• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.115-120
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• 2000

We have investigated the effect of short-term immobilization stress on the serum concentrations of cortisol and DHEAS in BALB/c male mice. Serum cortisol and DHEAS concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay(RIA). We found there were significantly increased in the cortisol levels in 30 min-stressed group(Ⅰ-30N) compared with control(C) group (p＜0.01), and also increased with significance in 120 min-stressed group(I-120N) compared with C group(p＜0.01). Cortisol concentrations were significantly increased in both 30 min-stressed group(Ⅰ-30T), and 120 min-stressed group(Ⅰ-120T) compared with C group(p＜0.01). The sustained increase of cortisol levels were observed in both SG treated and SG non-treated group. Serum cortisol levels were lower in SG treated group than SG non-treated group with significance(p＜0.01). By contrast, DHEAS levels were slightly decreased without significance in Ⅰ-30N, but significantly decreased in Ⅰ-120N compared with C group(p＜0.01). There were slightly decreased in the DHEAS levels in Ⅰ-30T, but significantly decreased in Ⅰ-120T compared with C group(p＜0.01). However, SG treatment did not induce any significant changes of DHEAS levels in both 30 min and 120 min-stressed group. Though short-term immobilization stress, the continuous decline of DHEAS levels were observed. Therefore, these results show that short-term immobilization stress affects the serum concentrations of cortisol and DHEAS in mice.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 2017

Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the preoperative attributes and clinical impacts of complete pericardiectomy in chronic constrictive pericarditis. Methods: A total of 26 patients were treated from January 2001 to December 2013. The pericardium was resected as widely as possible. When excessive bleeding or hemodynamic instability occurred intraoperatively, a cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB; n=3, 11.5%) or an apical suction device (n=8, 30.8%) was used. Patients were divided into 2 groups: those who underwent ${\geq}80%$ resection of the pericardium (group A, n=18) and those who underwent <80% resection of the pericardium (group B, n=8). Results: The frequency of CPB use was not significantly different between groups A and B (n=2, 11.1% vs. n=1, 12.5%; p=1.000). However, the apical suction device was more frequently applied in group A than group B (n=8, 30.8% vs. n=0, 0.0%; p=0.031). The postoperative New York Heart Association functional classification improved more in group A (p=0.030). Long-term follow-up echocardiography also showed a lower frequency of unresolved constriction in group A than in group B (n=1, 5.60% vs. n=5, 62.5%; p=0.008). Conclusion: Patients with chronic constrictive pericarditis demonstrated symptomatic improvement through complete pericardiectomy. Aggressive resection of the pericardium may correct constrictive physiology and an apical suction device can facilitate the approach to the posterolateral aspect of the left ventricle and atrioventricular groove area without the aid of CPB.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.170-177
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• 1989

In order to seek the molecular basis of higher insecticidal activity of the carbamates with two methyl groups, m-xylyl-N-methylcarbamate(MXNMC) than the corresponding unsubstituted phenyl N-methylcarbamate(PNMC), these two derivatives have been studied by molecular orbital(MO) theoretically using extended $H\ddot{u}ckel$ theory(EHT), and analysis of regression and linear free energy relationship(LFER). The most stable stereo structure(Z, Z) shows that the phenyl group occupies vertical(${\theta}=90^{\circ}$) position on the plane of the N-methylcarbamyl group. Regression analysis shows that especially good correlation exists between the $pI_{50}$ values and the calculated MO quantities when the hydrogen atomic charge of metaposition and of m-methyl groups, and LUMO energy are taken as variables. The LFER analysis on the carbamylation indicates that field(F) effect(60%) is slightly larger than resonance(R) effect(40%) in PNMC(E>R), whereas, in case of MXNMC, R effect(98.6%) is much larger than F effect(1.4%)($R{\gg}F$). From the basis on the findings, the enhancement of insecticidal activity of MXNMC may be the result of hyperconjugation by m-methyl groups.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 2005

Objectives : This study examined the association between body mass index(BMI) and psychological factors; self-esteem, depression, restraint eating, disinhibition, and hunger. The difference of TFEQ(restraint eating, disinhibition and hunger) was analyzed in variety of current diet situations. Methods : The research was based on a sample of people who visited our website and submit the result of self test(self-esteem n=3183; TFEQ n=5167; BDI n=2457). Results : Self-esteem and BDI was slightly correlated with BMI. There is negative correlation between restraint eating and BMI and positive correlations were observed between hunger and BMI, and disinhibition and BMI. We studied diet situation and eating habits. We divided the sample into 4 groups in accordance with self-submitted result: non-diet group(n=2806), diet-failed group within 3 months group(n=371), maintaining group after successful-diet(n=233), on-going diet group(n=1757) As to restraint eating, non-diet group showed the lowest score in restraint eating and maintaining group after successful-diet showed the highest. The score in disinhibition and hunger was significantly lower in maintaining group after successful-diet group than one in diet-failed group. Conclusion : These results suggest that it would be essential to treat these psychological factors such as depression and self-esteem in weight loss program. Considering the result in diet-situation and TFEQ, we insist that restraint-eating and disinhibition should be controlled. If these psychological factors were not treated in place, even the successful diet might turn out to be a worse situation like binge-eating

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.303-338
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• 2005

In this paper, we study unitary representations of the group $GL(n,{\mathbb{R}}){\ltimes}{\mathbb{R}}^{(m,n)}$.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.18-28
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• 2019

Recent studies reported that obesity upregulated the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and regulated particular behavior patterns in animal models. They also reported that ameliorated the increase in nNOS expression and decreased depression and anxiolytic effects. Thus, exercise seems to be an effective strategy for improving brain function by downregulating nNOS. However, the immune response differs greatly, depending on the exercise intensity. The aim of the present study was to investigate differences in brain nNOS expression in obese C57BL/6 mice that performed exercise of different intensities. Obesity was induced in 6-wks-old mice (n=35) by feeding a 60%-fat diet for 6-wks. A control (CON) group (n=14) was fed a normal diet. At the end of the induction 6-wks period of obesity, seven animals in the CON group and obesity-induced group were sacrificed to confirm obesity induction (preliminary experiments and confirmation of visceral fat accumulation). The remaining animals were then used in an 8-wks exercise intervention. Other than the CON (n=7), the obesity-induced animals were divided into the following groups: high-fat diet (HFD, n=7), HFD-low intensity (HFD-LI, n=7, 12 m/min for 75 min), HFD-moderate intensity (HFD-MI, n=7, 15 m/min for 60 min), and HFD-high intensity (HFD-HI, n=7, 18 m/min for 50 min). The exercise was performed on an animal treadmill. The expression of the nNOS protein in the hippocampus was significantly higher in the HFD group as compared with that in the CON group (p<0.01). However, there was no difference in the hippocampal expression of the nNOS protein in the other exercise groups as compared with that in the CON group. In contrast, nNOS expression in the HFD-HI group was significantly lower than that in the HFD-LI group (p<0.05). The expression of phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) was significantly higher in all the exercise groups as compared with that in the CON and HFD groups. There was no difference in the expression of pAkt in the cerebral cortex among groups, and the expression of pAkt in the cerebellum was significantly higher in the HFD-HI group as compared with that in the CON group (p<0.05). There were also no between-group differences in pAkt expression in the cerebellum among the various exercise groups. In conclusion, nNOS seems to be overexpressed in response to obesity, and it appears to be downregulated by exercise. Relatively high-intensity exercise may be effective in improving brain function by downregulating nNOS.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.47-60
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was performed to show the effects of Samjung-hwan ($S{\={a}}nj{\={i}}ngw{\'{a}}n$) extract on obesity and lipid metabolism of rats fed high fat diet. Methods : Crushed Samjung-hwan($S{\={a}}nj{\={i}}ngw{\'{a}}n$) 245 g was extracted with methyl alcohol. The extract was evaporated under reduced pressure to give 21.8 g. 20 rats were divided into normal, control, and two test groups. For 6 weeks, The normal group rats were supplied with a normal diet. The control group rats were supplied with a high fat diet. The test group 1 rats were supplied with a high fat diet and Samjung-hwan($S{\={a}}nj{\={i}}ngw{\'{a}}n$) extract 250 rug/kg and the test group 2 rats were supplied witha high fat diet and Samjunghwan($S{\={a}}nj{\={i}}ngw{\'{a}}n$) extract 500 mg/kg. Results : 1) The control group rats showed significantly increased weight of peritoneal fat than the nornal group rats. The test group 1 rats did not show significant difference compare to the control group rats, and the test group 2 rats showed significantly decreased weight of peritoneal fat than the control group rats. 2) The control group rats showed significantly increased triglyceride than the nornal group rats. The test group 1 rats showed significantly decreased triglyceride than the control group rats, and the test group 2 rats showed significantly decreased triglyceride than the control group rats. 3) The control group rats showed significantly increased LDL-cholesterol than the nornal group rats. The test group 1 rats showed significantly decreased LDL-cholesterol than the control group rats, and the test group 2 rats did not show significant difference compare to the control group rats. Conclusions : These results suggest that effectiveness of Samjung-hwan($S{\={a}}nj{\={i}}ngw{\'{a}}n$) extract to control the obesity and abnormal lipid metabolism caused by a high fat diet.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.3 no.11
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• pp.479-486
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• 2014

MapReduce is a programing model used for parallelly processing a large amount of data. To analyze a large amount data, the data cube is widely used, which is an operator that computes group-bys for all possible combinations of given dimension attributes. When the number of dimension attributes is n, the data cube computes $2^n$ group-bys. In this paper, we propose an efficient method for computing data cubes using MapReduce. The proposed method partitions $2^n$ group-bys into $_nC_{{\lceil}n/2{\rceil}}$ batches, and computes those batches in stages using ${\lceil}n/2{\rceil}$ MapReduce jobs. Compared to the existing methods, the proposed method significantly reduces the amount of intermediate data generated by mappers, so that the cost of sorting and transferring those intermediate data is reduced significantly. Consequently, the total processing time for computing a data cube is reduced. Through experiments, we show the efficiency of the proposed method over the existing methods.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1178-1184
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• 2008

The effect of some peptides on hepatoprotection and cecal fermentation against D-galactosamine (GalN)-treated rats was studied. In acute hepatic injury tests, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotranferase (AST), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were remarkably increased after injection of GalN. However, potato and soybean peptides significantly decreased GalN-induced alterations of serum ALT and AST activities. Hepatic thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) concentration in GalN-treated groups fed potato and soybean peptides was significantly lower than that in GalN-treated control group. Hepatic glutathione level in the GalN-treated group fed potato peptide was significantly higher than that in GalN-treated control group. Furthermore, cecal Lactobacillus level in GalN-treated groups fed potato and soybean peptides was significantly higher than that in GalN-treated control group, and cecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations in GalN-treated group fed potato peptide were significantly higher than in GalN-treated control group. These results indicate that potato peptide may improve the cecal fermentation and prevent the GalN-induced liver damage in rats.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.598-608
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• 2023

Purpose: Lymph node (LN) metastasis is a crucial factor in the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer (GC) and is known to occur more frequently in cases with an advanced T stage. This study aimed to analyze the survival data of patients with advanced LN metastasis in T1 GC. Materials and Methods: From January 2008 to June 2018, 677 patients with pathological stage II GC who underwent radical gastrectomy were divided into an early GC group (EG: T1N2 and T1N3a, n=103) and an advanced GC (AGC) group (AG: T2N1, T2N2, T3N0, T3N1, and T4aN0, n=574). Short- and long-term survival rates were compared between the 2 groups. Results: A total of 80.6% (n=83) of the patients in the EG group and 52.8% (n=303) in the AG group had stage IIA AGC. The extent of LN dissection, number of retrieved LNs, and short-term morbidity and mortality rates did not differ between the 2 groups. The 5-year relapse-free survival (RFS) of all patients was 87.8% and the overall survival was 84.0%. RFS was lower in the EG group than in the AG group (82.2% vs. 88.7%, P=0.047). This difference was more pronounced among patients with stage IIA (82.4% vs. 92.9%, P=0.003). Conclusions: T1 GC with multiple LN metastases seems to have a worse prognosis compared to tumors with higher T-stages at the same level. Adjuvant chemotherapy is highly recommended for these patients, and future staging systems may require upstaging T1N2-stage tumors.