• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.131-138
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate on the composting characteristics variation accoding to air supply capacity in Pig manure. The composting of pig manure is economical and efficiently process. The fermented compost was added in pig manure mixed with sawdust was composting reators. Air supply capacity levels of fermented compost on the pig manure mixed with sawdust were regulated at 50, 100, 150 and 200$\ell/m^3$/min. respectively. The obtained results can be followed as bellow; The temperature variations of experimental composting piles during composting for the different of T-1 reach $40^{\circ}C$ in 2 days, T-2, T-3 and T-4 reach $60^{\circ}C$ in 2 days and T-3, T-4 maintained until 8 days. The decreases in water contents per each square meter for the different of T-1 (50 l/$m^3$/min), T-2(100 l/$m^3$/min), T-3(150 l/$m^3$/min) and T-4(200 l/$m^3$/min.), The decreases ratio in water contents was T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4 were 15.4%, 28.8%, 33.4% and 35.2%. The decreases ratio in weight was T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4 were 7.6%, 15.6%, 16.8% and 16.9% respectively. The variations of oxygen concentration from composting period in case of oxygen discharge concentration T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4 were 9 ppm. respectively. Fertilizer components after composting were examined. Nitrogen contents of the T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4 were 0.45%, 0.44%, 0.42% and 0.44%, and P2O5 contents were T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4 were 0.37%, 0.41%, 0.42% and 0.44% respectively. Therefore, the compost curing air supply of air volumes at least 150$\ell$/min/min. or more to supply the aerobic composting pig manure normally are judged to be possible.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 2010

The composting of layer manure is economical and efficiently process. In this study, the variation of composting characteristics in layer manure was investigated according to air supply capacity. The fermented compost was added in layer manure and mixed with sawdust inside composting reactors. The level of air supply capacity was varied in the range of $50{\sim}200\;{\ell}/m^3/min$. During composting the temperature variations of composting piles was different the temperatures of composting piles for T-1 ($50\;{\ell}/m^3/min$) and T-2 ($100\;{\ell}/m^3/min$) were reached at $40^{\circ}C$ and $50^{\circ}C$ within 2 days, respectively. For T-3 ($150\;{\ell}/m^3/min$) and T-4 ($200\;{\ell}/m^3/min$), their temperatures was $60^{\circ}C$ within same days and maintained during 8 days. Water contents decreased according to the air supply capacity; 8.9%, 15.4%, 18.0% and 18.6% for T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4. The weight ratios of T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4 were reduced to 12.8%, 15.6%, 18.1% and 17.9%, respectively. The decreasing volumetric ratios of T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4 were 18.0%, 21.0%, 22.3% and 22.0%. The oxygen discharge concentrations during composting were 12 ppm for T-1, T-2 and 9 ppm for T-3 and T-4. After composting, fertilizer components such as total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorous pentoxide ($P_2O_5$) were examined at each air supply capacity. Nitrogen contents of the T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4 were 0.75%, 0.74%, 0.72% and 0.64%. Also, The contents of $P_2O_5$ were 0.35%, 0.40%, 0.38% and 0.42% for T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.271-280
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• 2004

This pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of systematic variation appling of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn on forage performance of orchardgrass and white clover. The treatments of systematic variation were 0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25, and $100/0\%$ in the Fe/Cu(trial-1), Mn/Zn(trial-2), and Fe+Cu/Mn+Zn(trial-3), respectively. The treatments of Fe/Mn/Cu/Zn(trial-4) were $70\%$ in main-element and $10\% in other 3 sub-elements, respectively. 1. Compared with orchadgrass, white clover showed relatively consistent differences in the content of micronutrients as influenced by treatments of the systematic variation. The contents of Mn and Cu in the forages were significantly influenced by the application rates of Mn and Cu, respectively. The contents of Fe and Zn in the forages, however, were not significantly different among these treatments. 2. Compared with orchardgrass in the Fe/cu trial, white clover had not only the low content of Cu but also the Cu content and yield of white clover were greatly decreased by the low rate of application of Cu. In the Mn/Zn trial, the $0/100\%$ resulted in the severe decrease of Mn-content in both forages. The low content of Mn in white clover tended to be negatively correlated to the Mn-chlorosis, inferior growth and flowering, and low yield. 3. In the Fe+Cu/Mn+Zn trial, the application with $0/100\%$ and $0/100\%$ resulted in the relatively great decrease of Cu and Mn contents, respectively. These traits in white clover tended to be negatively correlated to the inferior growth and flowering, and low yield 4. In the Fe/Mn/Cu/Zn trial, the content of every main-elements in the forages were increased especially in Mn. In addition, the contents of sub-elements were likely to be somewhat negatively influenced by the treatment of main-element respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.281-292
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• 2004

This pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of systematic variation appling of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn on forage performance of orchardgrass and white clover, The treatments of systematic variation were 0/100. 25/75, 50/50. 75/25, and $100/0\%$ in the Fe/Cu, Mn/Zn, and Fe+Cu/Mn+Zn trials, respectively. The treatments of Fe/Mn/Cu/Zn trial were $70\%$ in main-element and $10\%$ in other 3sub-elements. 1 . General differences had been showed in the relative contents, uptake amounts, and mutual ratios of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn between orchardgrass and white clover. The effects of Fe application on the all traits were generally insignificant. The Mn and Cu applications, however, showed consistent differences in the all traits. At the high relative content of Mn in the forages influenced by the Mn application, the relative contents of Fe, Cu and Zn were greatly decreased without the significant differences in common content. 2. The increase of uptake amount of each micronutrient was not positively correspond to the yield increase. In some cases, the uptake amount of micronutrient was greatly increased without the significant increase of yield. At the Mn application, the Mn uptake amount was relatively much more increased than increase of the yield. The uptake amount of each element was significantly increased by the application with Mn and Cu. However, it was not in the case of Fe and Zn. 3. The mutual ratios of micronutrients were more influenced by the applications of Mn and Cu, especially Mn, than those by the applications of Fe and Zn. In the Fe/cu trial, the ratios of Fe/Cu showed 6.0~ 10.5 in orchardgrass and 10.2~ $16.4\%$ level of difference in white clover. In the Fe+Cu/Mn+Zn trial, the ratios of Mn/Cu, Mn/Zn, and Fe/Mn were greatly influenced by the treatments. It has been also found that the poor growth of white clover was caused by the unbalanced ratios of Fe/Mn, and it tended to be enhanced by the good applications and mutual ratios of other elements.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.183-192
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• 2004

This pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of systematic variation application of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn on forage performance of orchardgrass and white clover. The treatments of systematic variation were 0/100, 25/75, 50/50. 75/25, and $100/0\%$ in the Fe/Cu(trial-1). Mn/Zn(trial-2), and Fe+Cu/Mn+Zn(trial-3), respectively The treatments of Fe/Mn/Cu/Zn(trial-4) were composed of $70\%$ for main element and $10\%$ for other 3 elements, respectively. 1. The contents of N-compounds in forages tended to be in inverse proportion to the yields. In the Mn/Zn trial, the 0/l00 to white clover resulted in the relatively high contents of soluble N-compounds and low ratio of pure protein/soluble N-compounds in company with a severe yield decrease. 2. In the Fe+Cu/Mn+Zn trial, the 0/100 and 100/0 resulted in the somewhat high contents of N-compounds in white clover. It was likely to be caused by the concentration effect derived from yield decrease. In addition, the 100/0 resulted in the relatively high content of soluble N-compounds and low ratio of pure protein/soluble N-compounds. The protein synthesis in white clover was likely to be negatively influenced by the 100/0. 3. In the Fe/Mn/Cu/Zn trial, white clover showed the low contents of crude and pure protein at the 1st cut. It was likely to be caused by the unbalanced mutual ratios derived from the high application levels of each single element. 4. In white clover at the 5th cut, the 0/100 of Mn/Zn and 100/0 of Fe+Cu/Mn+Zn resulted in the relatively high content of K. It was likely to be caused by the concentration effect derived from yield decrease.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.193-200
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• 2004

This pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of systematic variation application of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn on forage performance of orchardgrass and white clover. The treatments of systematic variation were 0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25, and $100/0\%$ in the Fe/Cu(trial-1), Mn/Zn(trial-2), and Fe+Cu/Mn+Zn(trial-3), respectively. The treatments of Fe/Mn/Cu/Zn(trial-4) were composed of $70\%$ in main element and $10\%$ in other 3 elements, respectively. 1. By the systematic variations of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn, the yields were more significantly influenced in white clover than in orchardgrass. In addition, the yields of white clover were closely correlated to the trends of root/nodule growth and flowering. In the Fe/Cu trial, the relatively high yields were obtained at the $100/0\%$ in orchardgrass and at the $75/25\%$ in white clover. The yields of white clover were more negatively influenced by the 100/0(Cu control) than by the 0/100(Fe control). The yields of orchardgrass, however, tended to be opposite to the above trends. 2. In the Mn/Zn trial, both forages showed generally high yields at the high ratios of Mn/Zn. Compared with orchardgrass, the yields of white clover were greatly decreased by the Mn-deficiency(low ratio of Mn/Zn). The effects of Zn on forage yields, however, were not recognized. 3. In the Fe+Cu/Mn+Zn trial, the yields of orchardgrass tended to be slightly different among the treatments. The yields of white clover, however, were relatively' high at the 75/25, and showed a severe decrease at the 100/0 in the 2nd half cuts. In the Fe/Mn/Cu/Zn trial, the yields of white clover tended to be relatively high at the Cu and Zn treatments. It was likely to be caused by the balanced Fe/Mn ratio.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.93-104
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• 2004

This pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of combined micronutrient application($T_1$; control, $T_2$; Fe, $T_3$; Fe+Mn, $T_4$; Fe+Mn+Cu, $T_5$ ; Fe+Mn+Cu+Zn, $T_6$ ; Fe+Mn+Cu+Zn+Mo, T$_{7}$; Fe+Mn+Cu+Zn + Mo + B) on forage performance of pure and mixed cultures of orchardgrass and white clover. The fifth part was concerned with the changes in the total and relative contents, uptake amounts, and mutual ratios. of micronutrients in forages. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The relative contents(total contents of 6 micronutrients = 100%) of Fe and Mn were considerably influenced by the antagonism between Fe and Mn, and also were influenced by the differences in Mn-absorption between orchardgrass and white clover. Compared with pure culture, orchardgrass showed high relative contents of Mn, and low relative contents of Fe and B in mixed culture. White clover, however, tended to be exactly opposed to the above trends. In relative contents, the T$_6$ 6/ resulted generally in decrease of Fe. However the $T_7$ resulted in increase of Mn and B. In addition, the $T_7$ resulted in decrease of Cu and Zn in orchardgrass, and Mo in white clover. 2. In general, there were differences in the tendency between the yield changes and the uptake amounts of micronutrients. General differences have been showed in the uptake amounts and mutual ratios of micronutrients based on the forage species, pure/mixed culture, additional fertilization, and antagonism. The uptake amounts of total micronutrients were generally increased by the treatments with increased combination. In uptake amounts, the $T_7$ resulted in the increase of Mn and B, and decrease of Mo. 3. The mutual ratios of Fe/Mn, Fe/Cu, and Mn/Cu were considerably influenced by the antagonism between Fe and Mn. At the $T_7$ , very low ratio of Fe/Mo affected by the T6 tended to be somewhat improved because of the decrease of Mo content． The poor growth of forages at the $T_6$ was improved by the $T_7$ . This fact was likely to be caused by the adequate B/Mo ratio.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.141-147
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• 1989

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of 13 different application levels of nitrogen(N), phosphorous($P_2O_5$) and potassium($K_2O$) fertilizer at pasture establishment on the winter survival, early spring growth and dry matter(DM) yield, and contents of crude protein(CP) and carbohydrate resewes(CH0-R) of grasses in Suwon from September, 1987 to June, 1988. Winter survival of grasses was high (ca. 90 %) in the plots of N 80 kg, N 120 kg and $K_2O$ application, regardless of $P_2O_5$, while those in zero-N and zero-NPK plots were low as 76 % and 64 %, respectively. Close relationships were observed between winter survival and N & $K_2O$ fertilizer. Early spring growth was vigorous in N-fertilized plots. Heading rate at the first harvest was 50-70 % in all N-plots, regardless of $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$, while those in zero-N and zero-NPK plots were very low as 20-26 % and 15-18 %,respectively. The DM yield of first harvest was higher in the plots of N 80 kg $ha^{-1}$, regardless of $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ levels, and those in zero-N and zero-NPK plots were very low (P < 0.05). The regrowth yleld was not significantly affected by fertilizer levels. The CP content was increased with increasing N level, but CHO-K contents (35-39 %)was not affected by fertilizer levels.Winter survival, early spring growth, DM yield and CP content were significantly influenced by N fertilizer at pasture establishment, regardless of $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ application. In this experiment, the compensation effect for spring yield was observed with more N application than usual in next early spring when deficient amount of fertilizer (especially N) was applicated at pasture establishment. Also the optimum application levels of N, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ fertilizer could be recommended as 80, 200 and 70 kg $ha^{-1}$ in new establishing pasture, respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.67-76
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• 1983

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of the different nitrogen rates and cutting heights on the dead stubble after cutting, and the carbohydrate reserved in stubble of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Pioneer 988. The experiment was undertaken in the Experimental Livestock Farm of Agriculture Coll., Seoul Nat'l Univ. In Suweon, 1981 and 1982. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The dead stubble after cutting was found to be great with high rate of nitrogen fertilizer and low cutting height. It was also learned that the rainfall during forage cutting period made the dead stubble increased. 2. A significant higher (p<0.05) carbohydrate reserves in the stubble was observed in the high stubble height at the first cutting time and 6th through 7th day after the first cutting. The results indicate that the high stubble height reserves more carbohydrate for the early regrwoth stage after the first cutting when comparing with the low stubble. 3. The content of carbohydrate reserves was influenced by climete. Drought is caused to high content of carbohydrate, whereas, rain is caused to low content of that. The critical soluble carbohydrate content causing the death of stubble supposed to be 3 to 6% at least. 4. It is suggest that carbohydrate reserves in plant do not play a distinctive role for the regrowth in a summer annual forage like sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, but it might be rather influenced by the other factors, for example, environmental conditions at harvest and new bud.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.241-250
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• 1999

A field plot experiment was carried out on mixed pasture from October 1995 to October 1997 to examine the effect of weed control as affected by the difference of mixed pasture species, planning with spilt plot design which main plots of 2 treatments (companion crop Italian ryegrass Lolium multiflorum and Kentucky bluegrass Poa pratensis) are divided into subplots of 4 treatments (T1: single companion crop, T2: Tall fescue Festuca arundinasea + Orchardgrass Dactylis glomerata + Ladino clover Trifolium repens, T3 : Perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne + orchardgrass + ladino clover, T4 : orchardgrass + ladino clover). Average 2 year-dry matter yields of companion crops as whole plots, Italian ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass, were 15,437kg/ha and 14,629kg/ha, respectively and those of T1, T2, T3 and T4 as sub plots were 14,815, 15,407, 14,629 and 15,187kg/ha respectively without statistical1y significant difference(P>0.05). Though there was no significant difference between the dry matter yields of Italian ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass, as whole plots, at 1st harvest of second year, dry matter yields of T3 and T4, as 4,591kg/ha and 4,816kg/ha respectively, were higher than those of T1, 3,376kg/ha(P<0.05), significantly. There was a significant difference among 2nd year-average DM yields of sub plots(P<0.05), showing highest with T4 15,131kg/ha and least with T1 13,085kg/ha and T3 13,269kg/ha. Italian ryegrass, as the companion crop, was better for the control of weeds in the early spring than Kentucky bluegrass, but reached to the similar botanical composition level with Kentucky bluegrass after summer with rapid decrease of Italian ryegrass. Percentage of Kentucky bluegrass in botanical composition increased slowly, but did'nt become an important factor for the control of weeds at the end of this experiment. Using orchardgrass in mixed pasture such as T2, T3 and T4 made weeds more decreased in mixed pasture than one in single conpanion crop. There was no difference among treatments of whole or sub plots in crude protein contents of pasture taken in this study. Contents of NDF and ADF of companion crop. Italian ryegrass plots harvested in October 1997 were hither than those of Kentucky bluegrass plots(P<0.05). ADF contents of Kentucky blue grass-plots taken in July 1997 has shown to be high significantly as compared to those of Italian ryegrass plots(P<0.01). The results of this study support that the companion crop Italian ryegrass was good for weed controls only in spring of 1st year after sowing and orchardgrass in mixed pastures played good roles for increase of dry matter yield and weed control.