• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.80-85
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• 2005

Electrochemical control of the metabolic flux of W. kimchii sk10 on glucose and pyruvate was studied. The growing cell of W. kimchii sk10 produced 87.4 mM lactate, 69.3 mM ethanol, and 4.9mM lactate from 83.1mM glucose under oxidation condition of the anode compartment, but 98.9 mM lactate, 84.3mM ethanol, and 0.2 mM acetate were produced from 90.8 mM glucose under reduction condition of the cathode compartment for 24 h, respectively. The resting cell of W. kimchii sk10 produced 15.9 mM lactate and 15.2 mM acetate from 32.1 mM pyruvate under oxidation condition of the anode compartment, and 71.3 mM lactate and 3.8 mM acetate from 79.8mM pyruvate under reduction condition of the cathode compartment. The redox balance (NADH/$NAD^+$) of metabolites electrochemically produced from pyruvate was 1.05 and 18.76 under oxidation and reduction conditions, respectively. On the basis of these results, we suggest that the neutral red (NR) immobilized in bacterial membrane can function as an electron channel for the electron transfer between electrode and cytoplasm without dissipation of membrane potential, and that the bacterial fermentation of W. kimchii sk10 can be shifted to oxidized or reduced pathways by the electrochemical oxidation or reduction, respectively.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.59-69
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• 2008

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of acupuncture and electro-acupuncture(EA) at $LI_{11}$ on intestinal motility in rats. Methods : We made over-activated and suppressed state of intestinal motility with carbachol and loperamide in rat and carried out acupuncture with needle retained(NR), low frequency(2 Hz) EA and high frequency(100Hz) EA at $LI_{11}$ before or after the administration of carbachol or loperamide. The charcoal travel rate was measured to evaluate the intestinal motility. Results : 1. NR, 2Hz EA and 100Hz EA at $LI_{11}$ showed no significant influences on intestinal motility of rat in normal state. 2. All of the pre-treatment and post-treatment of NR, 2Hz EA and 100Hz EA at $LI_{11}$ showed no significant effects than control group on intestinal motility of rat which was over-activated with carbachol. 3. The pre-treatment of 2Hz EA and 100Hz EA at $LI_{11}$ on intestinal motility of rat which was suppressed with loperamide showed no significant influences but in the L-$LI_{11}$-EA(L) and L-$LI_{11}$-EA(H) groups, intestinal motility was significantly increased than L-control group. Conclusions : These results suggest that acupuncture and EA on $LI_{11}$ have preventive effect and therapeutic effect on suppressed intestinal motility, and EA is more effective than NR.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.239-246
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• 2005

Some characteristics of two forms of glucoamylase (glucan 1 A-$\alpha$-glucosidase, EC 3. 2. I. 3) purified from Aspergillus coreanus NR 15-1 were investigated. The enzymes were produced on a solid, uncooked wheat bran medium of A. coreanus NR 15-1 isolated from traditional Korean Nuruk. Two forms of glucoamylase, GA-I and GA-II, were purified to homogenity after 5.8-fold and 9.6-fold purification, respectively, judged by disc- and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular mass of GA-I and GA-II were estimated to be 62 kDa and 90 kDa by Sephadex G-1OO gel filtration, and 64 kDa and 91 kDa by SDS-polyacrylarnide gel electrophoresis, respectively. The optimum temperatures of GA-I and GA-II were 60$^circ$C and 65$^circ$C, respectively, and the optimum pH was 4.0. The activation energy (Ea value) of GA-I and GA-II was 11.66 kcal/mol and 12.09 kcal/mol, respectively, and the apparent Michaelis constants (K_{m}) of GA-I and GA-II for soluble starch were found to be 3.57 mg/ml and 6.25 mg/ml, respectively. Both enzymes were activated by 1 mM Mn^{2+} and Cu^{2+}, but were completely inhibited by 1 mM N­bromosuccinimide. The GA-II was weakly inhibited by 1 mM p-CMB, dithiothreitol, EDTA, and pyridoxal 5-phosphate, but GA-I was not inhibited by those compounds. Both enzymes had significant ability to digest raw wheat starch and raw rice starch, and hydrolysis rates of raw wheat starch by GA-I and GA-II were 7.8- and 7.3-fold higher than with soluble starch, respectively.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.409-414
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• 2008

The cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), a key player in cholesterol metabolism, has been shown to promote the transfer of triglycerides from very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) to high density lipoprotein (HDL) in exchange for cholesterol ester. Here we demonstrate that farnesoid X receptor ${\alpha}$ ($FXR{\alpha}$; NR1H4) down-regulates CETP expression in HepG2 cells. A $FXR{\alpha}$ ligand, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), suppressed basal mRNA levels of the CETP gene in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Using gel shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays, we found that $FXR{\alpha}$ could bind to the liver X receptor ${\alpha}$ ( $LXR{\alpha}$; NR1H3) binding site (LXRE; DR4RE) located within the CETP 5' promoter region. $FXR{\alpha}$ suppressed $LXR{\alpha}$-induced DR4RE-luciferase activity and this effect was mediated by a binding competition between $FXR{\alpha}$ and $LXR{\alpha}$ for DR4RE. Furthermore, the addition of CDCA together with a $LXR{\alpha}$ ligand, GW3965, to HepG2 cells was shown to substantially decrease mRNA levels of hepatic CETP gene, which is typically induced by GW3965. Together, our data demonstrate that $FXR{\alpha}$ down-regulates CETP gene expression via binding to the DR4RE sequence within the CETP 5' promoter and this $FXR{\alpha}$ binding is essential for $FXR{\alpha}$ inhibition of $LXR{\alpha}$-induced CETP expression.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.319-323
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• 2000

Nitrate-selective ion exchange resin which have bulky tertiary amine as functional group have been synthesized by the reaction of chloromethylated polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer and the corresponding tertiary amine [$NR_3=NE_{t3} 1, N{(C_2 H_4 H_3)}_32]$in ethanol, while commercial resin has $NMe_3$ as functional group. The fundamental properties such as bulk density, water content, appearance index, exchange capacity, effective size, uniformity coefficient of synthesized anion exchange resin (1) have been measured. The ion exchange resin (1) and (2) exhibited the better selectivity for nitrate than sulfate in both batch and continuous column experiments.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.96-104
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• 2002

Paraquat의 세포독성을 알아보기 위하여 NIH 3T3 섬유모세포에 적용한 후 MTT와 NR 분석법을 이용하여 세포독성을 측정하고, paraquat의 세포독성에 대한 3-MC의 독성경감효과를 알아보기 위하여 Spraque Dawley계 수컷 랫드에 paraquat 단독 및 paraquat와 3-MC 병용투여 후 랫드의 폐를 경시적으로 채취하여 관찰하였다. Paraquat의 NIH 3T3 섬유모세포에 대한 $MTT_{50}$은 $1668.97{\mu}M$, $NR_{50}$은 $1030.25{\mu}M$로 산출되어 Borefreund와 Puemer(1984)의 독성판정기준에 의하면 저독성 물질이었다. Paraquat 단독 투여 군은 H&E 염색에서 3시간째부터 폐 모세혈관 내에 적혈구 수가 증가하기 시작하여 24시간째에는 충혈상태에 이르렀으며, 폐포사이 중격에서는 큰폐포상피수가 증가하였다. 또한 폐 조직을 둘러싸고 있는 결합조직 내에는 임파구, 대식세포 및 다형핵 백혈구 등이 다수 관찰되었고, 48시간째부터 폐포사이 중격과 폐포내에 폐포큰포식세포가 증가하기 시작하여 96시간째에는 다수의 폐포큰포식세포가 관찰되었다. Verhoeff의 iron hematoxylin 염색에서도 paraquat 단독 투여 후 24시간째에 조직변화가 가장 심하였고, 교원섬유량의 급격한 증가, 폐포의 넓이와 폐포 구멍(alveolar pore) 간격의 확장 등이 관찰되었다. 한편, paraquat와 3-MC 병용투여군은 paraquat 단독 투여 군에 비하여 조직변화가 약하게 관찰되었는데, 병용투여 후 3시간째에는 단독투여 3시간째의 소견과 유사하였으나 점차 회복되어 폐 모세혈관 내에 적혈구 수가 증가하여 24시간째에는 대조군의 구조와 거의 유사하였다. 또한 폐 조직을 둘러싸고 있는 결합조직과 임파소절에서도 paraquat 단독 투여 군에서 보였던 변화가 거의 관찰되지 않았다. Verhoeff의 iron hematoxylin 염색에서도 병용투여 후 24시간째에는 교원섬유량이 단독 투여 군에 비하여 크게 감소하였고 폐포와 폐포 구멍의 넓이도 대조군과 유사하였다.

• 해양환경안전학회:학술대회논문집
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• 해양환경안전학회 2007년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.187-188
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• 2007

The fluctuations of biochemical and molecular activities III the harmful dinoflagellate, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, depending on water temperatures, were studied. In genomic DNA concentration, a similar value of 0.6 was shown at $12^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$, but significantly increasing DNA from $18^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05), with a maximum of 1.8 at $24^{\circ}C$. After$24^{\circ}C$, the DNA significantly decreased to 0.6. Likely, the concentrations of RNA and total protein were at their highest values of 1.7 and 0.07 g $mL^1$ at $24^{\circ}C$, respectively. In contrast to ONA, RNA and total protein began to increase at $15^{\circ}C$. Oxygen availability between lower and higher temperatures was significantly different and increased from $18^{\circ}C$ according to light intensity, regardless of wavelengths (p<0.05). At $24^{\circ}C$, the highest value of the maximum electron transport rate (ETRmax), ranging from 537.9 (Ch 1) to 602.5 mol electrons $g^{-1}$ Ch1 a $s^{-1}$ (Ch 4), was also shown. Nitrate reductase (NR) and ATPase activities were at their highest values of 0.11 mol $NO_2^-g^{-1}$ Ch1 a $h^{-1}$ and 0.78 pmol 100 $mg^{-1}$ $at^2$ $4^{\circ}C$, respectively. When the cells cultured at $15^{\circ}C$, NR and ATPase activities significantly increased compared to $12^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05). In an analysis of CHN, the concentration of C and N also significantly increased (p<0.05). However, at $27^{\circ}C$, most of the molecular and biochemical movements were much lower, compared to $24^{\circ}C$. These results suggest that C. polykrikoides is very sensitive biochemical and molecular activities depending on water temperatures. Possibly, it is desirable to estimate at $18^{\circ}C$ the initiation of the massive blooming development of C. polykrikoides. In nature, it will be very difficult to maintain the massive blooms after $24^{\circ}C$ because of the possibility of significantly decreasing the molecular movement and activity of C. polykrikoides.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.37-42
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• 1998

In the present study, we have evaluated cytotoxic effects of the chloroform soluble fraction of the methanolic extract of Perilla frutescens in human oral epitheloid carcinoma cells. The light microscopic study showed morphological changes of the treated cells. Cell membrane damaging activity was measured by the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay and disruptions in cell organelles were determined by 3-(4,5-dime-thylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), neutral red (NR) and sulforhodamine protein B (SRB) of colorimetric assay. These results suggest that Perilla frutescens retains a potential antitumor activity.

• 생약학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.22-27
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• 1998

This study was carried out to develop antitumor agents based on effects of the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the methanolic extract of Lonicerae flos on human oral epitheloid carcinoma cells. Human oral epitheloid carcinoma cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 media containing 10% fetal bovine serum, antibiotic, and fungizone. After incubation for 24 hrs, the cells were treated with A, B, C, D, and E fractions for 48hrs under the same condition. MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazoliumbromide), NR (Neutral red) and SRB (Sulforhodamine B protein) assay were performed. The light microscopic findings were observed by inverted microscope. In MTT assay, fraction B was shown significant antitumor activity (P<0.001), fraction E was shown significant antitumor activities (P<0.05), but the other fractions were not shown. In NR assay, fraction B was shown significant antitumor activity (P<0.001). In SRB assay, fractions B was shown significant antitumor activities (P<0.01). fractions A and D were shown significant antitumor activities (P<0.05). but the other fractions were not shown. In light microscopy. the fraction B of the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the methanolic extract of Lonicerae flos showed the highest antitumor activity. These finding suggested that fraction B possessed the most antitumorous agent.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.355-363
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• 1992

Nitrate reductase activity(NRA) and induced NRA were compared in 4 species of moss ctenidium molluscum, homalothecium, tortella tortusa and neckera crispa collected from limestone in england. the NRA and dry weight of the c. molluscum were also measured after spraying with acidic deposition adjusted to ph 5.6, 4.6, 3.6 and 2.8 with one of two molar ratios of nitric to sulfuric acid, i.e. 1:0(N alone) and 1:2(1N+2S) for 20 days. All 4 species showed high NR leavels in the upper part of cut shoots and occurred maximum inducation of NRA within 6h. c. molluscum had the highest NRA levels among 4 species. after daily spraying of acidic deposition, NRA of c. molluscum was increased much more largely at ph 6 and ph 3.6 derived from N alone than from 1N+2S. However that was decreased at ph 2.8 derived both from N alone and 1N+2S . Decline of dry weight had occurred at ph 3.6 and 2.8 derived both from N alone and 1N+2S. Whereas substantial fertilization effect was observed at ph 4.6 derived from N alone. the data suggest that c. molluscum are able to utilize nitrate more effectivery than any other species, and NRA induction are more sensitive than growth response to nitrogen content of acidicdeposition in a short- term. however toxic effects was detected at high $NO_3$ supply and low phacidic deposition.