• 제목/요약/키워드: N-function

검색결과 5,616건 처리시간 0.042초

산겨릅나무(Acer tegmentosum) 톱밥의 첨가량에 따른 느타리버섯의 재배적 특성 (Characteristics of Culture of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on Addition Rate of Acer tegmentosum)

  • 이찬중;전창성;정종천;문지원;공원식;서장선;박기춘;신유수
    • 한국균학회지
    • /
    • 제41권1호
    • /
    • pp.21-27
    • /
    • 2013
  • 국내에서 자생하는 산겨릅나무 톱밥의 적정 첨가량을 구명하여 기능성 느타리버섯 재배를 위한 자료로 활용하기 위하여 실험을 실시하였다. 산겨릅나무 톱밥의 수분함량은 5.8%였고, pH는 5.8이였다. 총질소함량은 0.19%였고, 총탄소함량은 44.4%였으며, C/N율은 234%였다. 혼합배지의 pH는 4.8~5.0이였으며, 총질소함량과 총탄소함량은 수확후배지에서 증가하였지만, C/N율은 오히려 감소하였다. 무기성분인 $P_2O_5$, $K_2O$, MgO 함량은 무처리보다 산겨릅나무 톱밥배지에서 높았지만 CaO, $Na_2O$ 함량은 오히려 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 균사생장량은 산겨릅나무 톱밥이 10% 첨가된 배지에서 가장 빨랐고, 첨가량이 증가할수록 균사생장 속도는 느렸다. 자실체 수량은 산겨릅나무 톱밥 10% 첨가시 10% 159 g/850 으로 가장 높았다. 갓의 직경과 두께는 산겨릅나무 톱밥의 비율이 10% 첨가시 가장 높았으며, 대의 굵기와 길이도 산겨릅나무 톱밥의 비율이 10% 첨가시 대조구보다 굵고 길었다. 대와 갓의 경도는 산겨릅나무 톱밥의 비율이 20% 첨가시 가장 높았다. 수확기 자실의 갓과 대의 L값은 532배지보다는 산겨릅나무 첨가배지에서 낮은 값을 나타냈지만 산겨릅나무 첨가량에 따라서는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으며, a, b값은 처리간에 뚜렷한 차이가 없었다. 자실체의 $P_2O_5$, $K_2O$의 함량은 산겨릅나무 톱밥 첨가에서 증가하였지만, CaO, MgO, $Na_2O$ 함량은 거의 차이가 없었다. 자실체의 CU의 함량은 산겨릅나무 톱밥의 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하였지만, Fe와 Mn 의 함량은 증가하였고, Zn 함량은 산겨릅나무 20% 첨가시 가장 높았다.

DISEASE DIAGNOSED AND DESCRIBED BY NIRS

  • Tsenkova, Roumiana N.
    • 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
    • /
    • 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
    • /
    • pp.1031-1031
    • /
    • 2001
  • The mammary gland is made up of remarkably sensitive tissue, which has the capability of producing a large volume of secretion, milk, under normal or healthy conditions. When bacteria enter the gland and establish an infection (mastitis), inflammation is initiated accompanied by an influx of white cells from the blood stream, by altered secretory function, and changes in the volume and composition of secretion. Cell numbers in milk are closely associated with inflammation and udder health. These somatic cell counts (SCC) are accepted as the international standard measurement of milk quality in dairy and for mastitis diagnosis. NIR Spectra of unhomogenized composite milk samples from 14 cows (healthy and mastitic), 7days after parturition and during the next 30 days of lactation were measured. Different multivariate analysis techniques were used to diagnose the disease at very early stage and determine how the spectral properties of milk vary with its composition and animal health. PLS model for prediction of somatic cell count (SCC) based on NIR milk spectra was made. The best accuracy of determination for the 1100-2500nm range was found using smoothed absorbance data and 10 PLS factors. The standard error of prediction for independent validation set of samples was 0.382, correlation coefficient 0.854 and the variation coefficient 7.63%. It has been found that SCC determination by NIR milk spectra was indirect and based on the related changes in milk composition. From the spectral changes, we learned that when mastitis occurred, the most significant factors that simultaneously influenced milk spectra were alteration of milk proteins and changes in ionic concentration of milk. It was consistent with the results we obtained further when applied 2DCOS. Two-dimensional correlation analysis of NIR milk spectra was done to assess the changes in milk composition, which occur when somatic cell count (SCC) levels vary. The synchronous correlation map revealed that when SCC increases, protein levels increase while water and lactose levels decrease. Results from the analysis of the asynchronous plot indicated that changes in water and fat absorptions occur before other milk components. In addition, the technique was used to assess the changes in milk during a period when SCC levels do not vary appreciably. Results indicated that milk components are in equilibrium and no appreciable change in a given component was seen with respect to another. This was found in both healthy and mastitic animals. However, milk components were found to vary with SCC content regardless of the range considered. This important finding demonstrates that 2-D correlation analysis may be used to track even subtle changes in milk composition in individual cows. To find out the right threshold for SCC when used for mastitis diagnosis at cow level, classification of milk samples was performed using soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) and different spectral data pretreatment. Two levels of SCC - 200 000 cells/$m\ell$ and 300 000 cells/$m\ell$, respectively, were set up and compared as thresholds to discriminate between healthy and mastitic cows. The best detection accuracy was found with 200 000 cells/$m\ell$ as threshold for mastitis and smoothed absorbance data: - 98% of the milk samples in the calibration set and 87% of the samples in the independent test set were correctly classified. When the spectral information was studied it was found that the successful mastitis diagnosis was based on reviling the spectral changes related to the corresponding changes in milk composition. NIRS combined with different ways of spectral data ruining can provide faster and nondestructive alternative to current methods for mastitis diagnosis and a new inside into disease understanding at molecular level.

  • PDF

백령도 및 서울 대기오염집중측정소 에어로졸 질량 분석기 자료를 이용한 대기 중 에어로졸 화학적 특성 연구 (Chemical Characteristics of PM1 using Aerosol Mass Spectrometer at Baengnyeong Island and Seoul Metropolitan Area)

  • 박태현;반지희;강석원;김영성;신혜정;박종성;박승명;문광주;임용재;이민도;이상보;김정수;김순태;배창한;이용환;이태형
    • 한국대기환경학회지
    • /
    • 제34권3호
    • /
    • pp.430-446
    • /
    • 2018
  • To improve understanding of the sources and chemical properties of particulate pollutants on the Korean Peninsula, An Aerodyne High Resolution Time of Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) measured non-refractory fine particle ($NR-PM_1$) from 2013 to 2015 at Baengnyeong Island and Seoul metropolitan area (SMA), Korea. The chemical composition of $NR-PM_1$ in Baengnyeong island was dominated by organics and sulfate in the range of 36~38% for 3 years, and the organics were the dominant species in the range of 44~55% of $NR-PM_1$ in Seoul metropolitan area. The sulfate was found to be more than 85% of the anthropogenic origin in the both areas of Baengnyeong and SMA. Ratio of gas to particle partition of sulfate and nitrate were observed in both areas as more than 0.6 and 0.8, respectively, representing potential for formation of additional particulate sulfate and nitrate. The high-resolution spectra of organic aerosol (OA) were separated by three factors which were Primary OA(POA), Semi-Volatility Oxygenated Organic Aerosol (SV-OOA), and Low-Volatility OOA(LV-OOA) using positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis. The fraction of oxygenated OA (SOA, ${\fallingdotseq}OOA$=SV-OOA+LV-OOA) was bigger than the fraction of POA in $NR-PM_1$. The POA fraction of OA in Seoul is higher than it of Baengnyeong Island, because Seoul has a relatively large number of primary pollutants, such as gasoline or diesel vehicle, factories, energy facilities. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis revealed that transport from eastern China, an industrial area with high emissions, was associated with high particulate sulfate and organic concentrations at the Baengnyeong and SMA sites. PSCF also presents that the ship emissions on the Yellow Sea was associated with high particulate sulfate concentrations at the measurement sites.

선천성 승모판막 기형 환자에서 승모판막 성형술 (Results of Mitral Valve Repair in Patients with Congenital Mitral Disease)

  • 장희진;이정렬;노준량;김용진;김웅한
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
    • /
    • 제42권2호
    • /
    • pp.175-183
    • /
    • 2009
  • 배경: 소아에서 승모판막 기형은 드물며 각 기관마다 비교적 작고 제한된 경험들을 가지고 있다. 또한 소아에서는 승모판막 치환술은 성장 후를 고려해야 하는 문제점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 소아에서 승모판막 성형술을 시행한 환자에서의 성적을 분석하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1996년부터 2005년까지 승모판막 성형술을 시행한 총 64명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 수술 당시 평균 연령은 $5.5{\pm}4.7$세였고, 남자는 28명, 여자는 36명이었다. 환자는 승모판막 기형과 동반질환에 따라 두 군으로 나누어 분석하였다. 1군은 승모판막 기형만 있거나, 심방중격결손이나 동맥관 개존증을 동반하고 있는 경우로 34명(53.1%), 2군은 이외 다른 선천성 심기형을 같이 동반하고 있는 경우로 30명(46.9%)이었다. 결과: 수술 후 재원기간 내 전체사망률은 6.3%로, 1군에서 2명(5.9%), 2군에서 3명(10%)으로 각 군간에 의미 있는 차이는 없었다. 수술 후 합병증 발생률은 18.8%로, 1군에서 5명(14.7%), 2군에서 7명(23.3%)으로 각 군 간에 의미 있는 차이는 없었다. 중간 추적관찰기간은 4.6년이었다(범위 $0.5{\sim}12.2$년). 10년 생존율은 95.3%였고 10명에서 재수술이 필요하였다. 이 중 2명은 잔여 승모판막 폐쇄부전으로 재원기간 중 재수술하였고 10명 중 7명에서 승모판막 치환술을 시행하였다. 10년 무재수술 생존률은 76.1%였다. 육안적 소견에서 가장 많은 기형은 판막륜 확장과 판막 탈출이었고, 성형술은 각 환자에서 평균 $2.1{\pm}1.1$개의 술식이 시행되었다. 수술 직후 재원기간 중 시행한 심초음파 추적결과에서는, 승모판막 폐쇄부전은 의미 있게 개선되었고, 추적 관찰 중 시행한 심초음파 결과에서도 수술 1년, 5년, 10년 후 시행한 심초음파 결과에서 승모판막 역류는 통계학적으로 유의하게 개선되었다. 한편 승모판막 역류로 수술 받은 환자의 32.8%에서 추적 관찰 중 판막 협착의 소견을 보였으며, 수술술식과 판막 협착의 발생 관계도 통계학적으로 유의한 소견을 보였다. 결론: 선천성 승모판막 기형을 가진 환자에서 승모판막 성형술을 시행한 경우 1군과 2군간의 결과에 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 없었고, 두 군에서 모두 비교적 양호한 성적을 보였다. 또한 소아에서 승모판막 성형술에 대한 심초음파 결과도 양호함을 객관적으로 증명하였으나, 선천성 승모판막 기형의 수술 후 장기적 경과 관찰에서 발견되는 승모판막 협착이나 역류를 조기에 발견하기 위한 정기적인 경과 관찰이 필요하다.

수컷 살조개, Protothaca (Notochione) jedoensis (Bivalvia: Veneridae)의 정자형성과정 중 생식세포 분화와 성숙정자의 미세구조적 특징 (Germ Cell Differentiations during Spermatogenesis and Ultrastructural Characteristics of Mature Sperms in Male Protothaca (Notochione) jedoensis (Bivalvia: Veneridae))

  • 김진희;박영제;이기영;최문술;서원재;정의영
    • 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
    • /
    • 제14권4호
    • /
    • pp.269-279
    • /
    • 2010
  • 본 연구는 수컷 살조개 Protothaca (Notochione) yessoensis의 정자 형성 과정 중 생식세포들의 분화와 성숙정자의 미세구조 특징에 관한 몇 가지 특징을 투과전자현미경 관찰에 의해 조사하였다. 본 종의 정자형태는 원시형(primitive type)으로, 이매패강, 이치아강(Heterodonta)에 속하는 다른 종들과 유사하다. 생식세포에 인접하여 연결되어 있는 보조세포들은 생식세포들의 발달을 위해 영양공급에 관여한다. 본 종의 정자의 핵형은 긴 원통형이며 첨체의 형태는 모자모양이다. 정자는 길이가 대략 $46{\sim}50{\mu}m$이며, 길다란 정핵(길이 약 $2.44{\mu}m$)과, 첨체(길이 $0.45{\mu}m$), 그리고 미부 편모(약 $42{\sim}46{\mu}m$)로 이루어져 있다. 미부 편모의 악소님(axoneme)은 9+2 구조를 나타낸다. 첨체소포의 특징으로써 basal ring의 기저부위에서 측면부위는 전자밀도가 불투명한 부위를 나타내나, 첨체소포의 앞쪽 정단부위는 전자밀도가 비교적 투명한 부위로 나타나는 특징을 보인다. 이것이 이치아강에 속하는 백합과와 또 다른 여러 과들에 속하는 종들의 정자들이 갖는 첨체소포의 공통특징이다. 따라서 이치아강이 갖는 이들 첨체소포가 갖는 공통특징은 분류의 key 또는 중요한 도구로써 계통 분류를 위해 사용될 수 있다. 정자 중편에 있는 미토콘드리아 수는 4개로 이치아강 내에서 백합과의 3종을 제외한 모든 종들과 다른 과들의 종들에서 공통으로 나타나고 있는데, 예외로, 개조개, 백합, 가무락조개 만은 중편의 미토콘드리아가 5개로 이루어져 있다. 미토콘드리아 수는 과나 또는 상과 수준에서 종들의 분류학적 분석을 할 경우, 분류 key 또는 중요한 도구로 사용될 수 있다.

배수개선공법개발에 관한 연구(I) -각종 지하배수용 암거재료의 배수성능- (Drainage Performance of Various Subsurface Drain Materials-)

  • 김철회;이근후;유시조;서원명
    • 한국농공학회지
    • /
    • 제21권3호
    • /
    • pp.104-120
    • /
    • 1979
  • I. Title of the Study Studies on the Development of Improved Subsurface Drainage Methods. -Drainage Performance of Various Subsurface Drain Materials- II. Object of the Study Studies were carried out to select the drain material having the highest performance of drainage; And to develop the water budget model which is necessary for the planning of the drainage project and the establishment of water management standards in the water-logged paddy field. III. Content and Scope of the Study 1. The experiment was carried out in the laboratory by using a sand tank model. The drainage performance of various drain materials was compared evaluated. 2. A water budget model was established. Various parameters necessary for the model were investigated by analyzing existing data and measured data from the experimental field. The adaptability of the model was evaluated by comparing the estimated values to the field data. IV. Results and Recommendations 1. A corrugated tube enveloped with gravel or mat showed the highest drainage performance among the eight materials submmitted for the experiment. 2. The drainage performance of the long cement tile(50 cm long) was higher than that of the short cement tile(25 cm long). 3. Rice bran was superior to gravel in its' drain performance. 4. No difference was shown between a grave envelope and a P.V.C. wool mat in their performance of drainage. Continues investigation is needed to clarify the envelope performance. 5. All the results described above were obtained from the laboratory tests. A field test is recommended to confirm the results obtained. 6. As a water balance model of a given soil profile, the soil moisture depletion D, could be represented as follows; $$D=\Sigma\limit_{t=1}^{n}(Et-R_{\ell}-I+W_d)..........(17)$$ 7. Among the various empirical formulae for potential evapotranspiration, Penman's formular was best fit to the data observed with the evaporation pans in Jinju area. High degree of positive correlation between Penman;s predicted data and observed data was confirmed. The regression equation was Y=1.4X-22.86, where Y represents evaporation rate from small pan, in mm/100 days, and X represents potential evapotranspiration rate estimated by Penman's formular. The coefficient of correlation was r=0.94.** 8. To estimate evapotranspiration in the field, the consumptive use coefficient, Kc, was introduced. Kc was defined by the function of the characteristics of the crop soil as follows; $Kc=Kco{\cdot}Ka+Ks..........(20)$ where, Kco, Ka ans Ks represents the crop coefficient, the soil moisture coefficient, and the correction coefficient, respectively. The value of Kco and Ka was obtained from the Fig.16 and the Fig.17, respectively. And, if $Kco{\cdot}Ka{\geq}1.0,$ then Ks=0, otherwise, Ks value was estimated by using the relation; $Ks=1-Kco{\cdot}Ka$. 9. Into type formular, $r_t=\frac{R_{24}}{24}(\frac{b}{\sqrt{t}+a})$, was the best fit one to estimate the probable rainfall intensity when daily rainfall and rainfall durations are given as input data, The coefficient a and b are shown on the Table 16. 10. Japanese type formular, $I_t=\frac{b}{\sqrt{t}+a}$, was the best fit one to estimate the probable rainfall intensity when the rainfall duration only was given. The coefficient a and b are shown on the Table 17. 11. Effective rainfall, Re, was estimated by using following relationships; Re=D, if $R-D\geq}0$, otherwise, Re=R. 12. The difference of rainfall amount from soil moisture depletion was considered as the amount of drainage required. In this case, when Wd=O, Equation 24 was used, otherwise two to three days of lag time was considered and correction was made by use of storage coefficient. 13. To evaluate the model, measured data and estimated data was compared, and relative error was computed. 5.5 percent The relative error was 5.5 percent. 14. By considering the water budget in Jinju area, it was shown that the evaporation amount was greater than the rainfall during period of October to March in next year. This was the behind reasonning that the improvement of surface drainage system is needed in Jinju area.

  • PDF

Voluntary stand-up physical activity enhances endurance exercise capacity in rats

  • Seo, Dae Yun;Lee, Sung Ryul;Kwak, Hyo-Bum;Seo, Kyo Won;McGregor, Robin A;Yeo, Ji Young;Ko, Tae Hee;Bolorerdene, Saranhuu;Kim, Nari;Ko, Kyung Soo;Rhee, Byoung Doo;Han, Jin
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
    • /
    • 제20권3호
    • /
    • pp.287-295
    • /
    • 2016
  • Involuntary physical activity induced by the avoidance of electrical shock leads to improved endurance exercise capacity in animals. However, it remains unknown whether voluntary stand-up physical activity (SPA) without forced simulating factors improves endurance exercise capacity in animals. We examined the effects of SPA on body weight, cardiac function, and endurance exercise capacity for 12 weeks. Twelve male Sprague-Dawley rats (aged 8 weeks, n=6 per group) were randomly assigned to a control group (CON) or a voluntary SPA group. The rats were induced to perform voluntary SPA (lifting a load equal to their body weight), while the food height (18.0 cm) in cages was increased progressively by 3.5 every 4 weeks until it reached 28.5 cm for 12 weeks. The SPA group showed a lower body weight compared to the CON group, but voluntary SPA did not affect the skeletal muscle and heart weights, food intake, and echocardiography results. Although the SPA group showed higher grip strength, running time, and distance compared to the CON group, the level of irisin, corticosterone, genetic expression of mitochondrial biogenesis, and nuclei numbers were not affected. These findings show that voluntary SPA without any forced stimuli in rats can effectively reduce body weight and enhance endurance exercise capacity, suggesting that it may be an important alternative strategy to enhance endurance exercise capacity.

니켈 치환된 스피넬 LiMn2O4 박막의 구조적, 광학적 성질 (Structural and optical properties of Ni-substituted spinel $LiMn_2O_4$ thin films)

  • 이중한;김광주
    • 한국진공학회지
    • /
    • 제15권5호
    • /
    • pp.527-533
    • /
    • 2006
  • 졸-겔(sol-gel) 방법을 이용하여 스피넬(spinel) 구조를 가지는 $LiNi_xMn_{2-x}O_4$ 박막을 x = 0.9까지 합성하였다. 니켈 치환된 박막은 작은 x 값에서는 cubic 구조가 유지되지만, $x{\geq}0.6$ 범위에서는 tetragonal 구조로 상전이가 일어남이 발견되었다. 이와 같은 cubic-tetragonal 상전이는 low-spin $(t_{2g}^6,e_g^1)$ 상태를 가지는 $N^{3+}(d^7)$ 이온이 팔면체 자리를 차지하게 됨으로써 나타나는 Jahn-Teller 효과에 의한 것으로 해석된다. 이와 같은 Ni 이온들은 +3 및 +2의 원자가를 가지고 존재함이 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 분석을 통하여 확인되었다. $LiNi_xMn_{2-x}O_4$ 박막들에 대하여 가시광선-자외선 영역에서 spectroscopic ellipsometry(SE)를 이용하여 광학적 성질을 조사하였고, 그 결과 분석을 통하여 화합물 전자구조에 대하여 고찰하였다. SE 측정된 유전함수 스펙트럼은 주로 전하이동(charge-transfer, CT) 전이(transition)에 의한 넓은 에너지 영역을 가지는 1.9, 2.3, $2.8{\sim}3.0$, $3.4{sim}3.6eV$ 근처의 흡수구조 들로 이루어져 있는데, $O^{2-}$에서 $Mn^{4+}$ 이온의 $t_{2g}$ (1.9 eV)와 $e_g$ $(2.8{\sim}3.0\;eV)$로의 전이 즉, $O^{2-}(2p){\rightarrow}Mn^{4+}(3d)$$O^{2-}$에서 $Mn^{3+}$ 이온의 $t_{2g}$ (2.3 eV)와 $e_g$ ($3.4{\sim}3.6$ eV)로의 전이 즉, $O^{2-}(2p){\rightarrow}Mn^{3+}(3d)$ 등에 의한 것으로 해석된다. 또한, 1.6, 1.8, 1.9 eV 부근에서 관측된 좁은 에너지 영역의 흡수구조 들은 팔면체 $Mn^{3+}$ 이온 내에서의 d-d 결정장(crystal-field) 전이에 의한 것으로 해석된다. 이러한 흡수구조는 Ni 치환량이 증가함에 따라 그 강도가 감소한다. x = 0.6의 경우 $e_g$ 상태와 관련된 CT 전이구조 들이 $t_{2g}$ 상태와 관련된 전이구조 들에 비하여 큰 폭으로 감소하는데 이것은 Jahn-Teller 효과에 의해서 격자상수가 tetragonal 구조로 확장됨에 따라 $e_g$ 상태와 $O^{2-}(2p)$ 상태 간의 파동함수 중첩이 감소한 것에 기인하는 것으로 해석된다.

백서 정중구개봉합 확대후의 CGRP 면역반응 신경섬유의 변화 (Changes in CGRP-immunoreactive Nerve Fibers during Expansion of Midpalatal Suture of the Rat)

  • 김보경;박국필;경희문;권오원;성재현
    • 대한치과교정학회지
    • /
    • 제29권1호
    • /
    • pp.73-81
    • /
    • 1999
  • 측방확대장치에 의한 정중구개봉합부의 확대시 교정력은 구개부의 신경요소들에 변화를 일으키면서 동통을 유발하게 되고 구개봉합부가 확대되고 그것이 유지되는 동안에 기계적 자극에 의한 구개부신경섬유의 반응성에 변화를 일으킬 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구에서는 백서 정중구개봉합부의 CGRP 면역반응 신경섬유의 교정력 적용시간에 따른 형태학적인 반응성, 밀도, 분포변화등을 관찰하고 그와 연관된 CGRP의 기능을 알아보고자 250gm내외의 Sprague-Dawley 웅성백서 상악전치에 200gm의 치아이개력이 가해지도록 활성화시킨 helical spring을 삽입하여 정상대조군과 장치 장착후 경과시간에 따라 1일, 4일, 7일, 14일 경과군으로 나누어 정중구개봉합부를 확대후 희생시켜 면역조직화학법으로 염색하여 관찰하였다. ${\cdot}$ 대조군에서 정중구개봉합부 결합조직의 CGRP 면역양성 신경섬유는 거의 관찰되지 않았다. ${\cdot}$1일군에서는 대조군에 비해 CGRP면역반응 신경섬유가 현저한 증가를 보였으며 주로 혈관 주위에 염주알 모양의 가는 신경섬유가 관찰되었다. ${\cdot}$ 4일군에서는 CGRP면역반응 신경섬유가 대조군에 비해서는 현저한 증가를 보였으나 1일군에 비해서는 크게 증가하지 않았으며 혈관의 크기가 훨씬 확장되어 관찰되었다. ${\cdot}$ 7일군에서는 특징적으로 조골양세포가 새로이 형성된 골변연을 따라 줄지어 배열되는 독특한 양상이 관찰되었고 신경섬유의 수는 4일군에 비하여 감소하고 혈관의 직경도 감소되었다. ${\cdot}$14일군에서는 CGRP면역반응 신경섬유가 7일군과 유사한 분포를 보였으며 확대에 의한 골변연의 불규칙성도 대체로 감소되었다. CGRP면역반응 신경섬유는 정중구개봉합의 확대시 초기에 일어나는 신경원성 염증반응에 주로 관련되어 증식되는 것으로 생각된다.

  • PDF

가정산소치료의 보험급여 실시 이후 처방 실태: 다기관 조사 -만성기도폐쇄성질환 임상연구센터 제3세부과제 만성기도폐쇄성질환 진료지침 개발/보급 연구- (Long-term Oxygen Therapy for Chronic Respiratory Insufficiency: the Situation in Korea after the Health Insurance Coverage: a Multi-center Korean Survey -Study for the Development and Dissemination of the COPD Guidelines, Clinical Research Center for Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease-)

  • 박명재;유지홍;최천웅;김영균;윤형규;강경호;이승룡;최혜숙;이관호;이진화;임성철;김유일;신동호;김태형;정기석;박용범
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
    • /
    • 제67권2호
    • /
    • pp.88-94
    • /
    • 2009
  • Background: From November 2006, The national health insurance system in the Republic of Korea began to cover prescribed long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) in patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency. This study examined the current status of LTOT after national health insurance coverage. Methods: Between November 1, 2006 and June 30, 2008, the medical records of patients who were prescribed LTOT by chest physicians were reviewed. The data was collected from 13 university hospitals. Results: 197 patients (131 male and 66 female) were prescribed LTOT. The mean age was 64.3${\pm}$13.0 years. The most common underlying disease was chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n=103, 52.3%). Chest physicians prescribed LTOT using arterial blood gas analysis or a pulse oxymeter (74.6%), symptoms (14%), or a pulmonary function test (11.2%). The mean oxygen flow rate was 1.56${\pm}$0.68 L/min at rest, 2.08${\pm}$0.91 L/min during exercise or 1.51${\pm}$0.75 L/min during sleep. Most patients (98.3%) used oxygen concentrators. Only 19% of patients used ambulatory oxygen supplies. The oxygen saturation before and after LTOT was 83.18${\pm}$10.48% and 91.64${\pm}$7.1%, respectively. After LTOT, dyspnea improved in 81.2% of patients. The mean duration of LTOT was 16.85${\pm}$6.71 hours/day. The rental cost for the oxygen concentrator and related electricity charges were 48,414${\pm}$15,618 won/month and 40,352${\pm}$36,815 won/month, respectively. Approximately 75% of patients had a regular visit by the company. 5.8% of patients had personal pulse oxymetry. 54.9% of patients had their oxygen saturation checked on each visit hospital. 8% of patients were current smokers. The most common complaint with LTOT was the limitation of daily activity (53%). The most common complaint with oxygen concentrators was noise (41%). Conclusion: The patients showed good compliance with LTOT. However, only a few patients used an ambulatory oxygen device or had their oxygen saturation measured.