• Clean Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.193-199
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• 2023

Biomass has been used to secure renewable energy certificates (REC) in domestic and overseas coal-fired power plants. In recent years, biofuel has been diversified from traditional wood pellets to non-woody biomass. Non-woody biomass has a higher content of alkaline metals such as K and Na than wood-based biomass, resulting in a lower melting point and an increase in slagging on boiler tubes, which reduces boiler efficiency. This study analyzed the effect of kaolin, an additive commonly used to increase melting points, on biomass co-firing to coal through thermochemical equilibrium calculations. In a previous experiment on biomass co-firing to coal conducted at 80 kW_th, it was interpreted that the use of kaolin actually increased the amount of fouling. In this study, analysis showed that when kaolin was added, aluminosilicate compounds were generated due to Al₂O₃, which is abundant in coal, and mullite was formed. Thus, it was confirmed that the amount of slag increased when more kaolin was used. Further analysis was conducted by increasing the biomass co-firing rate from 0% to 100% at 10% intervals, and the results showed non-linear liquid slag generation. As a result, it was found that the least amount of liquid slag was generated when the biomass co-firing rate was between 50 and 60%. The phase diagram analysis showed that high melting point compounds such as leucite and feldspar were most abundantly generated under these conditions.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.147-155
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• 2014

This study is conducted to investigate the yield of extract, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoid compound contents, free radical scavenging activities (DPPH assay, ABTS assay), reducing power (Oyaizu's assay, FRAP assay) and antimicrobial activities of spinach according to various cooking methods (non-blanched, blanched, seasoned). The yield of non-blanched spinach is 1.64% and the extract yield of blanched spinach is 1.49%, and on the other hand, the yield of seasoned spinach is 6.01%. Total polyphenol contents of seasoned spinach is recorded as $124.31{\pm}1.37mg$ GAE/100 g FW, non-blanched spinach $51.24{\pm}0.27mg$ GAE/100 g FW, and blanched spinach $42.48{\pm}0.53mg$ GAE/100 g FW. From the total flavonoids, seasoned spinach extracts ($15.60{\pm}0.20mg$ CE/100 g FW) showed higher total flavonoid contents than non-blanched. Total antioxidant activities (DPPH assay, ABTS assay, FRAP assay, reducing power) are shown to be in the order of seasoned spinach > non-blanched spinach > blanched spinach. In the antimicrobial activities, non-blanched spinach (5, 10 mg/disc) showed antimicrobial activity against S. enterica and P. aeruginosa. The inhibition zone diameter from extracts of blanched spinach has not been detected. Seasoned spinach indicated antimicrobial activity only against P. aeruginosa (8.15 mm) at 10 mg/disc. If we are to eat a lot of non-blanched spinach, it would cause calculus. Blanching helps to prevent against calculus, since the blanching process can remove various amounts of oxalic acids. The overall results of this study demonstrate that seasoned cooked spinach would be the most efficient way of ingestion to consume antioxidant compounds.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2011

The current work was carried out to investigate the effect of crossbred Korean native chickens (KNC) on fatty acid, amino acid and nucleotide-related compounds contents of chicken meat. A total of 360 male chicks (1d of age) was used in this work and were divided 4 groups as A) (KNC egg-meat type C strains ${\times}$ KNC meat type S strains) ${\times}$ Ross broiler, B) (KNC egg-meat type C strains ${\times}$ KNC meat type H strains) ${\times}$ KNC meat type S strains, C) (KNC native R strains ${\times}$ KNC meat type S strains) ${\times}$ KNC meat type H strains and D(White Semibroiler Chickens) strains for 5 weeks at the flat house. Palmitic acid and vaccenic acid were highest in C strain meat, and myristic acid and linolenic acid were lowest in A strain meat (p<0.05). Saturated fatty acid was lowest in C strain meats (p<0.05). Valine, leucine, phenylalanine and lysine of essential acid were low in A strain meat. Cystine, aspartic acid, glycine, alanine and proline were also low in A strain meat. Hypoxanthin (Hx) was high compared other strains at 5 weeks and low at 10 weeks. IMP was high compared other strains at 5 and 10 weeks. AMP has not significant difference among strains at 5 weeks but B strain was high other strains at 10 weeks. These results showed that C stain was excellent on the fact of nutrients compared to other strains. Consequently, the result of this work gave the basic data that needed to develope the new strains.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.110-116
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• 2016

In this study, the antioxidative activity and functional food activities of water and ethanol extracts from Pinus densiflora root were examined. It was more effective to use ethanol than water when extracting phenolic compounds. The extracted phenolic compounds from Pinus densiflora root for biological activities were examined. The phenolic compounds extracted with water and 80% EtOH were $1.86{\pm}0.04mg/g$ and $6.85{\pm}0.16mg/g$, respectively. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of water and EtOH were each 86% and 85% at $100{\mu}g/mL$ phenolics, respectively. ABTS radical decolorization activity was 48% in water and 68% in EtOH at $200{\mu}g/mL$. Antioxidant Protection Factor (PF) were 1.74 PF in water and 1.96 PF in EtOH at $50{\mu}g/mL$. TBARs of water and EtOH were 93% and 98%, respectively at $100{\mu}g/mL$. The inhibition activity on xanthine oxidase was 83.7% in water extracts and 79.6% in ethanol extracts. Inhibition on xanthine oxidase of water and ethanol extracts showed a higher inhibition effect than allopurinol. The inhibition activity on ${\alpha}$-glucosidase was 14.8% in water extracts and 91.6% in ethanol extracts. The result suggests that P. densiflora root extracts may be useful as as functional food material.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.253-259
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• 2011

In this studies, contents and activities of antioxidative substances in the fruits of a pear cultivar and five Korean wild pear lines were investigated. The content of total phenolic compounds was highest with Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta "Shingo" (7.68 $mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$, D.W.) while total flavonoids was highest with P. ussuriensis var. acidula (5.66 $mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$, D.W.). The contents of total polyphenols and flavonoids varied according to plant species, but in general pyrifolia lines had higher total polyphenols than total flavonoids whereas in ussuriensis lines total flavonoid contents were higher than total polyphenols. The scavenging effects of DDPH radicals was highest with highest with P. ussuriensis var. seoulensis ($RC_{50}$=1.45 $mg{\cdot}mL^{-1}$) and that of ABTS radicals was highest with P. ussuriensis var. acidula ($RC_{50}$=0.69 $mg{\cdot}mL^{-1}$). A pear cultivar "Shingo" showed highest total polyphenol content, but scavenging activity of DDPH and ABTS radicals was lowest. The fruits of P. ussuriensis var. seoulensis contained low level of phenolic compounds, but their scavenging effects on two radicals was superior. Ferrous ion chelating effect was high in P. pyrifolia var. culta (98.93%), and in P. ussuriensis var. sinensis (68.71%), but two species had low scavenging activity. The content of phenolic compounds in wild pears was not always directly proportional to the radical scavenging activity. Neither radical scavenging activity was to ferrous ion chelating activity. In conclusion the fruits of P. ussuriensis var. acidula, P. ussuriensis var. seoulensis, and P. ussuriensis var. sinensis had great potential for the development of new antioxidative functional food because their antioxidative activity is higher or at least similar to P. pyrifolia var. culta. However, due to their different levels of antioxidative effects, the development of methods of using them jointly, not singly, to obtain maximum level of antioxidants is recommended.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.37-48
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• 2021

A new high speed rotation type-passive sampling device (HSR-PSD), which can rotate seawater at high speed and absorb easily and quickly the freely dissolved hydrophobic organic contaminants from seawater, was developed and then applied around the Korean Peninsula. Freely dissolved concentrations (Cfree) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined using the HSR-PSD with low density polyethylene (LDPE) sheets as a passive sampler. Furthermore, dissolved concentrations (Cdissolved) of PAHs in seawater were also obtained from high volume water sampling as a conventional method to account for actual bioavailability. When the LDPE sheets were rotated in the HSR-PSD at 900 rpm, PAHs with log KOW 3.4 ~ 5.2 were equilibrated between the LDPE and water in 5 hours. Although the high molecular weight PAHs with log KOW 5.6 ~ 6.8 was expected to be 2 to 30 days to reach the equilibrium, the Cfree of the PAHs at equilibrium could be corrected using performance reference compounds in 5 hours. Meanwhile, the total Cfree of PAHs were from 0.32 to 1.2 ng/L, which were higher than reported values in other oceans, but lower than in coastal water such as estuary, harbor, or shore. A bioavailability from the detected PAHs was highest at the sampling line near the dumping site of the Yellow Sea. Predicted residual concentrations in biota were relatively higher in offshore including the dumping site than in coastal regions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.11
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• pp.603-610
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• 2016

This work studies the synthesis of birnessite (${\delta}-MnO_2$), a catalyst of oxidative-coupling reactions, from the powder of spent alkaline manganese batteries (SABP, <8 mesh) and evaluate its reactivity for 1-naphthol (1-NP) removals. Manganese oxides using commercial reagents ($MnSO_4$, $MnCl_2$) and the acid birnessite (A-Bir) by McKenzie method were also synthesized, and their crystallinity and reactivity for 1-NP were compared with one another. 96% Mn and 98% Zn were extracted from SABP by acid leaching at the condition of solid/liquid (S/L) ratio 1:10 in $1.0M\;H_2SO_4+10.5%\;H_2O_2$ at $60^{\circ}C$. From the acid leaching solution, 69% (at pH 8) and 94.3% (pH>13) of Mn were separated by hydroxide precipitation. Optimal OH/Mn mixing ratio (mol/mol) for the manganese oxide (MO) synthesis by alkaline (NaOH) hydrothermal techniques was 6.0. Under this condition, the best 1-NP removal efficiency was observed and XRD analysis confirmed that the MOs are corresponding to birnessite. Kinetic constants (k, at pH 6) for the 1-NP removals of the birnessites obtained from Mn recovered at pH 8 (${Mn^{2+}}_{(aq)}$) and pH>13 ($Mn(OH)_{2(s)}$) are 0.112 and $0.106min^{-1}$, respectively, which are similar to that from $MnSO_4$ reagent ($0.117min^{-1}$). The results indicated that the birnessite prepared from the SABP as a raw material could be used as an oxidative-coupling catalyst for removals of trace phenolic compounds in soil and water, and propose the recycle scheme of SAB for the birnessite synthesis.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.243-248
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• 1998

Ark shell was known as shellfish that had hemoglobin as blood pigment and the action of mecidine, was consumed the great part of it as raw material, though it was produced about 13,000 M/T per year. Ark shell was processed the infinitesimal quantity as conned product, bout canned ark shell had problem that occurrenced discoloration after heat treatment during processing and storage. This discoloration mechanism during processing and storage was not cleared. This study was carried out to understand characteristics of the hemoglobin as blood pigment and carotenoid as meat pigment in ark shell and management of proper processing conditions for prevention of oxidation and discoloration by thermal treatment. When treated by digestion of 0.1% BHA, 0.1% Tenox-II, 0.5% Na2EDTA, 0.05% NDGA and 3% salt soln., 0.1% BHA solution was most suitable for stability of carotenoid that the retention ratio of carotenoids were 63.1% after heating to 116$^{\circ}C$ for 120 minutes. In preparation of canned ark shell and storage at 37$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$ for 60 days, the chemical composition, pH and salinity ere stable. And contents of total carotenoid were decreased slightly from 0.83mg% to 0.727mg%. The viable cell count were 6.92$\times$103 cfu/ml at raw ark shell, after processed and storage were not detected. The predominant amino acids in the raw ark shell were glutamic acid(19.7%), arginine(16.0%), glycine(12.6%), alanine(12.2%) and aspartic acid(7.6%). When 60 days stored, the contents of amino acid were stable. And the predominant nuclotide and their related compounds in the raw ark shell were hypoxanthine(2.14$\mu$mol/g), IMP(1.94$\mu$mol/g) and ATP(0.87$\mu$mol/g), and storage at 37$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$ for 60 days, the quantity order were same as raw material.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1286-1293
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the biological activity and hepatoprotective effect of various fractions and isolated compounds from Kochiae fructus (KF) extract on D-galactosamine (GaIN)-intoxicated rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, GaIN treated group (GaIN), GaIN plus KF methanol extract treated group (KFM 200-GaIN), GaIN plus KF butanol extract treated group (KFB 200-GaIN), GaIN plus momordin Ic treated group (Momordin Ic 30-GaIN) and GaIN plus oleanolic acid treated group (Oleanolic acid 30-GaIN). KFM (200 mg/kg BW), KFB (200 mg/kg BW), momordin Ic (30 mg/kg BW) and oleanolic acid (30 mg/kg BW) were orally administered once a day for 14 days. GaIN (400 mg/kg BW) was injected at 30 minutes after the final administration of the compounds. The activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were increased in the GaIN group compared to the control group and significantly lower in the KFB 200-GaIN, momordin Ic 30-GaIN and oleanolic acid 30-GaIN group than in the GaIN group. Hepatic lipid peroxide level was increased in the GaIN group compared to the control group and was lower in the KFM 200-GaIN, KFB 200-GaIN, momordin Ic 30-GaIN and oleanolic acid 30-GaIN group than in the GaIN group. Activities of xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase in liver were higher in the GaIN group than in the control group and were significantly decreased in the KFB 200-GaIN, momordin Ic 30-GaIN and oleanolic acid 30-GaIN group compared to the GaIN group. Hepatic glutathione, ${\gamma}$-glutamylcysteine synthetase and catalase activities were decreased in the GaIN group compared to the control group and were higher in the KFB 200-GaIN, momordin Ic 30-GaIN and oleanolic acid 30-GaIN group than in the GaIN group. Activities of hepatic glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were lower in the GaIN group than in the control group and were improved in the KFM 200-GaIN, KFB 200-GaIN, momordin Ic 30-GaIN and oleanolic acid 30-GaIN group compared to the GaIN group. Therefore, the current results indicate that momordin Ic administration alleviated the GaIN-induced adverse effect through enhancing the antioxidant enzyme activities.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.565-570
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to report a clinical case of a patient with CIPN (Chemotherapy Induced Peripheral Neuropathy) successfully treated with Korean medicine interventions including acupuncture, herbal medicine and moxibustion. The patient is a female with CIPN who was diagnosed with ascending colon cancer and suffering from paresthesia of extremities after chemotherapy of platinum compounds. The patient was treated mainly with electroacupuncture (Ex-LE 10), indirect moxibustion and herbal medicine (Ucha-Shinki-hwan granule). The clinical outcomes were measured by NCI CTCAE grade, EORTC QLQ-C30 (CIPN20) scale and patient's assessment of symptoms. In this case, the NCI CTCAE grade was improved from II to I. The scores of global health status and functional scale in QLQ-C30 were increased and symptom scale was decreased. Especially, this case shows a noticeable decrease in sensory scale in QLQ-CIPN20. In patient's general assessment, the scale was changed from 10 to 5. Korean medical interventions including acupuncture, herbal medicine and moxibustion could potentially be an effective treatment for CIPN if further researches are conducted.