.3 milligrams to 25.8 milligrams. The main character of the Korean farmers' diet has been found low in quality of protein and high in carbohydrate. Attention should be paid to the low intake of vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, and ascorbic acid among Korean farmers.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.72-78
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• 1981

1979년(年) 8월(月) 25일(日) 태풍(颱風) Judy 호(号)의 영향으로 진해지구(鎭海地区)는 일강우량(日降雨量) 465mm의 집중호우(集中豪雨)로 많은 산사태(山沙汰)가 발생하여 38명(名)의 인명사망(人命死亡)과 가옥(家屋), 농경지(農耕地)에 막대한 재산피해(財産被害)를 냈다. 기왕(既往)의 조사(調査)에 의하면 일강우량(日降雨量) 300mm 이상(以上)일때 산사태발생(山沙汰発生)의 위험이 있다고 하였으나 진해지구(鎭海地区)는 과거 27년간(年間)에 일강우량(日降雨量) 300mm 이상(以上)이 5회(回) 있었음에도 불구하고 한번도 산사태(山沙汰)가 발생(発生)한 기록(記錄)이 없었다. 이것은 이 지구(地区)에 있어서 산사태발생(山沙汰発生)에 관계(関係)되는 각인자(各因子)(강우(降雨), 지질(地質), 지형(地形), 삼림(森林))의 과거(過去)와 현재(現在)의 질적변화(質的変化)에 기인(基因)한다고 생각됨으로 이들의 인자(因子)와 산사태발생(山沙汰発生)의 관계(関係)를 알기 위하여 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 산사태개수(山沙汰個数)는 71개(個), 면적(面積)은 15.3ha 이다. 2. 지질(地質)에 있어서는 산사태개수중(山沙汰個数中) 안산암(安山岩) 및 화강암(花崗巖)에서 각각(各各) 89%, 11% 이며 면적(面積)은 안산암(安山岩) 및 화강암(花崗巖)에서 각각(各各) 45%, 55%가 발생하였다. 3. 경사(傾斜) $26^{\circ}{\sim}35^{\circ}$ 범위에서 산사태개수(山沙汰個数)는 44%, 면적(面積)은 55% 발생하여 가장 많고 9% 이하(以下) $41^{\circ}$ 이하(以下)에서는 발생하지 않았다. 사면형(斜面形)에서 보면 산사태개수(山沙汰個数)는 하강사면(下降斜面) 및 복합사면(複合斜面)에서 각각(各各) 52%, 46% 발생하여 타(他) 사면형(斜面形) 보다 많았다. 4. 임령(林令) 5~15년(年)에서 산사태개수(山沙汰個数)(2.19개(個)/100ha)및 면적(面積)(0.47ha/100ha)이 가장 많았고 임령(林令) 26년(年) 이상(以上)에서는 발생하지 않았다. 5. 산사태발생인자중(山沙汰発生因子中)(강우(降雨), 지질(地質), 지형(地形), 삼림(森林)) 인력(人力)으로서 그 형질(形質)을 변화(変化)시킬 수 있는 것은 삼림인자(森林因子)뿐이다. 5. 진해지구(鎭海地区)는 과거(過去) 많은 집중호우(集中豪雨)가 있었음에도 불구(不拘)하고 이번 처음 산사태(山沙汰)가 일어난 것은 과거와 현재의 삼림인자(森林因子)의 질적변화(質的変化)에 기인(起因)된다고 생각된다.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.133-140
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• 1999

본 연구에서는 외부조사 전자선에 대한 3 차원 선량계산 알고리즘 모델을 개발하기 위한 기초연구로서 기존의 2D 펜실빔 알고리즘을 확장시켜 3 차원 geometry를 적절히 고려할 수 있는 선량계산 모델을 개발하고자 한다. 선량계산 모듈은 IDL5.2(Reseach Systems Inc. 미국)를 사용하여 프로그램하였으며, Hogstrom의 펜실빔 모델에 의한 선량계산에 필요한 중심축 상의 깊이선량분포는 Siemens M6740의 12MeV 전자선에 대한 측정치를 사용하였고, 전자선의 공기 및 불에서의 선형저지능 (linear stopping power), 선형산란능 (linear scattering power) 은 ICRU 보고서 35로부터 인용하여 사용하였다. 선량계산의 정확도를 확인하기 위하여 정형 조사면에 대한 선량분포 공기 간격 효과 인체 외곽 보정에 대해 전리함, 필름 등을 사용하여 얻은 측정값과 비교, 분석하였다. PC(Pentium III 450MHz) 상에서 프로그램 실행 결과 단일 조사 빔에 대한 선량계산에 약 120초가 소요되어, 선량계산 알고리즘의 최적화를 통한 선량계산 시간 단축이 필요하다 하겠다. 선량 평가에 대한 비교 결과, 정형 및 비정형 조사변에 대한 선량분포는 선량변화가 급격한 반음영 (penumbra) 영역에서 $\pm$3mm 이내의 오차를 보였으며, 측방 선량분포에 따른 비교 결과, 측정치와 5% 이내에서 일치하였다. 또한 공기 간격 및 인체 외곽선 보정의 경우, $\pm$10% 내외에서 측정값과 일치하였다. 결론적으로, 전자선에 대한 2 차원 펜실빔 모델을 확장하여 3 차원 치료계획에 적합하게 3 차원상의 임의의 단변 선량계산이 가능하도록 구현되었다. 또한 비정형 조사변에 대한 선량계산 뿐만 아니라, 인체외곽 및 공기 간격 등과 같이 3 차원적 geometry에 대한 보정이 필요한 경우에 대하여도 이를 선량계산 시 적절히 고려함을 확인할 수 있었다. 추후, CT를 통한 비균질 보정방식을 구현할 계획이며, 이들 선량계산 모듈은 교육 및 연구용으로 적절히 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.488-494
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• 2010

서 론 : 모유은행이란 모집한 기증자들로부터 모유를 수집하고, 처리하고, 부적절한 것은 폐기하며, 저장하는 일을 하고, 모유를 필요로 하는 사람들에게 모유를 제공하는 일을 한다. 전국규모의 모유은행을 운영하기 시작하여 2년의 경험에 대해 보고하고자 한다. 방 법 : 2007년 8월부터 2009년 8월까지 2년 동안, 동서신의학병원 모유은행의 기증자 분석, 기증량, 가공량, 수혜자 분석, 수혜량 등을 조사하였다. 결 과 : 총 기증자는 신규자 131명, 지속 기증자 39명이었고, 기증 횟수는 신규자가 341회, 지속 기증자가 127회 이었으며, 1달 평균 기증 횟수는 신규자 2.6회, 지속 기증자 3.3회이었다. 기증자의 지역분포는 서울 경기 지역이 79% 이었고, 연령은 20대 37%, 30대 60%, 기증자의 직업은 주부 60%, 회사원 35%, 기증자의 기증 동기는 인터넷 66%, TV 방송 매체가 14%, 분만 후 기증 개시 시기는 3개월 이내: 57%, 4-6개월이 29%이었다. 총 수집 2,736 L, 가공양은 1,979 L이었다. 누적 수혜자는 미숙아 신생아를 포함한 영아가 160명, 성인이 21명이었고 수혜 횟수는 영아가 337회, 성인이 41회 이었다. 총 수혜량은 영아에서 1,663 L, 성인이 179 L 이었다. 수혜자의 특징은 지역적으로 서울 경기가 82%, 수혜자의 연령에서 영아인 경우 3개월 미만이 50%, 4-6개월이 30% 이었고, 성인에서는 20-39세 40%, 60세 이상이 40%, 이었다. 수혜 이유로 아동 측에서는 환경여건, 영아질환, 아토피, 모유수유 거부 등이 있었고, 산모 측의 이유로는 모성질환, 모유량 감소 등이 있었다. 성인의 경우 전부 악성 종양에 의한 음식섭취 곤란에서 모유수유를 원하는 경우이었다. 동 병원의 NICU에서 필요한 환아 자신의 엄마 모유를 공급하는데 본 모유은행이 역할을 하였다. 결 론 : 타인의 남는 모유를 위생학적으로 안전하고, 의학적으로도 검정된 방법으로 수집, 가공, 보관하여 모유수유가 필요한 미숙아, 신생아, 영아와 일부 모유를 필요로 하는 성인에서 제공하는 모유은행의 역할을 인식할 수 있었으며, 전국적으로 규모를 확대하는 국가지원의 제도적 뒷받침이 필요하다고 사료된다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.49-57
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• 1983

우리나라의 주요침엽수재(主要針葉樹材)인 잣나무, 소나무 및 낙엽송재(落葉松材)와 주요활엽수재인 졸참나무와 자작나무재(材)를 사용(使用)하여 MMA단량체(單量體)를 각 용매계(溶媒系)로 주입(注入) 가열중합(加熱重合)하여 만든 복합목재(複合木材)에 있어서의 그 침투상태(浸透狀態)를 조사(調査)하였으며 또 한편으로는 polymer와 물성(物性)과의 관계(關係)를 보는 하나의 지표(指標)로서 팽윤효과(澎潤效果)가 다른 3종(種)의 용매(溶媒)를 사용(使用)하여 만든 잣나무의 WPC에 대하여 polymer의 함유량(含有量)이 치수안전성에 미치는 영향(影響)을 조사(調査)하였으며 그것을 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 4.1 침엽수재(針葉樹材)의 주입(注入) 1) 목구면(木口面)의 주입(注入)은 비교적(比較的) 용이(容易)하며 판목면(板目面)과 정목면(柾目面)의 주입(注入)은 주입시간(注入時間)을 연장하여도 목구면주입(木口面注入)에 미치지 못하였으며 따라서 침투성의 크기는 목구면(木口面)>판목면(板目面)>정목면(柾目面)의 순위(順位)였다. 2) 침엽수재(針葉樹材)의 주입(注入)에 있어서는 잣나무의 주입(注入)이 비교적(比較的) 용이(容易)하였으나 낙엽송재(落葉松材)의 침투는 곤란(困難)하였으며 특(特)히 낙엽송재(落葉松材)의 심재(心材)는 더욱 곤란(困難)하였다. 3) 심재(心材)의 방사조직(放射組織)의 침투는 비교적(比較的) 어려웠으며 판목면주입(板目面注入)에서는 이 영향이 더욱 현저하였고 변재(邊材)와 심재(心材)와의 침투성에 많은 차이(差異)가 있었다. 4) 침엽수재(針葉樹材)의 목구면(木口面)의 주입(注入)에 있어서는 일반적(一般的)으로 추재부가도관(秋材部假導管)이 춘재부가도관(春材部假導管)보다 단량체(單量體)의 주입(注入)이 용이(容易)하였으며 polymer로 충만된 가도관(假導管)의 구성비율(構成比率)이 컸다. 5) MMA무용매(無溶媒)의 주입(注入)이 비교적 용이(容易)한 반면(反面)에 merhanol 계(系)에 있어서는 어누 주입면(注入面)에 있어서나 침투량이 적었고 따라서 polymer로 충만된 가도관(假導管)의 비율(比率)도 적었다. 6) 잣나무의 목구면(木口面)의 주입(注入)에 있어서는 알콜 벤젠추출(抽出)에 의한 전처리(前處理)의 효과(效果)는 없었으나 판목면주입(板目面注入)에 있어서는 그 효과(效果)가 현저하였다. 이것은 가도관(假導管)의 유록막공(有綠膜孔)의 침투성(浸透性)이 추출(抽出)에 의하여 향상(向上)되는 것으로 보이고 있다. 4.2 활엽수재의 주입(注入) 7) 활엽수재의 주입(注入)에 있어서도 주입면(注入面)에 의한 침투성의 크기는 목구면(木口面)>판목면(板目面)>정목면(柾目面)의 순이었다. 8) 졸참나무의 목구면주입(木口面(注入)에 있어서는 변재(邊材)와 심재간(心材間)의 침투성의 차이(差異)가 현저(顯著) (변재부(邊材部) > 심재부(心材部))하였으나 자작나무에 있어서는 변심재간(邊心材間)의 차이가 현저(顯著)하지 않았다. 이것은 침투성을 좌우(左右)하는 tylosis의 조부(存否)에 기인(起因)하는 것으로 생각되고 있다. 9) 일반적(一般的)으로 활엽수재에 있어서는 환공성수종(環孔性樹種)은 산공성수종(散孔性樹種)보다 polymer의 침투가 비교적 용이(容易)하였다. 4.3 치수안정성(安定性) 10) 팽윤효과(澎潤效果)가 서로 다른 각(各) 용매(溶媒) 계(系)와 ASE와의 관계에 있어서 dioaane 계(系)이고 methane계(系)가 가장 컸으며 그 다음이 benzene계(系)이고 methanol계(系)가 가장 작은 ASE를 나타냈다. 11) 재중(材中)에 주입(注入)된 polymer의 함유량(含有量)이 ASE와의 관계(關係)에 있어서는 plymer의 함유량(含有量)이 증가(增加)함에 따라 ASE는 거의 직선적(直線的)으로 증가(增價)되는 비례관계(比例關係)가 있었다. 12) 한편 재중(在中)에 주입(注入)된 polymer의 함유량(含有量)이 증가(增加)함에 따라 흡습성(吸濕性)과 흡수성(吸收性)으로 직선적(直線的)으로 감소(減少)되는 반비례(反比例)의 관계(關係)를 나타내고 있었다. 이와같은 현상(現象)은 전자(前者)의 경우는 세포내강(細胞內腔)에 주입(注入)된 polymer가 일종(一種)의 벽(壁)을 형성(形成)하여 수분(水分)이 세포벽(細胞壁)에 흡수(吸收)되는 것을 저지하고 있기 때문이며 후자(後者)의 경우는 세포내강(細胞內腔)의 충전효과(充塡效果)인 것으로 생각되고 있다.