• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.325-332
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• 2016

Resveratrol, a phytoalexin, is reported to activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in vascular cells. The blood-brain barrier (BBB), formed by specialized brain endothelial cells that are interconnected by tight junctions, strictly regulates paracellular permeability to maintain an optimal extracellular environment for brain homeostasis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of resveratrol and the role of AMPK in BBB dysfunction induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Exposure of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) to LPS ($1{\mu}g/ml$) for 4 to 24 hours week dramatically increased the permeability of the BBB in parallel with lowered expression levels of occluding and claudin-5, which are essential to maintain tight junctions in HBMECs. In addition, LPS significantly increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) productions. All effects induced by LPS in HBVMCs were reversed by adenoviral overexpression of superoxide dismutase, inhibition of NAD(P) H oxidase by apocynin or gain-function of AMPK by adenoviral overexpression of constitutively active mutant (AMPK-CA) or by resveratrol. Finally, upregulation of AMPK by either AMPK-CA or resveratrol abolished the levels of LPS-enhanced NAD(P)H oxidase subunits protein expressions. We conclude that AMPK activation by resveratrol improves the integrity of the BBB disrupted by LPS through suppressing the induction of NAD(P)H oxidase-derived ROS in HBMECs.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.98-103
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• 2014

NQO1은 플라보 단백질 계통의 2 전자 환원 효소이며 NADH 또는 NADPH를 보조인자로 quinone 계통의 화합물을 hydroquinone으로 환원 한다. 암에서 NQO1은 그에 상응하는 정상 조직과 비교하였을 때 비교적 높은 발현을 나타낸다. NQO1의 다양한 기능 중 quinone 물질 대사는 두 가지 형태의 상반되는 기능을 가진다. 이것은 quinone으로부터 전환된 hydroquinone의 상태적 안정성과 불안정성에 기인하며, 불안정한 hydroquinone의 생성은 산화적 손상 야기 및 DNA 손상은 세포의 운명을 바꾸어 놓게 된다. 따라서 암에서 그 발현이 높은 NQO1을 표적으로 작용하는 생체환원 물질은 암 세포 사멸을 강하게 유도하게 되어 암 치료의 가능성을 보여주고 있다. 항암 표적 분자로서 NQO1 특징과 NQO1을 통해 작용하는 생체환원물질 ${\beta}$-lapachone의 항암 효과와 기전에 대하여 살펴보았다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.67-73
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 남세균인 Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (Syn6803)을 대상으로 transposable element Tn5를 이용하여 획득된 1,200여 돌연변이주로부터 모균주에 비하여 PHB 축적량이 크게 증진된 균주를 선별하고, Tn5 삽입에 의해 결함을 나타낸 유전자를 확인함으로써 Syn6803에서의 PHB 생합성에 영향을 주는 세포내 생리학적 요인을 조사하고자 하였다. 모균주인 야생형 균주의 경우 질소원이 제한된 $BG11_0$ 배지에서의 PHB 생합성량이 건체량의 $4\%$ (w/w) 수준인데 반하여, $10-34\%$의 생합성량을 보이는 25개의 돌연변이 균주를 얻을 수 있었다. Inverse PCR을 이용하여, 선별된 돌연변이 균주내 돌연변이가 일어난 유전자를 조사한 결과, 아직까지 그 기능이 규명되지 않은 유전자가 대부분이었으나, NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, O-succinylbenzoic-CoA ligase 또는 photosystem II PsbT protein과 같이 광합성과 호흡에 관여하는 유전자에 돌연변이가 일어난 4 균주와 histidine kinase가 결여된 1균주가 확인되었다. 이들 균주를 대상으로pulse-amplitude modulated fluorometer를 이용하여 세포내 $NAD(P)H/NAD(P)^+$비를 측정한 결과, 에너지 대사 흐름의 차단에 의해 세포내의 $NAD(P)HNAD(P)^+$비가 모균주에 비하여 현저하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이는 잉여의 전자로 포화된 세포, 즉 NAD(P)H에 의해 환원적 상태를 유지하고 있는 세포의 경우 PHB 축적 이 증진될 수 있음을 시사한다. 이러한 사실은 인위적으로 광합성과 호흡 관련 유전자가 제거되어 $NAD(P)H/NAD(P)^+$비가 높아진 것으로 알려진 다수의 Syn6803 돌연변이 균주들을 대상으로 PHB 생합성량을 조사한 결과로부터 재확인되었다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.109-115
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• 2005

Endothelial activation and subsequent recruitment of inflammatory cells are important steps in atherogenesis. The increased levels of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) have been identified in diabetic vasculatures, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To determine the relationship among vascular production of superoxide, expression of CAM and diabetes, superoxide generation and expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), E- and P-selectin in the aorta from control (C57BL/6J) and diabetic mice (ob/ob) were measured. In situ staining for superoxide using dihydroethidium showed an increased superoxide production in diabetic aorta, accompanied with an enhanced NAD(P)H oxidase activity. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the endothelial expression of ICAM-1 ($3.5{\pm}0.4$) and VCAM-1 ($3.8{\pm}0.3$) in diabetic aorta was significantly higher than those in control aorta ($0.9{\pm}0.5$ and $1.6{\pm}0.3$, respectively), accompanied with the enhanced expression of gp91phox, a membrane subunit of NAD(P)H oixdase. Furthermore, there was a strong positive correlation (r=0.89, P＜0.01 in ICAM-1 and r=0.88, P＜0.01 in VCAM-1) between ICAM-1/VCAM-1 expression and vascular production of superoxide. The present data indicate that the increased production of superoxide via NAD(P)H oxidase may explain the enhanced expression of CAM in diabetic vasculatures.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.157-164
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• 1992

미생물을 이용하여 pyridine계 보효소인 NAD를 생산하기 위하여, 12종의 효모로부터 NAD 함량이 높은 Saccharomyces sake KBA No. 6을 선별하였으며, NAD 생산에 미치는 여러 가지 효과를 검토하였다. NAD 생산에 있어서 탄소원으로는 4% glucose, 질소원으로는 2% bactopeptone이 가장 좋았으며 최적 PM와 온도는 각각 5.0과 $30^{\circ}$C$이었다. 한편 NAD 전구물질로서 nicotinamide와 adenine을 동시에 사용한 경우 NAD 생산이 가장 좋았으며 이때의 농도는 각각 4 mg/ml과 3 mg/ml이었다. 또한 NAD 생산을 증가시키기 위하여 배양시 2가 금속이온들을 사용하였으며 이들 중 $Zn^{2+}$가 매우 효과적이었다. 계면활성제의 영향은 음이온 계면활성제인 sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS)를 사용하였을 때 효과적이었다. 상기의 최적 조건하에서, 144시간 배양 후에 최대 NAD 생산량은 배지 100 ml당 35 mg이었으며 전체량의 89%인 31mg의 NAD가 배지 중에 유리되었다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.554-558
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• 2000

Synthesized 5-arylamino-2-methyl-4,7-dioxobenzothiazoles 3a-3o were evaluated for modulation of NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase (NQOl) activity with the cytosolic fractions derived from cultured human lung cancer cells and their cytotoxicity in cultured several human solid cancer cell lines. The 4,7-dioxobenzothiazoles affected the reduction potential by NQOl activity and showed a potent cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines. The tested compounds 3a, 3b, 3g, 3h, 3n and 3o were considered as more potent cytotoxic agents, and comparable modulators of NQOl activity.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2005

The effects of 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) on viability of IMR32 neuroblastoma cells in the presence of ATP or $NAD^+$ have been investigated. 6-AN caused marked reduction in cell viability and similar observations were also made with cells treated with 6-AN+ATP. However, cells treated with $6-AN+NAD^+$ showed cell viability similar to untreated cells. Morphologically, 6-AN and 6-AN+ATP treated cells showed loss of neurites, polyhedric shapes, shrinkage of cell bodies and formation of lysed cells, while $6-AN+NAD^+$ cells did not show any such changes. The flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that 6-AN increased cell population in $G_0/G_1$ phase and decreased cell population in Sand $G_2/M$ phase following a 72 h exposure. Western blot analysis showed that 6-AN stimulated a substantial increase in the level of the cdk inhibitor $p27^{kip1}$, but lowered the levels of cdk2, cyclin E and p-Rb. However, cdc25A and p53R2 were not significantly affected. Immunofluorscence staining of $p27^{kip1}$, cdk2, cyclin E and p-Rb revealed close correlation between the signal observed in the Western blot analysis. 6AN+ATP treated cells showed similar results obtained with 6-AN treated cells in expression of cdk2, cyclin E, p-Rb proteins and $p27^{kip1}$, $6-AN+NAD^+$ cells showed greater expression of cdk2, cyclin E and p-Rb than those in 6-AN and 6-AN+ATP treated cells. The results suggest that 6-AN induced the $G_0/G_1$ phase arrest in IMR32 neuroblastoma cell lines through the increase of $p27^{kip1}$ and the decrease of cdk2, cyclin E and p-Rb.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.390-396
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• 2001

Synthesized 6-arylamino-5,8-quinolinediones 4a-4j and 6-chloro-7-arylamino-5,8-isoquinolinediones 5a-5g were evaluated for effects on NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQOl ) activity with the cytosolic fractions derived from cultured human lung cancer cells and their cytotoxicity in cultured several human solid cancer cell lines. The 5,8-quinolinediones 4 and 5,8-isoquinolinediones 5 affected the reduction potential by NQO1 activity and showed a potent cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines. The tested compounds 4a, 5c, 5f, and 5g were considered as more potent cytotoxic agents. The compounds 4d, 5b, 5c, 5e and 5g were comparable modulators of NQO1 activity.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.227-234
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• 2010

Cytochrome P450 enzymes which require the supply of electrons from NAD(P)H have a great biotechnological impact as they catalyze valuable reactions on a vast variety of substrates. However, very limited biotechnological application has been reported so far due to their functional complexity, limited stability (instability) and, in most cases, low catalytic activity. In this present review, we introduce some possibilities for improving their defect by exploring electron transport system and substrate flexibility in field of Streptomyces cytochrome P450.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.153-159
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• 2013

Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021 (KCTC 2353) 유전체로부터 mannitol dehydrogenase (SmMDH)로 추정되는 유전자를 클로닝하고, 대장균에서 대량 발현하였다. 이 유전자는 494개의 아미노산(약 54 kDa)을 암호화하는 1,485 bp의 염기로 구성되며, 기존에 보고된 long-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 계열 MDH 효소들과 약 35-55%의 아미노산 서열상동성을 나타내었다. 재조합 SmMDH의 최적 반응온도는 $40^{\circ}C$이며, pH 7.0의 조건에서 최대의 D-fructose 환원활성, 그리고 pH 9.0에서 최대의 D-mannitol 산화활성을 보였다. 특히, 이 효소는 $NAD^+/NADH$ 조효소의 존재 하에서 산화 환원 활성을 나타내며, $NAD^+/NADPH$는 조효소로 이용하지 못하였다. 결론적으로 SmMDH는 전형적인 $NAD^+/NADH$-의존형 mannitol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.67)임을 확인하였다.