• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.3 s.63
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• pp.135-145
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• 2005

Objectives : This study investigated effect of Evodiae fructus water extract (EVOR) on apoptotic cell death induced by NaCN in SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cell lines. NaCN stimulates glutamate release which can activate glutamate receptors to initiate excitotoxic processes. This study examines the role of EVOR in mediating NaCN-induced cytotoxicity. Methods & Results : Cytotoxicity was assessed by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the culture media. NaCN(0.1mM) produced cytotoxicity following 12hrs of incubation. NaCN-induced cytotoxicity was partially blocked by EVOR. The treatment of EVOR in simultaneous exposure of cultures to NaCN provided complete protection against cytotoxicity. NaCN-induced cytotoxicity was found to inhibit DNA fragmentation, repaired by cell cycle and simultaneous exposure to NaCN, regenerated with neurite outgrowh by EVOR. These results indicate thaf damage by NaCN in neumnal cell cultures was repaired by EVOR, whereas NaCN-induced cytotoxicity is blocked Primarily by activation of anti-apoptosis. Conclusions : These results suggest that EVOR may be beneficial for the treatment of dementia and other degenerative problems of the central nervous system.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.774-781
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• 2011

Nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid are used for acid pickling in zirconium alloy tubing manufacturing process. Nitrate and fluoride in the wastewater were treated by chemical coagulation and SOD (Sulfur Oxidation Denitrification) process. This study is investigated the effect of fluoride concentration and the optimal condition for SOD process. The limited fluoride concentration for SOD process was below 20 mg F-/L. The adjusted pH and alkalinity by NaOH and $NaHCO_3$ was shown to be more effective for removal of nitrate compared with using NaOH. Furthermore, the microbial activator mixed trace elements and ingredient for alkalinity did not only supplement with alkalinity but also enhance the growth and proliferation for sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. As a result, the inorganic industrial wastewater was successfully treated by the microbial activator in SOD process without continuous addition of seed sludge. Finally, SOD process was shown to remove nitrate in industrial wastewater and to contribute the microbial activator for activation of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria.

• Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 2017

Objectives The Behavioral Activation of Depression Scale (BADS) has been reported to be a valid tool for assessing the different behavioral aspects of depression, such as activation, rumination or avoidance, and functional impairment. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the Korean version of BADS (K-BADS). Methods A sample of 196 outpatients completed the K-BADS and the data were analyzed for internal consistency and factor structures. An additional 51 outpatients re-filled the K-BADS after two weeks for the test-retest reliability. To test for the validity, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Working Alliance Inventory (WAI), Drug Attitude Inventory-10 (DAI-10), and Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) were administered. Results Internal consistency of K-BADS was good (Cronbach's alpha=0.843) and principal component factor analysis revealed the four-factor structure. The K-BADS showed a reasonable test-retest reliability (r=0.863, p<0.001). The total score of K-BADS correlated significantly with the total scores of the HADS depression (r=-0.694) and HADS anxiety (r=-0.681). No correlations were found between the K-BADS and the K-WAI (r=0.170) and between the K-BADS and the K-DAI-10 (r=0.311). Conclusion The K-BADS is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring the behavioral activation for depression in Korean patients with depressive symptoms.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.155-160
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• 2003

Neutral salt soluble [0.9% NaCl (Fr. NaCl)], hot water soluble (Fr. HW) and methanol soluble (Fr. MeOH) materials were extracted from Paecilomyces sinclairii. In vitro cytotoxicity tests. Fr. HW was not cytotoxic against MH3T3, Sarcoma 180 and HepG2 cancer cell lines at the concentration of $0{\sim}2,000\;{\mu}g/ml$, while HT-29 cell line was cytotoxic at the concentration of $100\;{\mu}g/ml$. Fr. NaCl and Fr. MeOH were slightly cytotoxic to the cell lines. Intraperitoneal injection with Fr. NaCl and Fr. MeOH exhibited antitumor activity with life prolongation effect of 32.3% in mice inoculated with Sarcoma 180. Fr. NaCl improved proliferation of spleen cells and the immunopotentiation activity of B lymphocyte by increasing spleen cell numbers and the alkaline phosphatase activity by $2.4{\sim}2.6\;and\;2.7{\sim}3.9$ folds, respectively. Fr. NaCl generated $89\;{\mu}M$ of nitric oxide (NO) when cultured with RAW 264.7, a mouse macrophage cell line, at the concentration of $50\;{\mu}g/ml$, while iipopolysaccharide, a positive control, produced $79\;{\mu}M$. The Fr. NaCl showed the hightest antitumor effect and activation of B lymphocytes and macrophage. From these results, antitumor effect of P. sinclaitii was likely due to immunopotentiation activity.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.64-70
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• 2007

In this experiment we transformed the Ca-bentonite into Na-bentonite with two inorganic Na-chemicals under different temperatures. These two Na-chemicals were selected among five different Na-chemicals which carries Na as cation. The swelling capacity of the Na chemical-treated bentonite was increased with increasing Na concentration, while the maximum concentration of Na solution decreased with increasing temperature. $Na_2CO_3$ was most effective in exchanging Ca ions and resulting in the highest swelling index among the Na-chemicals. The swelling index was significantly increased with increasing temperature to $100^{\circ}C$. But the equilibration time reversely affected the swelling index due to a rapid increase in evaporation of water. Within same amount of Na treatment SI slightly decreased not only with increasing contacting time but also with increasing temperature. The adsorption for the transformed Na-bentonite was increased with increasing equilibrium concentrations of Pb and Cd ions for all the activated Na-B and indigenous Ca-B and Na-B while the adsorbability of $Pb^{2+}$ onto each Na-B sample is more than that of $Cd^{2+}$. And the maximum adsorption capacity sequence of Na-B samples for Pb and Cd has been found to be 5 % $Na_2CO_3.$ - 5 % $NaHCO_3$ > 3 % $NaHCO_3$ > 3 % $Na_2CO_3$ > 1 % $NaHCO_3$ > 1 % $Na_2CO_3$ > indigenous Na-B > indigenous Ca-B, showing that there are contradictory results about the relationship of cation adsorption to CEC.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1987.06a
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• pp.38-46
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• 1987

The present study was undertaken to determine the inhibitory effects of orally administered ginseng saponins (GS), protopanaxadiol saponins(PD) and protopanaxatriol saponins(PT) on the development of morphine induced tolerance and physical dependence in mice, and to determine the increases in the loss of morphine tolerance and dependence. The study also sought to determine the hepatic glutathione contents, which are closely related to the degree of detoxication of morphinone, a novel metabolite of morphine, and the effects of ginseng saponins on morphine 6-dehydrogenase. The results of the present study showed that GS, PD and PT administered orally inhibited the development of morphine-induced tolerance and dependence. GS, PD and PT, however, increased the loss of morphine tolerance and dependence. GS, PD and PT inhibited the reduction of hepatic glutathione concentration in mice treated chronically with morphine, and the activity of morphine 6-dehydrogenase. So we hypothesized that these results were partially due to the dual action of the test drugs, the inhibition of morphine production and the activation in morphine-glutathione conjugation due to the increased glutathione level for detoxication.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 1997

The electrolytic boronizing on carbon steels in the mixture of $Na_2B_4O_7$ and NaCl was conducted at 750~$950^{\circ}C$ for 1~6 hours under 0.5A/$\textrm{cm}^2$ current density. The micorostructrure and microheredness of boronized layer was also studien. The effect of the additive such as $CaCl_2$ or NaOH on the formation of boronized layer was also investigated. The boronized layer were composed of two sublayers, i.e., FeB and $Fe_2B$ , which have tooth structure. the average layer thinknesses of the low carbon steel and SM45C boronized at $900^{\circ}C$ for 4hours were 153 and 138 $\mu\textrm{m}$, respectively. The thickness of the twosublayers was significantly increased with increasing boronizing temperature. To obtain a single $Fe_2B$ layer without FeB sublayer, the boronized materials ware homegenized at $950^{\circ}C$ for 4 hours. It was fount that the single layer with a microhardness Hv$\thickapprox$ 1120 -1250 was formed. The calculated activation energies for formation of boronized layer on the low carbon steel and SM45C were 18.7 and 12.6 Kcal/mol, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.143-147
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• 2013

Ginsenoside Rp1 is one of ginseng saponins with chemotherapeutic activity. In this study, we investigated the effects of Rp1 on spleen cells. Spleen is a major immune organ consisted of crucial immune cells, such as T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and some antigen-presenting cells. Although the anti-tumor potential of Rp1 was studied, the effects of Rp1 on immune cells have not investigated yet. A viability assay using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), flow cytometric analysis, Western blot analysis were used to detect cellular changes on Rp1-treated spleen cells. MTT assay showed that Rp1 decreased the viability of spleen cells. To further investigate the effects of Rp1 on activated spleen cells, we treated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a representative inflammatory agent and Rp1 on spleen cells in a combination. The surface expression levels of activation markers for lymphocytes, CD25 and CD69 were measured. Apoptotic analysis revealed the cytotoxic effects of Rp1 on both na$\ddot{i}$ve and activated cells, and the expression pattern of some apoptosis-related proteins was correlated to apoptotic events of cells. Taken together, ginsenoside Rp1 increases the cellular death of spleen cells and also inhibits the LPS-induced activation of spleen cells.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.567-575
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• 1987

Fourty five ancient Korean glass pieces have been determined for 19 elements such as Ag, As, Br, Ce, Co, Cr, Eu, Fe, Hf, K, La, Lu, Na, Ru, Sb, Sc, Sm, Th and Zn, and for one such as Pb by instrumental neutron activation analysis and by atomic absorption spectrometry, respectively. The multivariate data have been analyzed for the relation among elemental contents through the variance-covariance matrix. The data have been further analyzed by a principal component mapping method. As the results training set of 5 class have been chosen, based on the spread of sample points in an eigen vector plot and archaeological data. The 5 training set consisting of 36 species and a test set consisting of 9 species bave finally been analyzed for the assignment to certain classes or outliers through the statistical isolinear multiple component analysis (SIMCA). The results have showed the whole species for 5 training set and 3 species in the test set are assigned appropriately and these are in accord with the results by principal component mapping.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.249-252
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• 2004

Effects of HA and TiN coating on the electrochemical characteristics of Ti-6AI-4V alloys for bone plates were investigated using various test methods. Ti-6AI-4V alloys were fabricated by using a vacuum induction furnace and bone plates were made by laser cutting and polishing. HA was made of extracted tooth sintered and then tooth ash was used as HA coating target. The TiN and HA film coating on the surface were carried on using electron-beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) method. The corrosion behaviors of the samples were examined through potentiodynamic method in 0.9% NaCI solutions at $36.5\pm$$1^{\circ}C$ and corrosion surface was observed using SEM and XPS. The surface roughness of TiN coated bone plates was lower than that of tooth ash coated plates. The structure of TiN coated layer showed the columnar structure and tooth ash coated layer showed equiaxed and anisotrophic structure. The corrosion potential of the TiN coated specimen is comparatively high. The active current density of TiN and tooth ash coated alloy showed the range of about $1.0xl0^{-5}$ $A\textrm{cm}^2$, whereas that of the non-coated alloy was$ 1.0xl0^{-4}$ $A\textrm{cm}^2$. The active current densities of HA and TiN coated bone plates were smaller than that of non-coated bone plates in 0.9% NaCl solution. The pitting potential of TiN and HA coated alloy is more drastically increased than that of the non-coated alloy. The pit number and pit size of TiN and HA coated alloy decreased in compared with those of non-coated alloy. For the coated samples, corrosion resistance increased in the order of TiN coated, tooth ash coated, and non-coated alloy.