• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.267-276
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• 2006

To investigate serum antibody titers of Newcastle disease (ND) virus, serum samples were collected from 19,774 slaughtered chickens from 862 farms in Geoje, Goseong, Tongyung and other province during the period from January 2001 to December 2005. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. The negative percentage of ND antibody titer with below 1.0 levels decreased from 46.7% in 2001 to 40.5% in 2004 but those of it increased to 47.0% in 2005 and the positive percentage of ND antibody titer with higher 5 levels increased from 15.8% in 2001 to 26.2% in 2005. 2. The season levels of ND antibody titer showed various levels according to seasons but the general trend of ND antibody titer decreased in the later half of the year than those of the first half of the year. 3. The negative percentage of ND antibody titer on provinces decreased from 52.0% (2001) to 36.2% (2004) in Goseong but those of it increased to 51.4% in 2005. The negative percentage of ND antibody titer of Tongyung and other provinces increased from 51.0%, 28.5% (2001) to 55.0% and 44.3% (2005), respectively. 4. The year average levels of ND antibody titer increased from 2.2 to 2.6 during 2001- 2004 but those of it decreased to 2.4 in 2005. The provinces average levels of ND antibody titer increased from 2.0 to 2.8 during 2001 - 2005 and others provinces except Gyeongnam decreased from 3.3 to 2.6 during the 2001-2005. 5. The farm average levels of ND antibody titer with below 1.0 levels decreased from 26.3% in 2001 to 10.2% in 2004 but those of it increased to 17.6% in 2005 and those of below 1.0 or 2.0 levels increased from 17.9% (2001) to 27.7% (2005). The protective levels of ND antibody titer with higher 5.0 levels increased from 2.1% in 2001 to 8.8% in 2005.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.215-219
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the similarity between hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) titers and sample to positive ratio (S/P ratio) of Newcastle disease(ND) virus. To perform this study, the 372 sera of broiler chicks and 120 sera of layers and breed chicks were collected from slaughter house and farms, respectively. As a result of HI test out of different chicks, the positive percentage of ND antibody titer of broiler, layer and breeder, when a standard positive HI titer were '2', was 84.4%, 100% and 100%, respectively. The positive percentage of ND antibody titer by ELISA was shown 38.4%, 100% and 100% and S/P ratio were also shown 81.5%, 98.2% and 99.2%, respectively. The results of comparative survey with same sera by two experimental methods were as follows; In low HI titer, ELISA titer was not similar to HI titer, but S/P ratio was similar to it. In high HI titer, ELISA titer was not similar to HI titer. Therefore, HI titer was more similar to S/P ratio than ELISA titer.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.217-222
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• 2001

Hemagglutination inhibition(HI) titers of Newcastle disease(ND) were measured to investigate the vaccination times on three different species of broiler chicks in Chonbuk province. Each 330 of Cobb, Ross and White-semi broiler chicks were selected from 11 broiler farms. The primary vaccine were sprayed in hatchery at one day old chicks. Secondary and tertiary vaccine were used by drinking water at 7 to 24 days old chicks. The ND antibody titer were measured by HI from each different species of broiler chicks at the marketing date. Total average HI titers of Cobbs vaccinated with primary ones, secondary and tertiary ones were recorded 1.86, 1.52 and 2.76, respectively. The antibody titers were shown to 2.22, 2.13, 3.07 in terms of vaccination of Ross broiler chicks. They were also 2.56, 2.65 and 2.78 in terms of vaccination of White-semi broiler chicks. The value HI titer were not statistically different of all treatments. The results of this experiment suggested that HI titer of sera is scored less than defensive value of ND antibody titer at more than two times of vaccination.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.185-196
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• 2006

Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious disease of poultry that can cause severe economic losses throughout the world. Vaccination has been used for a long time and proved as one of the most effective method to reduce the economic loss due to ND virus infection, The measurement of antibody titer such as hamagglutination-inhibition (Hl) test with sera has been used as a useful method to evaluate the immunity leve of host. However, Hl test is gradually being replaced by the enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA), To evaluate the efficacy of ELISA in the chickens vaccinated with different procedure, present study has been performed. After SPF chicks and commercial broilers were vaccinated with different kinds of live vaccines such as V4, VG/GA and/or Bl at various time, the antibody level has been measured using both HI test and ELISA. Challenge test with velogenic viscerotropic NDV was also performed to measure the protective level of antibody. In the SPF chickens, the mean ELISA titer after vaccination and survival rate after challenge was increased and correlated with days post inoculation. More than 80% of chickens with higher than 1,000 ELISA titer after vaccination were survived after challenge with velogenic ND virus and had good correlation between survival rate and antibody titier. In commercial broiler chickens, most of them at market age had low level of ELISA titer regardless of the number of vaccination, and had a low correlation between survival rate and ELISA titer. However, the ELISA titer of remaining birds after challenge was increased. This result indicated that ELISA titer had good response against velogenic NOV infection compared to Hl titer.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.277-284
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• 1998

Serum samples were collected from 100 breeders and their progeny 600 broilers. The breeders and broilers were vaccinated against infectious bronchitis(IB), infectious bursal disease(IBD) and Newcastle disease(ND) viruses according to general vaccination program. The antibodies in serum samples against IB, IBD and ND viruses were detected by ELISA using commercial ELISA kit. Geometric mean titer(GMT) of ELISA was monitored from 1-day-old to 35-day-old broilers and compared to that of breeder chickens. The GMT of ELISA to IB, IBD and ND was declined half level of the day old broiler's antibody titers at about 4, 9 and 4 days of age. The GMT of ELISA to IB, IBD and ND was declined than that of protective antibody titer at about 12, 11, and 15 days of age. Thereafter, the GMT of ELISA to IB, ND were declined and disappeared according to age of broilers. The GMT of ELISA to IBD was declined according to age of broilers, but at 25 days of age increased and 31 days of age increased than that of protective antibody titer. Taken together, these studies led to conclusion that time-course of antibody titers of broilers from vaccinated breeders and that of progeny broliers which vaccinated according to vaccine program. Those are very important data to design vaccine program to breeders and broilers.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.301-306
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• 2008

To investigate the effects of carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide (Ge-132) on the cyclophosphamide (CY)-induced immunotoxicity, hemagglutinin titer (HA-titer), splenic IgM plaque forming cells (PFC) and contact-delayed type hypersensitivity (CDTH) were assessed in mice. Ge-132 was orally administered alone (single dose of 300, 600, 900 mg/kg b.w.) or with CY (10 or 50 mg/kg, i.p.) to mice on the 2nd day before, simultaneously with, the 2nd day after immunization. Within Ge-132 alone-treated groups, HA-titer and PFC to SRBC were significantly and dose-dependently enhanced when compared with control group. HA-titer and PFC numbers suppressed by the treatment of CY alone were significantly restored by the concomitant treatment of CY and Ge-132. Also, Ge-132 significantly decreased DNFB-induced CDTH and inhibited the CY-enhanced CDTH. These results indicate that Ge-132 may be able to increase humoral immunity and inhibit the immunotoxicity by CY.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 1998

Serum samples collected from 30 breeders and their progeny 30 chicks. The antibodies against infectious bronchitis(IB), infectious bursal disease (IBD) and Newcastle disease(ND) viruses were detected by ELISA using commercial ELISA kit. The breeders were vaccinated against IB, IBD and ND viruses according to general vaccination program. Geometric mean titers(GMT) of ELISA were monitored from 1-day old to 17-day old chicks and compared with breeder chickens. The GMT of ELISA to IB, IBD and ND were declined half level of the breeder antibody titer at 6-, 8- and 7-day old. And, the GMT of ELISA to IB, IBD and ND were declined than that of protective titer at 6-, 1-, and 4-day old. Thereafter, the GMT of ELISA was declined and disappeared according to ages of chicks. Taken together, this study led to conclusion that time-course of maternal antibody titers of chicks from vaccinated breeders, and this is very important data for vaccination to chicks.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 2001

To compare of serum antibody titers using ELISA and HI, serum samples were collected from 100 breeders and their progeny 550 broilers. The breeders and broilers were vaccinated with infectious bronchitis(IB)- and Newcastle disease(ND)-viruses according to general vaccination program. The antibodies in serum samples against IB and ND viruses were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) using commercial ELISA kit and hemagglutination inhibition(HI) test. Geometric mean titer(GMT) of ELISA and In titers were monitored from 1-day-old to 35-day-old broilers and compared to those of breeder chickens. The antibody titers of breeders vaccinated with ]B virus showed 47,800, ELISA and 7.2, HI, respectively. Progeny chicks, 1-day-old, vaccinated with IBV showed high antibody titers than those of breed chickens. Those chicks were maintained protective antibody levels until 11-day-old. From 14-day-old, the antibody level decreased below protective levels. In ND, breeders serum antibody titers ELISA and Eiu were 30,200 GMT and 8.7 HI titer, respectively. On 1-day-old chicks, antibody levels was decreased to half in ELISA(16,270) compared with those of breeders, but In titers was 7.4. Progeny broilers, protective antibody level was maintained until 14- day-old by ELISA, but at 11-day-old by HI titers. After then, ND antibody titer was continuously decreased underdefense level. These result indicated that the ELISA method be more sensitive than HI titration to detect serum antibody level for IBV and NDV.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2005

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of mineral extract from granite on the performance, ammonia production from the litter, components of blood, Newcastle Disease (ND) titer and intestinal microflora in broiler chickens. Nine hundred sixty one-day-old broiler chickens (Ross) were assigned to five treatments: C; control, Zeolite; control + zeolite 1$\%$, AM10: control + active mineral water $10\%$ adsorbed zeolite $1\%$, AM20; control + active mineral water $20\%$ adsorbed zeolite $1\%$ and AM30; control + active mineral water $30\%$ adsorbed zeolite $1\%$. Each treatment consisted of four replicates with 48 broiler chicks for feeding trial. In order to test the effect of ND vaccine on the components of blood, ND titer and intestinal microflora, a separate group of 48 broiler chicks were assigned to the same 5 treatment as the feeding trial plus one negative control (No ND vaccine). Weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and mortality were not significantly affected by dietary treatments but AM30 tended to be higher than other treatments in weight gain and feed intake, especially during later period (4 to 5 weeks of age). Ammonia production from the litter of AM30 treatment was significantly (P<0.01) lower than the control. Components of blood and ND titer in serum of broiler chickens were not significantly affected by treatments but MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) of blood was significantly lower (P<0.05) in Zeolite treatment compared to others. The colony forming unit (CFU) of Clostridium perfringens in the small intestinal content of all zeolite and AM treated groups was significantly (P<0.01) lower than the control while the CFU of Escherichia coli was not significantly affected. The CFU of Lactobacilli in AM30 treatment was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the control. In conclusion, dietary supplement of active mineral water adsorbed to zeolite at $30\%$ level (AM30) tended to improve growth performance of broiler chickens and significantly reduced ammonia production from the litter. It also significantly increased CFU of intestinal Lactobacilli.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.96-102
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• 1990

The immune responses of commercial layer chickens against Newcastle disease(ND) were compared among different administration methods and times of vaccination during 4 weeks of age. A total of 372 day-old chickens were divided into 4 groups of 93 birds each. Each of 3 groups was received a commercially available B$_1$live vaccine via drinking water, eye instillation or spray method at one, 14 and 28 days of age. One group was used as an unvaccinated control. At two and 4 weeks after each time of vaccination, 15 birds from each group were collected randomly out and challenged with virulent ND virus at the dose of $10^5E1D_{50}$ per bird. Ten to 15 birds from each group were bled at two weeks intervals from day old to 8 weeks of age for hemagglutination inhibition antibody titer, The protection rate was generally low regardless of the times of vaccination although two or more times vaccination gave higher protection than once vaccination. The low protection was considered due to low titer of the vaccine used since the vaccine titer was less than $10^{3.5}EID_{50}$ per bird. Spray method gave better protection compared to eye instillation or drinking water method which resulted in lowest response. Majority of birds showed clinical signs of ND between 3 and 6 days after challenge. Death occured one or two days after onset of symptoms. Major clinical signs observed were depression(94%), anorexia(84%), diarrhoea(29%), difficult breath(15%) and torticollis(10%). Hemorrhagic lesions on post mortem were seen in duodenum(51%), trachea(35%), illeum(13%), ceacal tonsil(11%), proventriculus(10%) and some other odrgans.