• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 2002

To establish in vitro mass production system of grape anthocyanin pigments through callus and cell suspension culture, the effects of nitrogen amount and the ratio of $NO_3^-$/$NH_4^+$ in the medium on cell growth and anthocyanin production were investigated. Total nitrogen amount and the ratio of $NO_3^-$/$NH_4^+$ in the medium strongly affected anthocyanin production and cell growth. When $NH_4^+$ was fixed, the cell growth was promoted by 50 mM total nitrogen (20 mM $NO_3^-$ : 30 mM $NH_4^+$ ) than other nitrogen combinations, and was strongly inhibited when $NO_3^-$ was lacking (0 mM $NO_3^-$ : 60 mM $NH_4^+$ ) while anthocyanin production was increased. When $NO_3^-$ was fixed, the cell growth was promoted by 70 mM total nitrogen (40 mM $NO_3^-$ : 30 mM $NH_4^+$) than other nitrogen combinations, and was strongly inhibited when $NO_3^-$ was lacking (0 mM $NO_3^-$ : 60 mM $NH_4^+$ ) while anthocyanin production was increased. Cell growth was gradually increased by all nitrogen combinations, but anthocyanin production reached its peak on day 4 in culture. Anthocyanin content increased with decreasing cell density. Sucrose was rapidly hydrolyzed to fructose and glucose within 4 days. Glucose and fructose concentrations in the medium increased and peaked at the 4th day. The anthocyanin content of $NH_4^+$-free 2% sucrose media was 2 times (200 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g) higher than that of 1% sucrose. When $NO_3^-$ was lacking, the highest anthocyanin production was observed at 4% sucrose after 12 days of culture, and increased along with the sucrose concentration.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.17-25
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• 2021

Objectives : Baicalein (3,3', 4', 5, 6-pentahydroxyflavone), a type of flavonoid, is a well-known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ingredient found in Scutellaria baicalensis root. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of baicalein on nitric oxide (NO) production in TM3 mouse Leydig cells stimulated by indomethacin (IN). Methods : TM3 cells were treated with IN (0.5 μM) and baicalein at concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μM for 24 hr, 40 hr, 42 hr, 44 hr, and 64 hr. After treatments, cell viabilities were measured with the modified MTT assay. The production of nitric oxide in cells was measured by Griess reagent assay. Results : Baicalein showed no cytotoxicity on IN-stimulated TM3. NO production in IN-stimulated TM3 treated for 24 hr with baicalein at concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μM was 95.8%, 94.86%, 89.97%, and 81.52% of the control group treated with IN only, respectively; NO production for 40 hr was 97.34%, 97.34%, 95.15%, and 87.42%, respectively; NO production for 42 hr was 89.12%, 90.14%, 89.74%, and 90.26%, respectively; NO production for 44 hr was 83.83%, 84.94%, 85.65%, and 86.85%, respectively; NO production for 64 hr was 94.12%, 95.38%, 94.21%, and 94.12%, respectively. Specifically, baicalein at concentrations of 12.5, 25, and 50 have been shown to most efficiently inhibit NO productions in 48 hr of treatment. Conclusions : Baicalein might have anti-toxicant effect on Leydig cells related with its inhibition of NO production in Leydig cells stimulated with IN.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.210-215
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• 1999

Nitric oxide (NO) can mediate numerous physiological processes, including vasodilation, neurotransmission, cytotoxicity, secretion and inflammatory response. The regulation of NO production by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) is considered to be the possible target of the development of anti-inflammatory agent, based on the observation that NO can activate cyclooxygenase, which results in the synthesis of prostaglandins. In an effort to screen new inhibitor of NO production from about 352 species of herbal extracts, we found 9 species with 50% or more inhibitory effect on NO production. Especially, the dose-dependent inhibition of NO production in lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophages by two of the herbal extracts (Artemisiae asiaticae Herba and Saussureae Radix) was due to the decrease in the expression of iNOS.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2008

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects essential oil from Lavendular officinalis on the production of UVB-irradiated-induced nitric oxide(NO), in vivo and in vitro. NO is a recently discovered mediator of cell communication involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. This enzyme is present in various tissues including smooth muscle cells and macrophages and take part in several immunopathological process. In vitro, the cytotoxicity and cell viability of aroma oil was evaluated by the MTT assay in the concentration of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1%. And, the effect of aroma oil was investigated to production of NO in human fibroblast cells line CCD-986sk ($2{\times}10^5$ cell/well) after UVB-irradiation with aroma oil (0.01, 0.1, and 1%). The result showed that aroma oil did not affected the production of NO. In vivo, it was investigated to production of NO after UVB- irradiation with aroma oil. The experimental groups were divided into four groups. Aroma oil was stimulated the production of NO by itself. As the results, all of the in vitro and in vivo, aroma oil were affected production of NO by dependent the concentration-manners.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.29-33
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• 2012

Objectives: Much evidence exists that herbs have effective immunomodulatory activities. Chrysanthemi Flos (CF) is effective in clearing heat, reducing inflammation, dropping blood pressure and treating headache and is used as a pharmaceutical raw material for an immune enhancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the modulatory effect of Chrysanthemi Flos pharmacopuncture on nitric-oxide (NO) production in activating macrophages. Methods: After a murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7, was cultured in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), immune-modulating abilities of CF were evaluated by using NO, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$) production and phagocytic activity of macrophages. Results: CF enhanced the activities of macrophages by increasing the phagocytic activity and decreasing NO production. Especially, both LPS and CF, 200 ${\mu}g/ml$, treatment could significantly reduce the NO production, but did not change the production of IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that CF may be of immunomodulatory value, especially for adverse diseases due to increased NO production. It may have potential for use as immunoenhancing pharmacopuncture.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.327-331
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• 2006

Zingiber officinale and Hizikia fusiforme(sea weed fusiforme) have long been used for food sources in Korea. The present study was performed to investigate the ex vivo effect of Zingiber officinale and Hizikia fusiforme on NO production in macrophage of mice. Seven to eight week old mices(Balb/c) were fed chew diet ad libitum and water extract of Zingiber officinale and Hizikia fusiforme was administrated orally at two different concentrations (50 and 500 mg/kg B.W.). every other day for two or four weeks NO(nitric oxide) production by activated macrophage was assessed by measuring nitrite, the stable NO metabolite, using Griess reaction assay. NO production were significantly enhanced in Zingiber officinale group at 500 mg/kg B.W. and in Hizikia fusiforme group at 50 mg/kg B.W. compared to the coresponding control groups. In conclusion, this study may suggest that Zingiber officinale and Hizikia fusiforme(sea weed fusiforme) extracts enhance the immune function by regulating NO production in macrophages of mice.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.24 no.E1
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• pp.12-23
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• 2008

Relationship between the optimum soil water content and clay content on soil samples from mid-latitude European forest was tested. Soil samples from 4 different experimental sites (two forest sites in the Netherlands and a Danish forest) were collected, and analyzed for the soil physical and chemical characteristics. Water retention curves for the soil samples were determined according to the standard procedure ISO 11274, and pF decreased with increase in soil water contents. NO is simultaneously produced and consumed by microbiological processes, which comprise of nitrification and denitrification. NO consumption and production rates were determined from the soil samples and compared to their corresponding water retention curves in order to find the optimum soil water content and matric potential for maximum NO release from mid-latitude soils. NO consumption rate coefficient (k) in Hollandse Hout was significantly lower than those in other soil sites. Maximum NO production was observed at an intermediate soil moisture ($0.2{\sim}0.3kg/kg$) in all the soil samples. Resulting from the NO consumption and production rates for the soils, the empirical NO fluxes of the different soils were calculated in the laboratory.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.293-299
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• 2021

The ethyl acetate fractions prepared from the leaves of Thuja orientalis significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. According to bioassay-coupled LC-QTOF MS/MS, the components near 22 and 25 mins in the mass chromatogram highly inhibited NO production and were expected to be labdane diterpenes, and the active components were characterized via further isolation. The results of the NO production inhibitory assay of the isolated compounds correlated well with the results of bioassay-coupled LC-QTOF MS/MS. Among the identified constituents, NO production inhibitory activities of 16-hydroxy-labda-8(17),13-diene-15,19-dioic acid butenolide (2) and 15-hydroxypinusolidic acid (3) were newly reported. Taken together, these results demonstrated that LC-QTOF MS/MS coupled with NO production inhibition assay was a powerful tool for accurately predicting new anti-inflammatory constituents in the extracts from natural products. Moreover, it provided a potential basis for broadening the application of bioassay-coupled LC-QTOF MS/MS in natural product research.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.2 no.1_2
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• pp.41-47
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• 1953

"Kimchi" is a most popular pickled Vegetables in Korea. In this paper, eight strains of gram positive rocls and two strains of gram positive cocci are isolated from "Kimchi". For the each isolated strains, the acid production test against carbohydrate and production test of amylase, protease, esterase, and general biological tests are investigated. The most active one for the amylase production is No.2 strain the most active one for the Protease production is No.5,6, and 9 strains. And that for Esterase production is No.9 strain (see the original paper on the results in this journal page)

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.61-69
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate effects of White Ginseng-Ejung-tang acupuncture solution (EJ) on nitric oxide (NO) and of hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods : Cell viability was measured by modified MTT assay. NO production was measured by Griess reagent assay. Hydrogen peroxide production was measured by dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR) assay. Significant differences were examined by using a Student's t-test. Results : The results of the experiment are as follows. 1. EJ did not show cell toxicity against RAW 264.7 cells for 24 hr incubation at the concentrations of up to $200\;{\mu}g$/mL in RAW 264.7 cells. 2. EJ significantly inhibited NO production for 24 hr incubation in RAW 264.7 cells (p <0.05). 3. EJ significantly inhibited the LPS-induced production of NO for 24 hr incubation in RAW 264.7 cells (p <0.05). 4. EJ significantly inhibited the LPS-induced production of hydrogen peroxide for 16, 24, 40, 48, 64, and 72 hr incubation in RAW 264.7 cells (p <0.05). Conclusions : These results suggest that EJ has an anti-inflammtory property related with its inhibition of NO and hydrogen peroxide production in LPS-induced macrophages.