• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.313-319
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• 2009

The marine microalga Spirulina maxima was extracted using water or ethanol at 100 or $80^{\circ}C$ and by ultrasonification in water at $60^{\circ}C$. The ultrasonification technique generated the highest yield (19.8%). To be therapeutically useful, the extraction should yield a product with low cytotoxicity and high immunity against skin infections. The cytotoxicity of all extracts (1.0 mg/mL) was below 25%. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of the extract generated by ultrasonification was 5%. Extracts prepared in the described manners could inhibit hyaluronidase activity by up to 40% compared to the control. Increased growth of human B, T and NK cells and an increase in cytokine secretion were observed, confirming the interrelationship between both human immune and skin immune activity. The extract prepared by ultrasonification increased the growth of human B, T and NK cells up to $10.3{\times}10^4$ cells/mL, $11.3{\times}10^4$ cells/mL and $19.1{\times}10^4$ cells/mL, respectively. The extract prepared by ultrasonification also greatly increased the secretion of both IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$. Moreover, it was estimated that protein, Na and leucine occupy a high ratio. Accordingly, this study has confirmed that extracts prepared as described have the potential to effectively increase skin immunity.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2003

In this study, the optimum conditions for mycelium culture of the mushroom Tricholoma matsutake and the inhibitory effect of the mycelium extracts no tyrosinase activity have been examined. When the extracts of the Tricholoma matsutake mycelia were tested for inhibitory activity on tyrosinase, it was found that the components extracted with ethyl acetate and water showed the highest inhibitory activity. The effect of antioxidants on the growth of mycelium and tyrosinase-inhibiting activity was also investigated. The results showed that tocopherol inhibited the growth in a concentration-dependent manner. In terms of tyrosinase-inhibiting activity, however, tocopherol was found to enhance the inhibitory activity.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 1996

This study was to evaluate the antitumor and immunopotentiation effects of Manda Enzyme (ME). Oral administration of ME (0.2ml/mouse) to tumor bearing mice significantly prolonged survival rate compared to the control group with the prolongation ratio of 40%. The inhibition ratios for the first and the second experiments were 51.8% and 26.4%, respectively. Only the spleen index was significantly increased in the MEF-treated group, but not in the control group. Gamma globulin level of the MEF-treated group was elevated when mice were injected with sarcoma-180 cells on the left groin. Activities of natural killer (NK) and lymphokineactivated killer (LAK) cells were observed by $^{51}Cr-release$ method. Activities of NK cell against YAC-1 cells were significantly increased in the MEF treated group. And LAK cell activities against P815 cells were also significantly increased in the experimental group. These observations, therefore, suggest that ME may have an anticancer effect and immunopotentiating effect in vivo.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.62-62
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• 1995

한국산 천연자원중 한방이나 민간요법에서 항종양제로 빈번히 사용되어온 생약들 중에서 103종을 선정하여 이들 성분들을 추출하고 시험관내에서 항종양성이 우수하고 정상세포에 손상을 적게 주는 생약 6종을 선별하여 암세포주에 대한 독성능 (in vitro)과 항종양성 면역감시기구(in vivo)및 LD$_{50}$등을 측정하여 항종양제로의 신약개발을 목적으로 수행하였다. 방법: 선별된 6종의 생약유효성분을 METHANOL로 추출하여 조추출물을 얻었으며 이물질들을 순차적으로 각각의 유기용매로 추출, column chromatography법으로 분획하였으며 분획분에 대한 암세포독성능은 MTT colorimetric 검정법을 이용하여 IC$_{50}$값을 구하였다. 면역감시기구 측정방범으로는 Balb/c mouae암,수 각 10수씩에 P388암세포주를 접종한군과 접종하지 않은 실험군에 생약추출분획물 8.6mg/0.2ml씩 20일간 매일 경구 투여시키고 대조군에는 생리식염수 0.2ml씩을 매일 경구 투여시켜 NK cell의 활성 MIF Recombinant IL-2로 유도시킨 NK cell활성능, chemotaxis등을 측정하였다. 생체내 항종양능 시험은 tumor panel system에 따라 mouse leukemia cell을 사용하여 측정하였다. 각분획성분의 투여용량은 실험동물에서 독성실험결과로 LD$_{50}$량을 구해 항암효과 평가시에 Maximum dose로 하였고 최고용량을 기준으로 일정한 공비를 적응하여 3단계의 투여량을 설정하였다. (중략)

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.306.1-306.1
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• 2002

Cefodizime has originally been developed for treating infections as antibiotics. However. according to some of recent studies. cefodizime. a third generation cephalosporin. may potentially have the capability of stimulating chemotactic activity of neutrophils and monocytes as well as the strong immuno-modulator. In this study. we studied to learn about the expressive effect of dentritic cells and macrophage. With this background. We have studied to see if cefodizime can be a potential substance inducing an immunological function in dendritic cells and peritoneal macrophages. IL-12 activates NK cell and macrophage, and shows antiviral effect by excreting INF-${\gamma}$. In vitro. total RNAs were extracted from murine dentritic cell at 4, 8, 12, 24hr after the application of 10, 50, 100${\gamma}g$/ml of cefodizime wighout other stimulators. And we analyzed IL-12 mRNA using RT-PCR method. In conclusion. IL-12 mRNA was increased. and the results suggest that cefodizime activate TH1 cell induction, CTL differentiation as well as accelerating the increase of NK. LAK cell.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.941-950
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• 2012

In order to develop new physiologically active polysaccharides from persimmon leaves, two different crude polysaccharides were prepared using hot water (PLW-0) and pectinase digestion (PLE-0) and their immuno-stimulating activities were estimated. PLW-0 and PLE-0 showed similar sugar compositions with 15 different sugars, including rarely observed sugars in general polysaccharides such as 2-O-methyl-fucose, 2-O-methyl-xylose, apiose, aceric acid, 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid, and 3-deoxy-D-lyxo-2-heptulosaric acid, but the uronic acid content of PLE-0 was lower than that of PLW-0 caused by pectinase treatment. Both PLW-0 and PLE-0 showed potent anti-complementary activity in a dose-dependent manner which was similar to a known immuno-stimulating polysaccharide, PSK, from Coriolus versicolor. The activity of PLE-0 at a low concentration ($100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) was higher than that of PLW-0. In an in vitro cytotoxicity analysis, PLW-0 and PLE-0 (up to $1,000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) did not affect the growth of peritoneal macrophages and Colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cells. In contrast, they enhanced lymphocyte proliferation activity. Peritoneal macrophages stimulated with PLW-0 and PLE-0 produced various cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-12. However, PLE-0 was more effective on the cytokine production. Intravenous administration of PLW-0 and PLE-0 significantly augmented natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity against Yac-1 tumor cells 3 days after the treatment of polysaccharide fractions. But NK cells obtained from the PLE-treated group showed higher tumoricidal activity even at a low dose of $40{\mu}g$/mouse. In experimental lung metastasis of Colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cells, prophylactic administration of PLW-0 and PLE-0 significantly inhibited lung metastasis in a dose-dependent manner and PLE-0 was more effective on the inhibition of cancer metasasis. The results lead us to conclude that the pectinase-treated process is indispensable to preparing polysaccharides with higher immune-stimulating activity from persimmon leaves.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.307-316
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• 1990

This study was undertaken to test the effects of Daturae Flos(DF) and Daturae Semen(DS) on the cellular and humoral immune responses, and the functions of the cells involved in immunoinflammation. Both extracts decreased the activity of superoxide dismutase, and the decrease was greater in the mouse group which was treated with DS. Both extracts decreased the phagocytic activity as measured by assessing the number of the latex particle within the phagocyte after incubation of peritoneal macrophages with fluorochrome-labelled latex particle and decreased natural killer cell activity as measured by enumerating the viable YAC-1 cells after treatment of target cells with splenic natural killer cells. Both extracts also decreased the cell-mediated immunity in vivo as assessed by measuring the ear thickness after sensitization and challenge with dinitrofluorobenzene, however, had no effects on the humoral immune responses as measured by checking hemolysin and hemagglutinin titers after immunization with sheep red blood cells(SRBC). Extracts of Semen caused decrease in the number of rosette forming cells between the splenic cells and SRBC. The results of this study suggested that both Daturae extracts could depress the immunoinflammation by affecting the various cell types involved in inflammation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.1036-1046
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• 2015

Extracts from Asian medicinal herbs are known to be successful therapeutic agents against cancer. In this study, the effects of three types of herbal extracts on anti-tumor growth were examined. Among the three types of herbal extracts, H9 showed stronger anti-tumor growth effects than H5 and H11 in vivo. To find the molecular mechanism by which H9 inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines, the levels of apoptotic markers were examined. Proapoptotic markers, including cleaved PARP and cleaved caspases 3 and 9, were increased, whereas the anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2 was decreased by H9 treatment. Next, the combined effect of H9 with the chemotherapeutic drugs doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide (AC) on tumor growth was examined using 4T1-tumor-bearing mice. The combined treatment of H9 with AC did not show additive or synergetic anti-tumor growth effects. However, when tumor-bearing mice were co-treated with H9 and the targeted anti-tumor drug trastuzumab, a delay in tumor growth was observed. The combined treatment of H9 and trastuzumab caused an increase of natural killer (NK) cells and a decrease of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). Taken together, H9 induces the apoptotic death of tumor cells while increasing anti-tumor immune activity through the enhancement of NK activity and diminishment of MDSC.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.543-547
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• 2007

Bovine mastitis is costly infectious disease of dairy cattle, being responsible for significant economic losses all over the world. Also, mastitis has troubled about resistance to antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to screen a novel antimicrobial strain from various sources (raw milk and feeds (from farm of Paju, Dangjin, and Hwasung), commercial milk, Korean traditional fermented foods, and chicken feces). The isolate was screened using triple agar layer method and deferred method was used for confirmation of antimicrobial effect. Seventy six of isolates were screened using triple agar layer method. In these strain, 42 isolates were shown a broad spectrum of autimicrobial activity against mastitis pathogens. Especially, fourteen isolates were shown over 20 mm inhibition zone against S. aureous ATCC 25923. These results suggest that these novel antimicrobial strains could be used for the alternative of antibiotics.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.228-237
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• 2022

In this study, the effects of the immune stimulator Euglena gracilis (Euglena) in cyclophosphamide (CCP)-induced immunocompromised mice were assessed. The key component β-1,3-glucan (paramylon) constitutes 50% of E. gracilis. Mice were orally administered Euglena powder (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight (B.W.)) or β-glucan powder (250 mg/kg B.W.) for 19 days. In a preliminary immunology experiment, ICR mice were intraperitoneally injected with 80 mg of CCP/kg B.W. during the final 3 consecutive days. In the main experiment, BALB/c mice were treated with CCP for the final 5 days. To evaluate the enhancing effects of Euglena on the immune system, mouse B.W., the spleen index, natural killer (NK) cell activity and mRNA expression in splenocytes lungs and livers were determined. To detect cytokine and receptor expression, splenocytes were treated with 5 ㎍/ml concanavalin A or 1 ㎍/ml lipopolysaccharide. The B.W. and spleen index were significantly increased and NK cell activity was slightly enhanced in all the experimental groups compared to the CCP-only group. In splenocytes, the gene expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, and IL-12 receptor were increased in the E. gracilis and β-glucan groups compared to the CCP-only group, but there was no significant difference. Treatment with 500 mg of Euglena/kg B.W. significantly upregulated dectin-1 mRNA expression in the lung and liver compared to the CCP-only group. These results suggest that Euglena may enhance the immune system by strengthening innate immunity through immunosuppression.