• 대한본초학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2012

Objectives : Allium Hookeri (AH) is a traditional herb to treat inflammatory diseases in India and Myanmar. Recently, AH cultivation was succeeded in South Korea. This study was performed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of Korean AH in RAW264.7 cells, mouse macrophage cell line. Methods : To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of root of AH, we prepared the 70% ethanol extract, then we examined the productions of nitrite, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. To examine the nitrite, and cytokines, the RAW264.7 cells were treated with AH, then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 500 ng/ml) for 24 h. Then the cells were harvested for griess assay, ELISA and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Also to detect the ability of AH to induce heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), we examined the HO-1 expression using real time RT-PCR and western blot. Furthermore, we examined the mitogen activated-protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$) activation to find out the underlying mechanisms. Results : AH ethanol extract significantly inhibited the productions of nitrite and interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$. AH treatment increased the HO-1 expression dramatically at 1 h, then peaked at 3 h. When the HO-1 was inhibited by tin (Sn) protoporphryin-IX (SnPP), the anti-inflammatory action of AH was reversed. AH treatment inhibited the activation of p38, but not extracelluar signal-regulated kinase (ERK 1/2) and c-Jun $NH_2$-terminal kinase (JNK) and also the degradation of inhibitory kappa B a (Ik-$B{\alpha}$) in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusions : These data could suggest that AH exerts anti-inflammatory influences through up-regulation of HO-1 and deactivation of p38.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.315-320
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• 2013

Here, we show that radicicol, a fungal antibiotic, resulted in marked inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) transcription by the pancreatic beta cell line MIN6N8a in response to cytokine mixture (CM: TNF-${\alpha}$, IFN-${\gamma}$, and IL-$1{\beta}$). Treatment of MIN6N8a cells with radicicol inhibited CM-stimulated activation of NF-${\kappa}B$/Rel, which plays a critical role in iNOS transcription, in a dose-related manner. Nitrite production in the presence of PD98059, a specific inhibitor of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase-1 and 2 (ERK1/2) pathway, was dramatically diminished, suggesting that the ERK1/2 pathway is involved in CM-induced iNOS expression. In contrast, SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38, had no effect on nitrite generation. Collectively, this series of experiments indicates that radicicol inhibits iNOS gene expression by blocking ERK1/2 signaling. Due to the critical role that NO release plays in mediating destruction of pancreatic beta cells, the inhibitory effects of radicicol on iNOS expression suggest that radicicol may represent a useful anti-diabetic activity.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2018

Objectives : The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effect of Flaxseed oil and Chrysanthemi Indici Flos 50% ethanol extract in an HCl/ethanol induced acute gastritis model. Methods : ICR mice were divided into 6 groups; normal mice (Nor), gastritic mice with distilled water (Veh), gastritic mice with 10 mg/kg sucralfate (SC), gastritic mice with 16 g/㎏ Flaxseed oil (FO), gastritic mice with FO + 50 mg/kg Chrysanthemi Indici Flos (FCL), and gastritic mice with FO + 100 mg/kg Chrysanthemi Indici Flos (FCH). Then, mice were orally administered with 150 mM HCl/60% ethanol and caused acute gastritis. After 1 hr, mice were sacrificed, and blood and stomach tissue were collected. Results : Administration of FCL and FCH to mice prior to the induction of gastritis was found to reduce gastric injury. reactive oxygen species (ROS) and peroxy nitrite ($ONOO^-$) levels of stomach tissues were significantly decreased in FO, FCL, and FCH compared to Veh group. As results of stomach protein analyses, FCL and FCH effectively reduce inflammatory-related factors such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1 beta ($IL-1{\beta}$) in gastric lesion mice. In addition, nuclear factor kappa B p65 ($NF-{\kappa}B$ p65) and phosphorylation inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa $B{\alpha}(p-I{\kappa}B{\alpha})$ were down-regulated in FCL and FCH administrated gastric lesion mice. Conclusions : These results suggest that FCL and FCH has an inhibitory effect against gastric injury. Therefore, FCL and FCH has the potential to be used as a natural therapeutic drug.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.421-427
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• 2016

여드름은 만성 염증 질환으로 주로 청소년기에 발생하는 것으로 알려져 있으나 대기오염, 약물 남용 등의 원인에 의해 아동기 및 성인기에도 나타날 수 있다고 알려져 있다. 여드름을 유발하는 정확한 원인은 밝혀져 있지 않으나 한 가지 원인보다 스트레스, 호르몬의 변화, 유전, 외부 환경 등 다양한 요인들이 복합적으로 작용한다고 여겨지고 있다. Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes)는 여드름을 유발하는 균으로 모낭 내에 상주하여 피지의 중성지방을 분해하고 유리 지방산을 형성하여 모낭 내 염증을 유발한다. 따라서 피지의 생성 증가는 P. acnes의 생존에 좋은 영향을 주고 피부에서 염증반응을 유발하는 monocytic cell의 활성화와 염증성 사이토카인(pro-inflammatory cytokine)의 증가를 유발한다. 따라서 여드름 치료를 위해서는 P. acnes의 증식 억제 및 염증반응을 최소화하는 것이 중요하다. 본 논문에서는 유칼립투스(Eucalyptus globules) 추출물이 P. acnes에 의한 염증반응에 나타내는 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 유칼립투스 추출물 처리는 P. acnes가 유도하는 염증 매개자로 알려진 $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-2와 인플라마좀 복합체인 NLRP3의 유전자 발현을 효과적으로 감소시키는 것을 확인하였다. 뿐만 아니라 염증성 사이토카인의 유전자 발현에 중요하다고 알려진 전사인자(transcription factors) $NF-{\kappa}B$와 NFAT의 활성 역시 유칼립투스 추출물을 처리하였을 때 감소하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 본 논문을 통해 유칼립투스 추출물이 P. acnes에 의해 초래되는 여드름의 치료 보조제로 사용될 수 있으며, 천연 추출물의 사용이 항생제 장기 복용으로 인해 유발되는 항생제 내성을 해결하는 좋은 대안이 될 것이라고 예상할 수 있다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.3-10
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Sargassum horneri is an edible brown alga that grows in the subtidal zone as an annual species along the coasts of South Korea, China, and Japan. Recently, an extreme amount of S. horneri moved into the coasts of Jeju Island from the east coast of China, which made huge economic and environmental loss to the Jeju Island. Thus, utilization of this biomass becomes a big issue with the local authorities. Therefore, the present study was performed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of crude polysaccharides (CPs) extracted from S. horneri China strain in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: CPs were precipitated from S. horneri digests prepared by enzyme assistant extraction using four food-grade enzymes (AMG, Celluclast, Viscozyme, and Alcalase). The production levels of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ and interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ were measured by Griess assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were measured by using western blot. The IR spectrums of the CPs were recorded using a fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectrometer. RESULTS: The polysaccharides from the Celluclast enzyme digest (CCP) showed the highest inhibition of NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells ($IC_{50}$ value: $95.7{\mu}g/mL$). Also, CCP dose-dependently down-regulated the protein expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 as well as the production of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$, compared to the only LPS-treated cells. In addition, CCP inhibited the activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ p50 and p65 and the phosphorylation of MAPKs, including p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, FT-IR analysis showed that the FT-IR spectrum of CCP is similar to that of commercial fucoidan. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that CCP has anti-inflammatory activities and is a potential candidate for the formulation of a functional food ingredient or/and drug to treat inflammatory diseases.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.38-45
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• 2018

여드름은 사춘기와 젊은 연령층에서 나타나는 염증성 피부질환이다. Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes)는 여드름에서 염증을 유발하는 주요한 균으로 알려져 있다. P. acnes 는 피부에서 과잉생산된 피지에 의해 막힌 모낭 내에서 증식하며, 피부 내의 단핵구를 활성화시키고 염증성 사이토카인(pro-inflammatory cytokine)의 분비를 촉진하여 염증반응을 증가시키는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 논문에서는 Cnestis palala (Lour.) Merr. 추출물이 P. acnes 에 의한 염증반응을 감소시킬 수 있는지 확인하고자 하였다. 마우스 대식세포주인 RAW264.7 에서 C. palala 추출물은 P. acnes 에 의해 증가하는 염증성 사이토카인인 $IL-1{\beta}$의 단백질 발현량과 IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, COX-2 의 mRNA 발현량을 감소시켰다. 또한 염증성 사이토카인 발현의 주요 전사인자(transcription factor)인 $NF-{\kappa}B$ 의 전사 활성 역시 C. palala 추출물에 의해 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 C. palala 추출물이 P. acnes 에 의해 발생하는 여드름의 치료제나 그 보조제로 사용될 가능성이 있음을 제안 할 수 있다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.613-618
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• 2016

1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-${\beta}$-D-glucose(PGG)는 오배자(Galla Rhois)의 gallotannin으로 항산화 효과, 항균 효과, 항알레르기 효과 등을 가지는 것으로 알려졌다. 알레르기성질환은 비만세포를 포함한 다양한 면역세포와 관련된 질환이다. 비만세포는 탈과립화에 의한 알레르기 매개성 물질(histamine 및 ${\beta}-hexosaminidase$)의 분비, T helper 2 type 사이토카인(IL-4) 분비 및 염증을 일으키는 매개체($TNF-{\alpha}$)의 증가를 통해 알레르기 반응에서 중요한 역할을 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 PGG가 phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate(PMA)와 A23187로 비만세포인 RBL-2H3 세포에서 탈과립 그리고 Th2 type 및 염증성 사이토카인 생산에 미치는 영향을 조사하고, 관련 메커니즘에 대해 평가하였다. PGG는 PMA와 A23187 자극에 의한 탈과립 마커(histamine 및 ${\beta}-hexosaminidase$)의 분비를 억제하고, IL-4 및 $TNF-{\alpha}$와 같은 사이토카인의 분비를 억제하였다. 이러한 효과는 전사인자인 $NF-{\kappa}B$의 세포질에서 핵으로의 이동을 억제함으로써 나타나는 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 결과로부터 gallotannin의 하나인 PGG가 알레르기 반응을 현저히 저해하는 효과가 있는 것으로 나타나, 향후 알레르기성 질환을 예방, 개선 및 치료하는 데 유용한 물질로 사용될 가능성이 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제42권8호
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• pp.673-681
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• 2009

Diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial disease. Particularly, diabetic nephropathy is a serious complication for diabetic patients, yet the precise mechanisms that underline the initial stage of diabetic renal inflammation remain unknown. However, oxidative stress induced by hyperglycemia in diabetes is implicated in diabetic renal disease. We hypothesized that dietary supplementation of antioxidants either VCE (0.5% VC + 0.5% VE) or Comb (0.5% VC + 0.5% VE + 2.5% N-acetylcysteine) improves acute diabetic renal inflammation through modulation of blood glucose levels and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses. Experimental animals (5.5 weeks old female ICR) used were treated with alloxan (180 mg/kg) once. When fasting blood glucose levels were higher than 250 mg/dL, mice were divided into 3 groups fed different levels of antioxidant supplementation, DM (diabetic mice fed AIN 93G purified rodent diet); VCE (diabetic mice fed 0.5% vitamin C and 0.5% vitamin E supplemented diet); Comb (diabetic mice fed 0.5% vitamin C, 0.5% vitamin E and 2.5% N-acetylcysteine supplemented diet), for 10 days and then sacrificed. Body weights were measured once a week and blood glucose levels were monitored twice a week. Lipid peroxidation products, thiobarbituric acid reacting substances were measured in kidney. NF-${\kappa}B$ activation was indirectly demonstrated by pI${\kappa}B$-${\alpna}$ and expressions of selective inflammatory and oxidative stress markers including antioxidant enzymes were also determined. Dietary antioxidant supplementation improved levels of blood glucose as well as kidney lipid peroxi-dation. Dietary antioxidant supplementation improved NF-${\kappa}B$ activation and protein expression of HO-1, but not mRNA expression levels in diabetic mice fed Comb diet. In contrast, the mRNA and protein expression of CuZnSOD was decreased in diabetic mice fed Comb diet. However, antioxidant supplementation did not improve mRNA and protein expressions of IL-$1{\beta}$ and MnSOD in diabetic mice. These findings demonstrate that acute diabetic renal inflammation was associated with altered inflammatory and antioxidant responses and suggest that antioxidant cocktail supplementation may have beneficial effects on early stage of diabetic nephropathy through modulation of blood glucose levels and antioxidant enzyme expressions.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.409-416
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• 2017

천연물 유래 물질의 항염증 활성에 대한 잠재성을 평가하기 위한 일환으로 오배자에서 분리한 PGG가 LPS로 자극한 마우스 대식세포인 RAW264.7 세포에서 염증반응에 미치는 영향에 대해 평가하고 관련 메커니즘에 대해 검토하였다. PGG는 LPS 자극에 의해 유도된 iNOS 및 COX-2 단백질 발현량을 감소함으로써 NO와 $PGE_2$ 생성을 억제할 뿐만 아니라 IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$와 같은 pro-inflammatory cytokine의 분비를 억제하였다. 이러한 효과는 전사인자인 NF-${\kappa}B$의 세포질에서 핵으로의 이동을 억제함으로써 나타나는 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 결과로부터 PGG가 염증 반응을 저해하는 효과가 있는 것으로 나타나 향후 염증성 질환을 예방, 개선 및 치료하는 데 유용한 물질로 사용될 가능성이 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권9호
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• pp.1628-1638
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• 2017

Viola tianshanica Maxim, belonging to the Violaceae plant family, is traditionally used in Uighur medicine for treating pneumonia, headache, and fever. There is, however, a lack of basic understanding of its pharmacological activities. This study was designed to observe the effects of the ethanol extract (TSM) from Viola tianshanica Maxim on the inflammation response in acute lung injury (ALI) induced by LPS and the possible underlying mechanisms. We found that TSM (200 and 500 mg/kg) significantly decreased inflammatory cytokine production and the number of inflammatory cells, including macrophages and neutrophils, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. TSM also markedly inhibited the lung wet-to-dry ratio and alleviated pathological changes in lung tissues. In vitro, after TSM ($12.5-100{\mu}g/ml$) treatment to RAW 264.7 cells for 1 h, LPS ($1{\mu}g/ml$) was added and the cells were further incubated for 24 h. TSM dose-dependently inhibited the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as NO, $PGE_2$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, and $IL-1{\beta}$, and remarkably decreased the protein and mRNA expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. TSM also suppressed protein expression of $p-I{\kappa}Ba$ and p-ERK1/2 and blocked nuclear translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65. The results indicate that TSM exerts anti-inflammatory effects related with inhibition on $NF-{\kappa}B$ and MAPK (p-ERK1/2) signaling pathways. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that TSM might be a potential agent for the treatment of ALI.