• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.240-246
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• 2010

Two newly naturalized species were recorded from Incheon (Youngjong-do) and Ulsan. Among them, Bidens polylepis S.F. Blake (Asteraceae) was widespread and was found in the following locations: Unbuk bridge, Unbuk-dong, Jung-gu in Incheon, and Chuiseosan, Banggi-ri, Samnam-myeon as well as a Saemmul mountain cabin on Jaeaksan, Sangbuk-myeon in Ulju-gun, Ulsan. Bidens polylepis can be distinguished from congeneric species by its larger ray-flowers. The Korean name of Bidens polylepis was newly formulated based on the characteristic of its yellow ray-flowers and on the Korean name of the genus Bidens (Asteraceae). The other species, numerous populations of Saponaria officinalis L. (Caryophyllaceae) were found in two areas in Jeotgae village, Unseo-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon. Saponaria officinalis can be distinguished from congeneric species in the family by two features, shallow calyx teeth and a petal with appendages at the base of the blade.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.57-75
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of estuary regions, Namdaecheon, Jusucheon, and Maeupcheon, placed in the east coast of Gangwon-do. The vascular plants were summarized as 441taxa, including 90 families, 277 genera, 388 species, 2 subspecies, 35 varieties, and 6 forms. Number of species in each investigated region was 271taxa of Namdaecheon, 247taxa of Jusucheon, and 285taxa of Maeupcheon, respectively. Among the investigated 441taxa, 7 Korean endemic, 5 rare plants and 37 specially designated plants by Ministry of Environment were also included. Aquatic and hydrophyte plants were collected 41taxa, and the thinophyte and halophyte plants were investigated 22taxa. The naturalized plants were 59taxa, and the percent of naturalized plant species was estimated as 13.3%. Based on the floristic composition, Maeupcheon was estimated as well conserved estuary region among the investigated 3 rivers.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.169-179
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• 1999

The present study was undertaken to classify and describe the spring naturalized plant communities in old-Andong city by the methodology of the ZM school of phytosociology. As a result, the vegetation was classified into the six communities and two subcommunities: A. Bromus tectorum community A-a. Bromus japonicus subcommunity, A-b. Melica onoei subcommunity; B. Poa pratensis community; C. Rumex crispus community; D. Oenothera lamarckiana community; E. Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. eiatior community; F. Rumex conglomeratus community. The total taxa of the naturalized plant communities consisted of 31 families, 86 genera, 114 species and 13 varieties. Of which the taxa of the naturalized plant species consisted of 8 families, 21 genera, 25 species and 1 variety. The result of Bray-Curtis ordination revealed that the plots suveyed were arranged according largely to the vegetation units of' the communities. Also the interspecific affinity was examined by an analysis of interspecific association and the main component species in the communities were divided into two groups. The naturalized rate was higher in the communitise affected by strong human impacts, while was lower in the communities affected relatively less by human impacts. On the other hand the seasonal changes of the communities and the naturalized rate between the spring and the autumn were investigated. Many naturalized communities present in Spring were replaced by the other native ruderal communitues in the Autumn. The naturalized rate based on the dominance was largely decreased over from the spring to the Autumn.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 2018

This study aims to study the flora and identify the naturalized plants of the 4 ancient palace (Gyeongbokgung, Changdeokgung, Changgyeonggung, Deoksugung) and Jongmyo Shrine, which are national cultural heritage and urban cultural centers in Seoul. The plants found consisted of 315 taxa in total, belonging to 82 families, 201 genera, 285 species, 1 subspecies and 29 varieties. The naturalized plants were shown as follows: in the Deoksugung Palace(33 taxa), the Jongmyo Shrine(14 taxa) and the Gyeongbok Palace(21 taxa) and the Changdeokgung Palace complex(11 taxa). The results of the analysis based on the place of origin showed a higher rate of distribution of species based in North America, Europe and Eurasia, with higher rates of grass than tree. In addition, except for Gyeongbokgung Palace, the annual rate is higher than the perennial rate. As a result of naturalization analysis, the percentage of naturalized plants corresponding to naturalization degree 3 and naturalization degree 5 was high. According to the moment of the invasion, the naturalized plants recently introduced were higher than the first species. In addition, it was found that the similarity between the sites was more than 40%, and the diversity of species of naturalized plants common to the five sites was very low. The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for cultural heritage landscaping and naturalized plant management.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.201-209
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• 2005

Two new naturalized species, Amaranthus hybridus and Crepis tectorum, are reported here. Descriptions and illustrations of the species and comparison of morphology with related species are provided. Amaranthus hybridus was first found at Nanjido, Seoul and is widely distributed in the central and southern part of Korean peninsula. New Korean name is given as "Ginteolbireum". It is well distinguished from the related species, A. retroflexus and A. patulus, by its late flowering time (September to October), sparse hair on the leaves, similar length between tepal and fruit, and long inflorescence without division. Crepis tectorum was first found at the entrance of Weoljeongsa Temple in Pyongchang-gun, Gangwon-do and spreads rapidly to other areas. New Korean name is given as "Nadomindulle".

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.295-300
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• 2016

Sisyrinchium micranthum Cav., a newly naturalized species, was found in Seogwipo, Jeju-do. This species is native to Central and South America and is reported as a widely invasive species around the world. Sisyrinchium micranthum is a sister species of S. rosulatum E. P. Bicknell (Deung-Sim-But-Kkot in Korean), reported as an invasive species earlier in Korea, and both species are members of the subgenus Echthronema. Sisyrinchium micranthum is distinguished from S. rosulatum by the urceolate shape of its flowers and by the large size of its fruits and seeds. Its local name is "Yeon-Deung-Sim-But-Kkot" based on the light blue corolla. We also found that Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill., previously used for Deung-Sim-But-Kkot, was misapplied. It belongs to the subgenus Sisyrinchium and is morphologically very different from S. rosulatum. We corrected the scientific name of Deung-Sim-But-Kkot by changing it from S. angustifolium to S. rosulatum based on the type specimens, original descriptions, and recent studies.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.105-131
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Gyodongdo island (Ganghwa-gun). The vascular plants from 11 field surveys were revealed to belong to a total of 629 taxa; 118 families, 364 genera, 561 species, 5 subspecies, 53 varieties, 7 forms and 3 hybrids. 184 taxa were the first records from this region. The plants in Gyodongdo island are composed of the deciduous broad-leaved and conifer-mixed forests which are the common ones in the middle part of the Korean Peninsula. Five taxa of Korean endemic plants such as Clematis brachyura Maxim., Viola seoulensis Nakai, Populus ${\times}$ tomentiglandulosa T. B. Lee, Forsythia koreana (Rehder) Nakai and Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai were collected. Endangered wild plants designated by the law called 'Protection Law for Endangered wild fauna and flora' were one taxon. The red list plants according to IUCN valuation basis were examined for 13 taxa; endangered (EN) species of Prunus yedoensis Matsum., Vulnerable (VU) species of both Utricularia pilosa (Makino) Makino and Iris ruthenica var. nana Maxim., Near Threatened (NT) species of Senecio argunensis Turcz., Least Concern (LC) species of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco, Potentilla discolor Bunge, Limnophila sessiliflora (Vahl) Blume, Acorus calamus L., Phacelurus latifolius (Steud.) Ohwi, Pseudoraphis ukishiba Ohwi, Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC., and Not Evaluate (NE) species of both Astragalus sikokianus Nakai and Potamogeton oxyphyllus Miq. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were a total of 47 taxa comprising three taxa of grade V, four taxa of grade IV, nine taxa of grade III, 10 taxa of grade II, and 21 taxa of grade I. The naturalized plants were identified as 62 taxa and the percentage of naturalized index (NI) was 9.9 % and the percentage of urbanization index (UI) was 19.3 %, respectively. Furthermore, hemicryptophytes (28 %), therophytes (26 %), hydrophytes (13 %) and geophyte (12 %) showed high proportional ratio in life form spectrum.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.333-343
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• 2008

Two newly naturalized species were recorded from Gangwon-do and Jeju-do. Among them, numerous populations of Hieracium caespitosum (Asteraceae) were found in 2006 along the road near the military area at, Mt. Dosolsan, Yanggu-gun, Gangwon-do. The other species, Trifolium incarnatum (Fabaceae) was widespread and found at various locations including Jeongsil and Woo-do in Jeju-si, Jeju-do and Gasioreum, Daejeong-eup, Seoguipo-si, Jeju-do and Daehandawon Plantation in Hoecheon-myon, Boseong-gun, Jeonranam-do in 2008. Hieracium caespitosum was found to be distinguished from the allied species, H. umbellatum in the same genus, by a lot of capitula and a well developed cluster of basal leaves during the flowering time. Trifolium incarnatum can be distinguished from other species in the same genus by an erect form, long inflorescence and deep-red flowers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.25-40
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• 2011

The vascular plants in Jeokjabong, Bogil Island were listed 350 taxa composed of 89 families, 233 genera, 309 species, 1 subspecies, 36 varieties and 4 forms. Divided into woody plants were 142 taxa (40.6%) and herbaceous plants were 208 taxa (59.4%). Based on the list of rare and endangered species by Korea Forest Service and Korea National Arboretum, 3 taxa were recorded; Celtis choseniana, Asarum maculatum, Rubus sorbifolius, and endemic plants, 10 taxa were recorded; Asarum maculatum, Cephalotaxus koreana, Carpinus coreana, Celtis choseniana, Lespedeza maritima, Indigofera koreana, Dendropanax morbifera, Ligustrum quihoui var. latifolium, Weigela subsessilis, Carex okamotoi, and plant species subject to permission for taking abroad, 4 taxa were recorded; Celtis choseniana, Asarum maculatum, Vaccinium oldhami, Carex okamotoi. Based on the list of floristic regional indicator plants by Korean Ministry of Environment were total 64 taxa (18.3% of all 350 taxa of vascular plants); Ligustrum quihoui var. latifolium in class IV, 19 taxa (Stauntonia hexaphylla, Cinnamomum japonicum, Zanthoxylum ailanthoides, Daphniphyllum macropodum, Centella asiatica, Verbena officinalis, Mitchella undulata, etc.) in class III, 5 taxa (Potentilla dickinsii, Ostericum melanotilingia, Sanicula rubriflora, Caryopteris incana, Teucrium veronicoides) in class II and 39 taxa (Gleichenia dichotoma, Cyrtomium fortunei, Aphananthe aspera, Rubus hirsutus, Meliosma myriantha, Hedera rhombea, Ainsliaea apiculata, etc.) in class I. Based on the list of naturalized plants, 5 families, 17 genera, 20 taxa (Phytolacca americana, Lepidium virginicum, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Verbesina alternifolia, Lolium perenne, etc.) and naturalization rate was 5.7% of all 350 taxa of vascular plants. Hereafter natural ecosystem into disturbance on naturalized plants and legal protection species and rare and endangered species distribute in the Bogil Island, precision investigation after management counterplan of the monitoring a point of view be required.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.79-85
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• 2007

A naturalized plant of Leguminosae is reported in Korea. L. fioribunda belongs to subgenus Lespedeza of Lespedeza which is characterized by having chasmogamous flowers. The plant is native in China and recently naturalized in Seoul and Chungcheongnam Province of Korea. A key to the species of subgenus Lespedeza in Korea including L. floribunda is provided.