• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2010

This study was conducted to provide a database for biotope conservation and restoration of the Jeonju region in North Cheolla Province. To accomplish this task, investigations were made on the characteristics of the distribution pattern of naturalized plants in the region. From May to June 2008, the flora and lists of naturalized plants were investigated and, based on these data the ratio of naturalization was calculated. The results of this investigation areas follows: a total of 113 families and 54 species were found in the flora. The naturalized plants among them amounted to 19 families and 54 species. The ratio of naturalization was most high in the biotope type of rural dried stream(36.4%). The biotype that showed the lowest ratio of naturalization was coniferous natural forest type, which had no naturalized plants in it. The average naturalization ration of the Jeonju region turned out to be 18.9%, which is similar to that of other mid-size cities in Korea.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.272-289
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• 2017

This study analyzed the status of the naturalized plants in islands in Jeollanamdo from an island biogeographic perspective. As a result of a floristic analysis at 47 inhabited islands and 194 uninhabited islands, 30 families and 134 species naturalized plants are reported. The most commonly occurring naturalized plant from 141 islands was Rumex crispus. The average number of naturalized plants by islands is 20.6 species (${\pm}14.22$) at the inhabited islands and 3.7 species (${\pm}3.89$) at the uninhabited islands. Presence of fifty nine naturalized species at Geumodo in Yeosu-si is the largest in number. The naturalization ratio, which is the ratio of naturalized plants to native plants, is 7.66% (${\pm}3.96$) in the inhabitable islands and 4.97% (${\pm}3.70$) in the uninhabitable islands. The naturalization ratio among islands of the West Sea in Jeollanam-do is 5.92% (${\pm}4.49$), and it is higher than 4.96% (${\pm}2.15$) in islands in the South Sea. Especially, the naturalization ratio at the inhabitable islands, i.e., 8.39% (${\pm}4.37$) at the islands of the West Sea is higher than 5.80% (${\pm}1.41$) at islands in the South Sea. The naturalization ratio of naturalized plants at the islands shows positive correlation with the size of the island (r=0.412, p<0.01), but the correlations with distance from the mainland and altitude above sea level are not significant. Eight ecosystem disturbing species designated by law are reported, and each species shows distinct distributional ranges. The regional differences in the number of naturalized plant species seem to be a result of the complex reflection of natural and human environmental factors, such as the degree of traffic between mainland and islands, degree of cultivation activities, along with the physical environmental differences. Since islands have limited habitats and resources, islands could be more vulnerable to the incoming species from outside, and environmental changes than mainland. Therefore, continuous monitoring and management against the naturalized plants in islands are needed.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.293-304
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• 2020

Background and objective: This study was carried out to assess the relationship between the internal and external environments and the ecological items in five sites with a high level of artificial use intensity prior to the establishment of Geumgang River riparian ecological belts. Methods: The sites were classified into forest type, cultivated land type and urbanized type in accordance with their respective locational types. Ecological items including plant ecology such as proportion, naturalization index and urbanization index of native species were analyzed and animal ecology such as the number of species and population of wild birds, amphibians and reptiles, mammals, and butterflies and dragonflies, which are indicator insects, were investigated. In addition, species diversity indices of wild birds, butterflies and dragonflies found in all the subject lands were computed. Results: Among the plant ecological items, the ratio of native species in the forest type was higher than 90%, which was a satisfactory level, while the naturalization and urbanization indices were less than 10%. The number of species in the animal ecological characteristics was reduced in the order of forest type, cultivated land type and urbanized type. As the results of correlation analysis, the internal area of the planted area showed a negative correlation with the total of individuals. The area of grasslands showed a positive correlation with the number of dragonfly species and the total number of individuals, thereby illustrating that wet grasslands have positive effects. The area of surrounding forests, as an external environment, had a negative correlation with the urbanization index (UI) but a positive correlation with the inhabitation of butterflies and the total number of species. Conclusion: The results confirmed the need for more diversified special compositions including planted land, grassland, wetland, bodies of water and waterways within the subject land in the wetland ecological belt along with the need for surrounding forest location and preservation from the perspective of purchase and restoration of land for enhancement of wider biodiversity in the future.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.170-195
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the vascular flora of Mt. Nam, Mt. Toham, and Mt. Danseok in Gyeongju National Park. The vascular plants were surveyed for 7 times from July 2011 to May 2012. The results were summarized as 436 taxa, 96families, 284 genera, 385 species, 4 subspecies, 41 varieties, and 6 forms. The 13 taxa were categorized as Korean endemic plants species and the other 7 taxa as rare plants species, which categorized by the Korea Forest Service. Based on the Floristic Degrees categorized by the Specific Distribution of Plants Species, one taxa grouped as the Floristic Degree V, 3 for Floristic Degree IV, and 9 for Floristic Degree III, 4 for Floristic Degree II, and 24 taxa for Floristic Degree I. The naturalized plants were recorded as 29 taxa, and their Naturalization Ratio and Urbanization Index were recorded as 6.65%, and 9.03%, respectively. 436 taxa listed consists of 182 taxa(41.7%) of pasturing plant, 176 taxa(40.4%) of edible plants, 147 taxa(33.7%) of medicinal plants, 52 taxa(11.9%) of ornamental plants, 18 taxa(4.1%) of timber plants, 16 taxa(3.7%) of stain plants, 8 taxa(1.8%) of fiber plants, 1 taxa(0.2%) of industrial plants and 79 taxa(18.1%) of unknown plants.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.463-490
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the vascular plants of Namhan River. The period of survey was from March to November on 2012. Vascular plants based on voucher specimen were summarized as 430 taxa including 86 families, 250 genera, 383 species, 2 subspecies, 39 varieties and 6 forms. The rare plant species designated by Korea Forest Service were 13 taxa including Penthorum chinense Pursh, Polygonatum stenophyllum Maxim, and Sparganium erectum L., etc. And the endemic plant species were 8 taxa including Salix koriyanagi Kimura, Clematis trichotoma Nakai, and Carex gifuensis Franch., etc. Furthermore, 56 taxa were listed as specific plant species based on phytogeographical and based on the list of plants which have been approved for overseas delivery, 27 taxa were recorded in the investigated area. The naturalized plants were recorded as 58 taxa, and their Naturalization Ratio and Urbanization Index were recorded as 13.5%, and 18.1%, respectively. 430 taxa listed consists of 174 taxa(40.5%) of pasturing plant, 141 taxa(32.8%) of edible plants, 112 taxa(26.0%) of medicinal plants, 48 taxa(11.2%) of ornamental plants, 11 taxa(2.6%) of stain plants, 7 taxa(1.6%) of fiber plants, 4 taxa(0.9%) of timber plants, 2 taxa(0.5%) of industrial plants and 109 taxa(25.4%) of unknown plants.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.481-495
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• 2022

This study was designed to identify the actual state of naturalized plants and invasive alien species that cause disturbances to the ecosystem, plants which are introduced after forest restoration, and explore the implications resulting from the project. Onsite examination included 29 sites which have been subjected to forest restoration by the Korea Forest Service. Once these were chosen, activity took place twice a year in the spring (May-June) and in the summer (August-September) in 2020 and 2021. Areas not relevant to the project sites were excluded from this activity so that we could identify the plants that could be understood to have been introduced or brought into the site after the actual forest restoration. And the correlation was analyzed, between the naturalized flora within the project sites and the working types applied to the site through confirmation of completion of the restoration project. The naturalized plants appearing on the entire site cover a total of 109 taxa, which includes 29 families, 80 genera, 108 species and 1 subspecies, while invasive plants included 3 families, 7 genera and 8 species. The number of classifications and the naturalization rate gradually decreased over time, after the project. While there was no significant difference between the number of classification groups and the naturalization rate for naturalized plants between project sites, given the number of taxa of naturalized plants, organized by type of damage, there were relatively more naturalized plants that appeared in the severed section of the Baekdudaegan Mountain Range, as well as at quarry and facility sites. Seeding apparently results in naturalization rates as high as 15.545%, on average, based on comparisons of naturalization rates by sowing, seeding, planting, herb planting, and sod pitching channels, all of these being methods of vegetation for planting/greening of bareland and slopes within the project areas. With no seeding, it was 9.167%, higher than the average. As for other vegetation, there was no significant difference depending on application of the working type. This means that unlike the plants subjected to planting, the working type of seed planting which makes it difficult to identify whether a certain plant is a naturalized plant greatly affects the introduction of naturalized plants to the restoration sites, even when using herb planting and sod pitching to control plants and results. Therefore the study suggests that there be inspection by experts of seeds when sowing within restoration sites. The results of this study suggest good practices that will help to direct effective vegetation restoration and follow-up management.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.436-486
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• 2010

The vascular flora of Mt. Seorak had been researched from 1984 to 2010, and this research revealed 994 taxa in total, including 814 species, 1 subspecies, 122 varieties and 57 forms in 463 genera, 109 families. Among them were 53 taxa of Korean endemic species, 60 taxa of rare and endangered species, and 248 taxa of specially designated species in view of floristics by the Ministry of Environment, which includes 42 taxa of grade V, 27 taxa of grade IV, 58 taxa of grade III, 57 taxa of grade II, and 64 taxa of grade I. With regard to the naturalized plants, 60 taxa were recognized, and Compositae taxa was distributed in highest ratio, accounting for 31.7%, and naturalization ratio was found to be 6.0%. Furthermore, hemicryptophytes (27.6%), geophytes (25.0%) and phanerophytes (21.8%) showed high proportional ratio in life form spectrum.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.437-450
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Is. Gageo (Jeollanam-do). The vascular plants were collected 13 times (from June 2008 to September 2011), and 465 taxa in total were identified, including 112 families, 301 genera, 402 species, 3 subspecies, 49 varieties, 9 forms and 2 hybrids. 171 taxa were first records for the region. Among them were seven taxa of Korean endemic plants and the Ministry of Environment-designated plants, which should be protected by the wildlife protection law, were identified as three taxa. There were 54 taxa of the flora with the levels III, IV, V in the floristic indicator plants which was designated by Ministry of Environment. The naturalized plants were identified as 29 taxa, and their naturalization ratio and urban index were found to be 6.2% and 9.0% respectively. There existed many kinds of plants resources having conservational value like $Loxogramme$ $salicifolia$, $Sarcandra$ $glabra$, $Osmanthus$ $insularis$, $Saussurea$ $polylepis$, $Carex$ $ligulata$ var. $austrokoreensis$, $Hosta$ $jonesii$, $Cyrtosia$ $septentrionalis$, etc., in this area. As therefore clear that appropriate plans to conserve the natural habitat of Is. Gageo must be made immediately.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.209-217
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate and analyze the vascular flora and injury status in Shinduri coastal dune area $(N36^{\circ}\;49',\;E126^{\circ}\;11')$, where designated as Natural Monuments and the result are as follows. The vascular plants identified and surveyed were 125 taxa including 108 species, 14 varieties, 2 forms and 1 hybrid of 92 genera of 40 families and there are 20 taxa including 17 species, 2 varieties and 1 hybrid of 15 genera of 10 families for woody plants, while 105 toxa including 91 species, 12 varieties and 2 forms of 78 genera of 34 families for the herbaceous plants at the . study sites. Seventeen taxa including 17 species of 15 genera of 9 families were investigated for naturalized plants and ratio of naturalization was 13.6 percents at the study sites. Glehnia littorolis Fr. Schm. and Lilium callosum S. et Z. appeared as rare and endangered plants designated in Korea Forest Service. Nine taxa in degree 1, 2 taxa in degree 2, 4 taxa in degree 3, 2 taxa in degree 4 and 2 taxa in degree 5 were represented for especialized species.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.33-48
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• 2009

A palustrine wetland is a type of a wetland that prevails in Korea as well as an ecosystem that provides various ecological functions and has affluent biodiversity. This study was conducted to understand the characteristics of vegetation in a palustrine wetland by analyzing a life form and naturalized plants, in order to present the maintenance and utilization plan of a small wetland. A total of 249 taxa including 76 families, 188 generics, 209 species, 38 varieties and 2 forma were found at six investigated wetlands. As a result of the appearance ratio analysis, Therophytes (37.8%) with 94 taxa and Hemicryptophytes (31.3%) with 78 taxa were in order of life form, and Gramineae (14.1 %) with 35 taxa and Compositae (11.2 %) with 28 taxa were in order of family level. These were deemed representative vegetation in a palustrine wetland. Equosetum arvense, Phragmites communis, Commelina communis, Persicaria thunbergii, Arenaria serpyllifolia, Stellaria media, Erigeron annuus, Erigeron canadensis and Artemisia princeps var, orientalis were found continuously for a period of investigation in all sites. Equosetum arvense, Phragmites communis and Persicaria thunbergii were species with high appearance frequency. Especially, Persicaria thunbergii was construed high in a cover ratio in May as it develop first among Hydrophytes and form a canopy sooner than anything else. We found that a degree of naturalization and an urbanization index appear comparatively high in Yeongok-ri, Cheonan, Gangjang-ri, Asan and Yodang-ri, Hwasung, which is construed due to artificial interference, such as fanning, fishing, swimming and green-tour program. These results would be used to utilize in restoring a deserted and damaged wetland and to provide fundamental data in creating a wetland as follows.