• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.117-126
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• 2017

Bovine mastitis is an important microbial disease in the dairy industry. We investigated the frequencies of bacterial pathogens in 62 farms and pathogen antibiotic resistance from mastitis samples (n = 748). We tested the antimicrobial activity of chicken and duck egg white and lysozyme purified from chicken egg white. Moreover, we compared the microbiomes of normal and mastitic raw milk obtained by 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing and culture methods. The results showed that the frequencies of Gram-positive pathogens (Enterococcus faecalis 37% and Staphylococcus aureus 36%) were higher than that of a Gram-negative pathogen (Escherichia coli 15%). Resistance frequencies to ampicillin and norfloxacin were lowest in Staphylococcus aureus (21%), Enterococcus faecalis (23%), and Escherichia coli (33%), and the antimicrobial activity of chicken egg white was higher than those of lysozyme and duck egg white. Pyrosequencing results revealed clear differences between the microbiomes of mastitic and normal raw milk samples and revealed a slightly similar, but clearly different, composition of pathogens compared to that from the culture method. Thus, pyrosequencing may be useful for elucidating changes in microbiomes during mastitis progression and treatment. A chicken egg white and antibiotic combination may help with mastitis treatment; however, further studies are needed.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.834-841
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• 1997

A lactic acid bacteria which showed antimicrobial activity was isolated from dairy products and identified as Lactobacillus sp. according to the morphological, physiological and biochemical properties, which was named Lactobacillus sp. SH 7311. The bacteriocin of Lactobacillus sp. GM 7311 showed a broad range of inhibitory spectrum against some gram positive and negative bacteria. Especially, Proteus mirabilis was highly sensitive to bacteriocin and used as indicator strain for further investigation. The optimal condition for the production of bacteriocin was showed on MRS broth at $37^{\circ}C$ and pM 6.0. Bacteriocin production of this strain cultured under optimal condition was increased late logarithmic phase to early stationary phase. This bacteriocin was fully active at the pH range $2.0\~5.0$, also was stable at $100^{\circ}C$ for 60 min. at pH 5.0, But about $40\%$ of bacteriocin activity was diminished by the treatment of acetone, ethanol, iso-butanol and ethyl ether during 2 hours at $4^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.105-114
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• 1974

Identification and change of microflora during the fermentation of anchovy Engraulis japonica, under the halophilic circumstance were investigated. The change of salinity and pH in meat and juice which decide the environment for microorganism and decomposition of nitrogenous compound which functions as a nutrient source were also discussed by measuring the content of total-N, amino-N, nonprotein-N, TMA and VBN, The fresh anchovy was mixed with rock salt (20 percent w/w) and stocked for six months. Through the fermentation lag phase of viable cells extended for 20 days that was obviously larger compared with other circumstances, hereafter increased to reach the maximum value of $5\times10^4$ total count per gram at 35 day stock. The stationary phase proceeded for 25 days. 540 strains were isolated and among them 11 genus of bacteria, 3 genus of yeasts, were identified and other 2 yeast strains of unidentified. At the initial stage of fermentation, Pseudomonas, and Helobacterium prevalently grew, at the middle stage, they disappeared rapidly and Pediococcus and yeasts completely dominated, where they are assumed to get directly involved with fermentation of fish, The PH value tended to decrease in the progress of fermentation and at 100 day stock it showed the minimum value of 5.5 to 5.6 in both meat and juice. The highest salinity of meat decreased to 18 percent, while in juice it decreased to 28 percent since 50 days stock. The content of total-N in meat gradually decreased to 2.8 percent, while in juice it increased to 2.3 percent at 100 day stock, However nonprotein-N was 1.8 percent and amino-N was 1.1 Percent. Since 100 days stock, the increasing rate of amino-M is too low it could be judged to entered the final stage of fermentation, In the first 20 days stock, the increase of VBN and TMA can be explained by the growth of putrefactive bacteria such as pseudomonas on the meat before salts penetrate into the fish meat, while reincrement after 100 days stock, is explained by decomposition of free amino acid due to the reactions of bacteria and enzymes.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.125-132
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• 2001

The present study was conducted to investigate biological degradability of phosphamidon and profenfos. In the biodegradation test of two pesticides by the modified river die-away method from May 20 to July 29, 1999, the biodegradation rate was determined in Nakdong (A) and Kumho(B) River. The residual percentages of phosphamidon were 74.9%, 68.8% and 62.7% in control, A and B samples 7 days after applicaton, respectively. Biodegradation constants and half-lives of phosphamidon were 25.1%, 21.9% and 11.9% in control, A and B samples 7 days after application. Biodegradation constants and half-lives of profenofos were 0.0005 and 58.4 days in A, 0.0013 and 21.6 days in B, respectively. The biodegradation rates of phosphamidon and profenofos were higher in the Kumho River (B) than in the Nackdong River(A). The strains of microorganisms for the degradation of phosphamidon and profenofos were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aeromonas hydrophila and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, all Gram-negative bacteria. In order to identify biodegradate products, the extracts of cultivates were analyzed by GC/MS. The mass spectra of biodegradate roducts of phosphamidon were at m/z 153 and 149, those of the profenofos were at m/z 208 and 240, respectively. It was suggested that the biodegradate metabolites of phosphamidon were O, O-dimethyl phosphate(DMP) and N, N-diethylchloroacetamide, those of profenofos were 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol and O-ethyl-S-propyl phosphate.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.554-561
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• 2008

Prediction technique of user's intention can be used as a post-processing method for reducing the search space of an automatic speech recognizer. Prediction technique of system's intention can be used as a pre-processing method for generating a flexible sentence. To satisfy these practical needs, we propose a statistical model to predict speakers' intentions that are generalized into pairs of a speech act and a concept sequence. Contrary to the previous model using simple n-gram statistic of speech acts, the proposed model represents a dialogue history of a current utterance to a feature set with various linguistic levels (i.e. n-grams of speech act and a concept sequence pairs, clue words, and state information of a domain frame). Then, the proposed model predicts the intention of the next utterance by using the feature set as inputs of CRFs (Conditional Random Fields). In the experiment in a schedule management domain, The proposed model showed the precision of 76.25% on prediction of user's speech act and the precision of 64.21% on prediction of user's concept sequence. The proposed model also showed the precision of 88.11% on prediction of system's speech act and the Precision of 87.19% on prediction of system's concept sequence. In addition, the proposed model showed 29.32% higher average precision than the previous model.

• Journal of Radiopharmaceuticals and Molecular Probes
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2015

Lutetium-177 ($T_{1/2}=6.71day$) is an adequate radionuclide for therapy, which has both beta emission ($E_{max}=497keV$) for therapeutic effect and gamma emission (113 and 208 keV) for imaging. $^{177}Lu$ labeled ethylenediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetrakis (methylene phosphonic acid) (EDTMP) and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraaminomethylenephosphonate (DOTMP) have been proposed as radiopharmaceuticals for bone pain palliation. In this study, we compared radiochemistry and biodistribution of $^{177}Lu$-EDTMP and $^{177}Lu$-DOTMP. EDTMP and DOTMP were synthesized, and 1 mg of each was labeled with $^{177}Lu$ at pH 7~8 with high efficiency (>98%). For comparative biodistribution studies, $^{177}Lu$-EDTMP or $^{177}Lu$-DOTMP were injected into ICR-mice through tail vein, and then biodistribution data were obtained as percentages of injected dose per gram of tissue (% ID/g). Urine excretions of both agents in mice were checked for 7 days. Rat images were also obtained after injection of $^{177}Lu$-EDTMP or $^{177}Lu$-DOTMP. $^{177}Lu$-DOTMP (100% at 1 min) showed faster labeling than $^{177}Lu$-EDTMP (100% at 30 min). Both of them were stable at least for 21 days at room temperature. High bone uptakes were found for both $^{177}Lu$-EDTMP and $^{177}Lu$-DOTMP: 38.0 and 34.1% ID/g at 3 hr, respectively; and 33.2 and 18.8% ID/g at 7 day, respectively. Rapid excretions to urine were found for both agents ($^{177}Lu$-EDTMP: 56%, $^{177}Lu$-DOTMP: 63% at 1 day). Other organs showed very low uptakes. Rat images of both $^{177}Lu$-EDTMP and $^{177}Lu$-DOTMP showed high bone uptakes and low soft tissue uptakes. In conclusion, both $^{177}Lu$-EDTMP and $^{177}Lu$-DOTMP showed high potential as bone pain palliation agents. $^{177}Lu$-EDTMP showed higher bone uptake and slower bone clearance in mice than those of $^{177}Lu$-DOTMP.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 1998

Improved knowledge of the time course of antimicrobial activity should provide useful information for designing optimal dosage regimen. In contrast to $\beta$-lactam, aminoglycosides tend to induce a prolonged postantibiotic effect against aerobic or facultative gram negative rods and clinical outcome was significantly correlated with achieving peak serum concentrations. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy, safety of e same total daily dose of amikacin and gentamicin given either twice or thrice daily in the treatment of patients. Consecutive patients over 20 years old with a suspected or confirmed infection for which an aminoglycosides was indicated were eligible. Exclusion criteria were known allergy to aminoglycosides, renal impairment, granulocytopenia and pregnancy. Patients were treated with intravenous amikacin 15 mg/kg/day or gentamicin 4.5 mg/kg/day either in two devided or in three devided. Seventy-four patients with infection were enrolled in this study of amikacin twice daily (A2, n=29), gentamicin twice daily (G2, n=8) vs amikacin thrice daily (A3, n=30), gentamicin thrice daily (G3, n=7). Baseline characteristics were comparable in G2 and G3. The clinical cure rate (including partial improve) were $89.0\%\;and\;86.0\%$ in A2 group and A3 group respectively. The bacteriologic cure rate were $99.0\%\;and\;85.7\%$ in A2 group and in A3 group respectively. The clinical and bacteriologic effects were difficult to compare G2 with G3, because of the small numbers of patients. The serum creatinin rose in $3.44\%$ (1 in 29) of patients in the A2 group compared to $13.3\%$ (4 in 30) in e A3 group. Although audiometry was not performed, there was no clinical evidence of ototoxicity in any of the patients. In our opinion, twice-daily regimen of aminoglycosides is more effective and less nephrotoxic than thrice-daily regimen.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.228-235
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• 2013

Radish (Raphanus sativus) is a common cruciferous vegetable, and its aerial parts, called Mu-chung in Korean, have plentiful nutritional components such as vitamins, minerals and dietary fibers. Mu-chung has been used as a kimchi, a traditional Korean fermented dish, and dried Mu-chung is an important component of soups commonly consumed during winter in Korea. Since the advent of the mass production of radish in Korea, with the segregation of farm areas and towns and changing diets, Mu-chung has mostly been discarded instead of utilized. In addition, studies concerning the efficient utilization and useful bioactivities of Mu-chung are still lacking worldwide. In this study, we prepared the ethanol extract of Mu-chung and its subsequent solvent fractions. Antimicrobial, antioxidation, and anticoagulation activities were then evaluated in the hopes of developing a functional biomaterial from Korean radishes' aerial parts. The ethanol extraction yield for hot-air dried Mu-chung was 5.6%, and the fraction yields of n-hexane (H), ethylacetate (EA), butanol (B) and water residue were 25.3, 3.6, 19.4, and 51.7%, respectively. Analysis of total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents showed that the EA fraction had the highest content (97.57 and 152.91 mg/g) amongst the fractions. In antimicrobial activity assays, the H and EA fractions were effective against gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus subtilis), but not effective against gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The B fraction also exhibited moderate antibacterial activity, suggesting that the extract of Mu-chung has various antibacterial components. In antioxidation activity assays, the EA fraction showed strong DPPH, ABTS and nitrite scavenging activities ($69-222{\mu}g/ml$ of $IC_{50}$), including reducing power. In anticoagulation activity assays, the EA fraction demonstrated strong inhibition activity against human thrombin and prothrombin. Prominent anticoagulation activity was found in aPTT assays; the aPTT of the EA fraction was extended 15-fold compared than that of the solvent control. Our results suggest that Mu-chung is an attractive nutritional food material possessing useful bioactivities, and the EA fraction of Mu-chung could be developed as a functional food ingredient.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1276-1289
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• 2017

This study isolated and purified the antimicrobial peptide McSSP-31 from an acidified hemocyte extract of a Mytilus coruscus. The antimicrobial peptide was purified by using a $C_{18}$ reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The peptide was determined to be 3330.549 Da by matrix assisted-laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrophotometer (MALDI-TOF/MS). The N-terminus of a 14 amino-acid sequence was identified as P-S-P-T-R-R-S-T-S-R-S-K-S-R by Edman degradation method. The acquired sequence showed a 93% similarity with the sperm-specific protein Phi-1, which is from M. californianus. The identified open-reading frame (ORF) of peptide was 306 bp encoding 101 amino acids, which was analyzed by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), cloning and sequencing analysis. We compared the full sequence with other known proteins that reveal the sperm-specific protein Phi-1 (93.5%) of M. californianus. Synthesized antimicrobial peptide (McSSP-31) showed antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria including B. subtilis, S. mutans, S. aureus and gram-negative bacteria including E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa and fungi, C. albicans. Also, synthesized peptide showed strong antibacterial activity against antibiotic-resistant strains, including S. aureus. The cytotoxicity of the peptide was determined by using the HUVEC human cell line. The peptide did not exhibit any significant cytotoxic effects on the normal human cell line, and it had very low hemolytic activity with flounder hemoglobin. The results demonstrated that peptide purified from the hemocyte of a M. coruscus exhibits antibacterial activity against various bacteria and has the potential to be an alternative antibiotic agent.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1301-1315
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• 2018

We purified an antimicrobial peptide from the acidified hemocyte extract of Mytilus coruscus by $C_{18}$ reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The peptide was 4041.866 Da based on matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrophotometer (MALDI-TOF/MS) and the 25 amino acids of the N-terminus sequence were identified. Comparison of this sequence of the purified peptide with the N-terminus sequences of other antimicrobial peptides revealed 100% identity with the mytilin B precursor of Mytilus coruscus. We also identified a 312 bp open-reading frame (ORF) encoding 103 amino acids based on the obtained amino acid residues. The nucleotide sequence of this ORF and the amino acid sequence also revealed 100% identity with the mytilin B precursor of Mytilus coruscus. We synthesized two antimicrobial peptides with an alanine residue in the C-terminus, and designated them mytilin B1 and B2. These two antimicrobial peptides showed antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria, including Bacillus cereus and Streptococcus parauberis (minimal effective concentration, MECs $41.6-89.7{\mu}g/ml$), gram-negative bacteria, including Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Providencia stuartii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio ichthyoenteri (MECs $7.4-39.5{\mu}g/ml$), and the fungus Candida albicans (MECs $26.0-31.8{\mu}g/ml$). This antimicrobial activity was stable under heat and salt conditions. Furthermore, the peptides did not exhibit significant hemolytic activity or cytotoxic effects. These results suggest that mytilin B could be applied as alternative antibiotic agent, and they add to the understanding of the innate immunity of hard-shelled mussels.