• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.27-33
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• 2017

Objectives: To determine the optimal timing for post space preparation of root canals sealed with epoxy resin-based AH Plus sealer in terms of its polymerization and influence on apical leakage. Materials and Methods: The epoxy polymerization of AH Plus (Dentsply DeTrey) as a function of time after mixing (8, 24, and 72 hours, and 1 week) was evaluated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and microhardness measurements. The change in the glass transition temperature ($T_g$) of the material with time was also investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Fifty extracted human single-rooted premolars were filled with gutta-percha and AH Plus, and randomly separated into five groups (n = 10) based on post space preparation timing (immediately after root canal obturation and 8, 24, and 72 hours, and 1 week after root canal obturation). The extent of apical leakage (mm) of the five groups was compared using a dye leakage test. Each dataset was statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test (${\alpha}=0.05$). Results: Continuous epoxy polymerization of the material with time was observed. Although the $T_g$ values of the material gradually increased with time, the specimens presented no clear $T_g$ value at 1 week after mixing. When the post space was prepared 1 week after root canal obturation, the leakage was significantly higher than in the other groups (p < 0.05), among which there was no significant difference in leakage. Conclusions: Poor apical seal was detected when post space preparation was delayed until 1 week after root canal obturation.

• 정보과학회 논문지
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• 제42권9호
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• pp.1147-1161
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• 2015

ISO/IEC 11179 메타데이터 레지스트리(Metadata Registry, MDR)는 메타데이터의 등록 및 공유를 위해 개발된 국제표준이다. ISO/IEC 11179는 MDR을 객체 모델인 메타모델로 표현한다. 하지만 ISO/IEC 11179는 메타모델을 데이터베이스로 구축하기 위한 명확한 기준이 없으므로 표준 기반의 MDR 개발이 어려운 문제점이 있다. 이 논문은 MDR 구현을 위해 객체-관계 변환 방법론 기반의 MDR 데이터 모델을 설계한다. 이를 위해 연구된 객체-관계 변환 방법론의 변환 기법들을 관계성에 기준하여 분류하고, 이 변환 기법들의 사용 기준을 정의함으로 모델링 규칙을 제안한다. 이 논문은 MDR 데이터 모델에 대한 구현 결과로 관계형 데이터베이스 테이블을 구축한다. 실험 및 평가를 통하여 제안하는 모델링 규칙을 검증하고 구축된 테이블 구조의 적합성을 평가한다. 평가 결과로 제안 기법에 의해 구축된 테이블 구조는 표준 메타모델의 클래스와 관계성을 잘 보존함을 보인다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.310-318
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• 2014

Objectives: This study examined the influence of the resin thickness on the polymerization of silorane- and methacrylate-based composites. Materials and Methods: One silorane-based (Filtek P90, 3M ESPE) and two methacrylate-based (Filtek Z250 and Z350, 3M ESPE) composite resins were used. The number of photons were detected using a photodiode detector at the different thicknesses (thickness, 1, 2 and 3 mm) specimens. The microhardness of the top and bottom surfaces was measured (n = 15) using a Vickers hardness with 200 gf load and 15 sec dwell time conditions. The degree of conversion (DC) of the specimens was determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Scratched powder of each top and bottom surface of the specimen dissolved in ethanol for transmission FTIR spectroscopy. The refractive index was measured using a Abbe-type refractometer. To measure the polymerization shrinkage, a linometer was used. The results were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test at p < 0.05 level. Results: The silorane-based resin composite showed the lowest filler content and light attenuation among the specimens. P90 showed the highest values in the DC and the lowest microhardness at all depth. In the polymerization shrinkage, P90 showed a significantly lower shrinkage than the rest two resin products (p < 0.05). P90 showed a significantly lower refractive index than the remaining two resin products (p < 0.05). Conclusions: DC, microhardness, polymerization rate and refractive index linearly decreased as specimen thickness linearly increased. P90 showed much less polymerization shrinkage compared to other specimens. P90, even though achieved the highest DC, showed the lowest microhardness and refractive index.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.649-654
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• 2005

본 논문은 유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅 환경 기반에서의 온라인 얼굴인식 시스템 구현을 기술한다. 구현된 시스템은 CMOS 카메라를 장착한 PDA를 이용하여 얼굴영상을 획득하고 이 영상을 무선랜을 이용하여 인증 서버로 전송하여 서버로부터 인증된 결과를 받도록 하였다. 먼저 클라이언트 측인 PDA에서는 등록과 인증을 확인할 수 있도록 임베디드 비주얼 프로그램으로 사용자 인터페이스를 구축하고, 서버 영역에서는 얼굴인식에서 탁월한 성능을 보이는 PCA와 LDA 알고리즘을 사용하여 PDA로부터 전송 받은 얼굴 데이터를 학습하고 인식한 결과를 재전송하는 부분이 구현되었다. 시스템 구현에서 실시간성을 확보하기 위해 PDA에서는 영상에 웨이블렛을 이용하여 압축한 뒤 압축률 효과가 좋은 JPG 형식의 데이터로 서버에 전송하였다. 본 논문에서 구현한 시스템은 학습과정에서 미리 구한 고유값을 이용하여 테스트 얼굴영상을 같은 공간에 투영시켜 서로간의 유사도를 비교하도록 하여 얼굴인식 속도 및 성능을 개선하였다.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.73-81
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• 1994

선박 내항성능의 3차원적 해석을 위하여 3차원 판넬 방법을 이용한 쏘오스 분포법과 쏘오스-다이폴 분포법이 널리 이용되어 왔다. 그러나, 이 방법들을 이용하는 경우에는 내부 유동에 의한 자유표면의 공진현상에 의해 특이파수(irregular frequency)라고 불리는 파주파수에서 동유체력 계산에 큰 오차가 발생하게 되며 이런 현상을 제거하는 것은 정확한 내항성능 해석에 필수적이라 할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 전진동요하는 선박의 운동 해석을 위하여 Wu등이 유도한 전진하면서 동요하는 Green 함수를 이용하였다. Green함수의 계산을 위하여는 어뎁티브(adaptive) 적분방법과 스트레칭(stretching) 변환 및 정류위상(stationary phase) 적분 방법을 사용하였으며 선체의 표면과 선체 내부 수선면에 특이점을 분포한 적분방정식을 도출하였다. 또한 2차원 문제를 다룬 Ohmatsu의 제안에 따라 내부 수선면에서 법선속도가 0이라는 조건을 이용하여 동요하는 문제의 불규칙파수 현상을 제거할 수 있었다. 계산은 Series 60($C_B=0.7$)에 대하여 수행되었으며 부가질량 계수, 감쇠 계수 및 파랑강제력에 대하여 기존의 연구 결과 및 실험 결과와 비교하였다.

• 기록학연구
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• 제10호
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• pp.324-370
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• 2004

This paper aims to research the historical development of the archival systems in the Soviet Union from 1917 to the 1920's. The Russian revolution was the turning point not only for the political and social changes but for the archival administration in Russia, as it provided the new Soviet regime with the chances to reorganize the archival institutions under Bolshevik rule. However, we must not forget the fact that the Russian Archival Workers' Union had taken part in the organization of the archival systems together with the Bolshevik revolutionaries. The Soviet government intended to transform the decentralized and poorly organized archival systems in the prerevolutionary years into the centralized and bureaucratized ones. In this meaning, the decree signed be V. I. Lenin on 1 June 1918 was estimated as the real basis for the Soviet archival centralization. Lenin's archival decree of 1918 encompassed the entire national documentary legacy, which was gradually extended to all types and categories of manuscripts and archival records by successive legislation. The concept of state proprietorship of all documentary records was designated "Single State Archival Fond"(Edinyi Gosudarstvennyi arkhivnyi fond), which was renamed as "Archival Fond of the Russian Federation" after the collapse of the USSR. The independent state administrative agency, that is, "Main Administration of Archival Affairs"(Glavnoe upravlenie arkhivnym delom) was charged with the management of the entire "Single State Archival Fond". While the Soviet Union reorganized its archival systems in the twenties, the archival institutions became under the severe control of the government. For example, M. N. Pokrovskii, the well-known Marxist historian and the political leader, headed the organizational work of archives in the Soviet Union, which resulted in the exclusion of the prerevolutionary specialists from the archival field in the Soviet Union. However, the discussions over the concept of "the Archival Fond" by B. I. Anfilov helped to develop the archival theories in the USSR in the twenties. In conclusion, the Soviet Union, having emphasized the centralization of the archives, developed its archival systems from the early period, which were the basis of the systematic archival institutions in Russia.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권7호
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• pp.967-977
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• 2021

A total of 37 bacterial isolates were obtained from dye-contaminated soil samples at a textile processing factory in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand, and the potential of the isolates to decolorize and biotransform azo dye Reactive Red 141 (RR141) was investigated. The most potent bacterium was identified as Paenibacillus terrigena KKW2-005, which showed the ability to decolorize 96.45% of RR141 (50 mg/l) within 20 h under static conditions at pH 8.0 and a broad temperature range of 30-40℃. The biotransformation products were analyzed by using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis revealed four metabolites generated from the reductive biodegradation, namely sodium 3-diazenylnaphthalene-1,5-disulfonate (I), sodium naphthalene-2-sufonate (II), 4-chloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine (III) and N¹-(1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) benzene-1,4-diamine (IV). Decolorization intermediates reduced phytotoxicity as compared with the untreated dye. However, they had phytotoxicity when compared with control, probably due to naphthalene and triazine derivatives. Moreover, genotoxicity testing by high annealing temperature-random amplified polymorphic DNA technique exhibited different DNA polymorphism bands in seedlings exposed to the metabolites. They compared to the bands found in seedlings subjected to the untreated dye or distilled water. The data from this study provide evidence that the biodegradation of Reactive Red 141 by P. terrigena KKW2-005 was genotoxic to the DNA seedlings.

• Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering
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• 제35권11호
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• pp.2220-2231
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• 2018

Lipase from Candida rugosa was immobilized on $MgO{\cdot}SiO_2$ hybrid grafted with amine, thiol, cyano, phenyl, epoxy and carbonyl groups. The products were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, low-temperature $N_2$ sorption and elemental analysis. Additionally, the degree of coverage of the oxide material surface with different functional groups and the number of surface functional groups were estimated. The Bradford method was used to determine the quantity of immobilized enzyme. The largest quantity of enzyme (25-28 mg/g) was immobilized on the hybrid functionalized with amine and carbonyl groups. On the basis of hydrolysis reaction of p-nitrophenyl palmitate to p-nitrophenol, it was determined how the catalytic activity of the obtained biocatalysts is affected by pH, temperature, storage time, and repeated reaction cycles. The best results for catalytic activity were obtained for the lipase immobilized on $MgO{\cdot}SiO_2$ hybrids with amine and carbonyl groups. The biocatalytic system demonstrated activity above 40% in the pH range 4-10 and in the temperature range $30-70^{\circ}C$. Lipase immobilized on the $MgO{\cdot}SiO_2$ systems with amine and epoxy groups retains, respectively, around 80% and 60% of its initial activity after 30 days of storage, and approximately 60-70% after 10 reaction cycles.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.39-47
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• 2004

JPEG 영상을 이용하여 심층암호 통신을 하는 알고리즘의 대부분은 양자화 된 DCT 계수의 최하위 비트를 치환하여 메시지를 삽입하는데, 대표적인 심층암호 알고리즘으로는 Jsteg$^{(1)}$ , JP Hide ＆ Seek$^{(2)}$ , F5$^{(3)}$ , OutGuess$^{(4)}$ 등이 있다. Jsteg, JP Hide ＆ Seek 는 $\chi$$^2$-테스트$^{(4)}$ 로도 비밀데이터 삽입 여부를 탐지할 수 있지만, 탐지율이 낮은 편이다. 본 논문에서는 Fridrich의 블록 왜곡도 분석 기법$^{(5)}$ 을 보완하여 탐지과정을 단순화하였으며 탐지율도 기존의 방식보다 향상시켰다. 또한 Jsteg, JP Hide ＆ Seek를 이용한 실험 결과, 데이터 삽입 여부를 100%로 탐지하였다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.189-201
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• 2022

Jellyfish is an emerging aquaculture species, farmed for Oriental cuisines and nutraceutical ingredients. This study aimed to examine antioxidative and antimicrobial potentials of various fractions of the jellyfish, Acromitus hardenbergi. The bell and oral arms of the jellyfish were sequentially extracted with petroleum ether (PE), dichloromethane (DCM), chloroform (CHCl₃), methanol (MeOH), and water (H₂O) to extract its bioactive in an increasing polarity gradient. Test fractions were assayed for antiradical activities using electron spin resonance spectrometry, β-carotene-linoleate model and Folin-Ciocalteu assay; and antimicrobial activity against 2 Gram-negative bacteria, 4 Gram-positive bacteria and 2 fungal species using the disc diffusion assay. All fractions were also subjected to Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis to identify types of functional groups present. It was found that the hydrophilic extracts (H₂O fractions) possessed the most effective radical scavenging activity (p < 0.05) while the lipophilic extracts (PE fractions) the most active antimicrobial activity, especially against Gram-positive bacteria (p < 0.05). Total oxidation substrates content was found to be highest in the PE fractions of jellyfish bell and oral arms (p < 0.05). FTIR data showed that the H₂O and MeOH fractions contains similar functional groups including -OH, -C=O, -N-H and -S=O groups, while the PE, DCM, and CHCl₃ fractions, the -CH₃, -COOH groups. This study showed that A. hardenbergi contains antioxidants and antimicrobials, thereby supporting the traditional claim of the jellyfish as an anti-aging and health-promoting functional food. Bioassay-guided fractionation approach serves as a critical milestone for the strategic screening, purification, and elucidation of therapeutically significant actives from jellyfish.