• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.186-187
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• 2005

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.60-67
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• 2002

To determine whether nitrogen (N) uptake by phytoplankton below the euphotic zone in the Yellow Sea is considerable, we measured the uptake rates of nitrate and ammonium using $^{15}N$-labeled stable isotope $K^{15}NO_{3}$ and $^{15}NH_{4}Cl$, in May and November 1997 at total 10 stations. Depth-integrated uptake rates of nitrate and ammonium over the euphotic zone during this study ranged from 1.8 to 15.3 mg N $m^{-2}$ $d^{-1}$ and from 5.0 to 132.2 mg N $m^{-2}$ $d^{-1}$, respectively, and ammonium uptake predominated at 9 of 10 stations (1.9-19.4 fold). Depth-integrated uptake rates of nitrate and ammonium over the whole water column ranged from 2.9 to 22.0 mg N $m^{-2}$ $d^{-1}$ and from 15.7 to 175.5 mg N $m^{-2}$ $d^{-1}$, respectively. The significant proportion of whole water column N uptake was attributed to uptake by phytoplankton below the euphotic zone, ranging from 13.0 to 86.2% for nitrate and from 13.8 to 67.8% for ammonium, indicating that phytoplankton N uptake below the euphotic zone is at times considerable in the study area. The results suggest that when phytoplankton below the euphotic zone in the Yellow Sea are again entrained into the euphotic zone by a certain physical forcing such as turbulent mixing and the vertical movement of thermocline, these episodic events may significantly affect the material fluxes within the euphotic zone. Furthermore, the results suggest that a portion of regenerated production estimated from $^{15}N$-ammonium uptake should be included in new production estimates, which otherwise could be underestimated in the Yellow Sea.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 1993

A pot experiment was carried out to investigate the influence of application of nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium on the yield and uptake of Sr-90 by soybean plant. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1. The application of N tended to decrease the dry matter yield of soybean. There was, however, difference in the effect on the yield between $NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$ ; the yield was higher in the former in the latter. On the other hand, the application of P and Ca increased the yield. 2. The uptake of Sr was decreased by the application of N, but such effect was greater in $NH_4-N$ than in $NO_3-N$. 3. The effect of N application in reducing the uptake of Sr. was enhanced by the application of P with N. 4. The combined application of P and lime showed significant effect of reducing the uptake of Sr by soybean plant. The uptake of Sr was lowest in the pot that received P, lime and $NH_4-N$ together.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.119-125
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• 1974

Uptake amount, percent translocation to grain and grain yield efficiency of N. P. K. Si were investigated with N. P. K simple trials (countrywide, 1967~69) and other nitrogen fertiltzer field trials in relation to yield class. 1) Uptake rate with yield increase were similar in all nutrients but silica showed greater yearly variation. 2) In N. P. K simple trials showing very low nitrogen efficiency(46kg grain/ nitrogen uptake kg) it and percent translocation increased with yield increase. 3) Nitrogen efficiency deacreased with the increase of nitrogen uptake and the decreasing rate depends greatly on fertilizer forms and variety. Nitrogen efficiency was greater in sandy loam where yield was higher than in clay loam. 4) Nitrogen efficiency positively correlated with percent translocation. 5) In high yielding fields yield was attributed only to the increase of nitrogen uptake, keeping efficiency around 50. 6) Major factor for high yield is considered as the increase of nitrogen efficiency rather than nitrogen uptake. 7) Phosphorus efficiency in N. P. K. simple trials was considerably low, suggesting too much uptake due to soil reduction.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.247-251
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• 2008

During a 35-day growth cycle, N, P, and K uptake was determined by measuring changes in their contents in culture solutions. At harvest, plants were separated into the roots, base organs and shoot, and dried for tissue analysis for N, P, and K. The uptake rates of N, P, and K followed cyclical patterns that was related to shoot development and harvest, but were independent of the transpiration rate. Uptake of N declined from 5.6 mmol $plant^{-1}$ $day^{-1}$ just prior to the cycle initiation to 4.0 mmol $plant^{-1}$ $day^{-1}$ at day 15. Uptake rate steadily increased as flower stems reached maturity up to 10.3 mmol $plant^{-1}$ $day^{-1}$ day 35. Uptakes rates of P and K followed similar patterns of N uptake. Tissue concentrations of N and P steadily decreased since day 15. Content of K was the lowest at day 20 and steadily increased thereafter. In the root tissue, N and K contents were the lowest at day 15, increased to day 30, and then decreased at day 35. Tissue P content was just a reverse of those of N and K.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.99-111
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• 1973

Percentage recovery or fertilizer nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by rice plant(Oriza sativa L.) were investigated at 8, 10, 12, 14 kg/10a of N, 6 kg of $P_2O_5$ and 8 kg of $K_2O$ application level in 1967 (51 places) and 1968 (32 places). Two types of nutrient contribution for the yield, that is, P type in which phosphorus firstly increases silicate uptake and secondly silicate increases nitrogen uptake, and K type in which potassium firstly increases P uptake and secondly P increases nitrogen uptake were postulated according to the following results from the correlation analyses (linear) between percentage recovery of fertilizer nutrient and grain or dry matter yields and nutrient uptake. 1. Percentage frequency of minus or zero recovery occurrence was 4% in nitrogen, 48% in phosphorus and 38% in potassium. The frequency distribution of percentage recovery appeared as a normal distribution curve with maximum at 30 to 40 recovery class in nitrogen, but appeared as a show distribution with maximum at below zero class in phosphorus and potassium. 2. Percentage recovery (including only above zero) was 33 in N (above 10kg/10a), 27 in P, 40 in K in 1967 and 40 in N, 20 in P, 46 in Kin 1968. Mean percentage recovery of two years including zero for zero or below zero was 33 in N, 13 in P and 27 in K. 3. Standard deviation of percentage recovery was greater than percentage recovery in P and K and annual variation of CV (coefficient of variation) was greatest in P. 4. The frequency of significant correlation between percentage recovery and grain or dry matter yield was highest in N and lowest in P. Percentage recovery of nitrogen at 10 kg level has significant correlation only with percentage recovery of P in 1967 and only with that of potassium in 1968. 5. The correlation between percentage recovery and dry matter yield of all treatments showed only significant in P in 1967, and only significant in K in 1968, Negative correlation coefficients between percentage recovery and grain or dry matter yield of no or minus fertilizer plots were shown only in K in 1967 and only in P in 1968 indicating that phosphorus fertilizer gave a distinct positive role in 1967 but somewhat' negative role in 1968 while potassium fertilizer worked positively in 1968 but somewhat negatively in 1967. 6. The correlation between percentage recovery of nutrient and grain yield showed similar tendency as with dry matter yield but lower coefficients. Thus the role of nutrients was more precisely expressed through dry matter yield. 7. Percentage recovery of N very frequently had significant correlation with nitrogen uptake of nitrogen applied plot, and significant negative correlation with nitrogen uptake of minus nitrogen plot, and less frequently had significant correlation with P, K and Si uptake of nitrogen applied plot. 8. Percentage recovery of P had significant correlation with Si uptake of all treatments and with N uptake of all treatments except minus phosphorus plot in 1967 indicating that phosphorus application firstly increases Si uptake and secondly silicate increases nitrogen uptake. Percentage recovery of P also frequently had significant correlation with P or K uptake of nitrogen applied plot. 9. Percentage recovery of K had significant correlation with P uptake of all treatments, N uptake of all treatments except minus phosphorus plot, and significant negative correlation with K uptake of minus K plot and with Si uptake of no fertilizer plot or the highest N applied plot in 1968, and negative correlation coefficient with P uptake of no fertilizer or minus nutrient plot in 1967. Percentage recovery of K had higher correlation coefficients with dry matter yield or grain yield than with K uptake. The above facts suggest that K application firstly increases P uptake and secondly phosphorus increases nitrogen uptake for dry matter yied. 10. Percentage recovery of N had significant higher correlation coefficient with grain yield or dry matter yield of minus K plot than with those of minus phosphorus plot, and had higher with those of fertilizer plot than with those of minus K plot. Similar tendency was observed between N uptake and percentage recovery of N among the above treatments. Percentage recovery of K had negative correlation coefficient with grain or-dry matter yield of no fertilizer plot or minus nutrient plot. These facts reveal that phosphorus increases nitrogen uptake and when phosphorus or nitrogen is insufficient potassium competatively inhibits nitrogen uptake. 11. Percentage recovery of N, Pand K had significant negative correlation with relative dry matter yield of minus phosphorus plot (yield of minus plot x 100/yield of complete plot; in 1967 and with relative grain yield of minus K plot in 1968. These results suggest that phosphorus affects tillering or vegetative phase more while potassium affects grain formation or Reproductive phase more, and that clearly show the annual difference of P and K fertilizer effect according to the weather. 12. The correlation between percentage recovery of fertilizer and the relative yield of minus nutrient plat or that of no fertilizer plot to that of minus nutrient plot indicated that nitrogen is the most effective factor for the production even in the minus P or K plot. 13. From the above facts it could be concluded that about 40 to 50 percen of paddy fields do rot require P or K fertilizer and even in the case of need the application amount should be greatly different according to field and weather of the year, especially in phosphorus.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.110-116
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• 2001

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of amount of nitrogen application with the barley straw application on the changes in soil physical and chemical properties. nutrient uptake and percentage recovery of chemical fertilizer N in the rice plant from 1997 to 1998. The soil physical properties, such as bulk density, hardness, porosity and gaseous phase were improved by barley straw application. There was also improvement or increment in the soil chemical properties, such as pH, organic matter, T-C. T-N, available $SiO_2$, exchangeable K and cation exchange capacity, but decrease in available $P_2O_5$. The $Fe^{+{+}}$ content in soil after barley straw application was high from tillering stage to panicle forming stage, but becoming lowered toward the heading stage, while $Mn^{+{+}}$ content was increased. N uptake with barley straw application was increased in the N $126kg\;ha^{-1}$ plot, but decreased in the N $141kg\;ha^{-1}$ plot. The uptake of fertilized N was continued longer in barley straw application than none-application plot. Percentage recovery of chemical fertilizer N in rice straw was around 1% at tillering stage, but was highly increasing till maximum tillering stage, while the recovery was generally low in barley straw application. Meanwhile, fertilizer P uptake in barley straw application was high, but potassium uptake was low at all different levels of N application.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.98-104
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• 2010

Excess nitrogen (N) uptake of rice, which could cause much lodging, disease and reduction of rice quality, could be occurred at the paddy field with previous upland condition at which much soil N could be mineralized by soil-drying effect. N fertilizers of 0, 3, and 6 kg N $10a^{-1}$ were applied to early-maturity rice, cultivar Joanbyeo at the paddy field of first and second year after upland condition, and rice growth and nitrogen uptake were investigated to know the increase of rice N uptake at the paddy field with previous upland condition for one-year. Total dry matter (DM) and N uptake of rice at the paddy field with previous upland condition increased more than continuous paddy field. Total DM and N uptake of rice at the paddy field with previous upland condition increased linearly to N fertilizer 6 kg $10a^{-1}$ at the paddy field owing to vigorous growth compared to continuous paddy field. Rice N uptake was higher at the paddy field of the first year than the second year after upland condition in considering N uptake at the plot of no N fertilizer. Vigorous growth at the paddy field with previous upland condition resulted in higher rice yield which was related with high panicle and spikelet, but much N fertilizer as much as 6 kg $10a^{-1}$ at the paddy field with previous upland condition resulted in higher lodging and protein content of brown and milled rice. Particularly, protein content of brown and milled rice increased more when the same N fertilizer was applied two times splitly at transplanting and panicle initiation stage than when N fertilizer was applied one time at transplanting as basal N. N application with under 3 kg $10a^{-1}$ as only basal N was recommended at the paddy field with previous upland condition to obtain high quality rice without lodging.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.291-298
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• 2014

Plastic film houses are directly associated with increases in plant growth and yield of vegetable crops through a year round cultivation, however, at the same time temperature stresses are one of fates which are difficult to avoid during crop growth. The objective of this study was to examine the translocation and distribution of minerals (N, P, K) and carbohydrates as well as seasonal fluctuation of mineral uptake and carbohydrate production in cucumber plant grown under moderately high temperature. The temperature treatments consisted of 2-layers film houses (optimal temp.) and 3-layers (high temp.). Shoot growth of cucumber plants were linearly increased until 14 weeks after transplanting (WAT) without any significant difference between both temperatures, and the slowdown was observed from 16 WAT. The level of soluble sugar and starch was slightly greater in optimal temperature compared to the high. Cumulative accumulation of soluble sugar was significantly different before and after 12 WAT in both treatments, whereas starch level represented a constant increase. Monthly production of soluble sugar reached the peak between 12 to 16 WAT, and starch peaked between 4 to 8 WAT and 12 to 16 WAT. Total uptake of N, P and K in optimal and high temperature conditions was $18.4g\;plant^{-1}$ and 17.6 for N, 4.7 and 5.1 for P, and 37.7 and 36.2 for K, respectively, and the pattern of monthly N uptake between optimal and high temperatures was greater in early growth stage, whereas was greater in mid growth stage in both P and K. Thus, this study suggests that moderately high temperature influences much greater to photosynthesis and carbohydrate production than plant biomass and mineral uptake. On the basis of the present result, it is required to indentify analysis of respiration rates from plant and soil by constantly increasing temperature conditions and field studies where elevated temperatures are monitored and manipulated.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.195-201
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• 2012

The management and the use of major mineral nutriments such as nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium, etc have been practiced and improved in various cultivating methods of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. The purposes of this study were to examine the content of major mineral nutrients on different ginseng aging from 1 to 6 years old, to analyze their uptake and utilization in tissues of ginseng, and to find out their proper managing techniques throughout the cultivation of ginseng. In case of the leaves, the N content was not clearly different from 1 to 6 years old, while the content of P and K was generally decreased throughout the cultivating years. In case of the roots, the content of N and K was gradually decreased from 1 to 6 years old, while the P content was increased until 3 years old, decreased at 4 years old, increased again at 5 years old, and decreased again at 6 years old. The uptake amount of N was increased in root of ginseng from 1 to 6 years old, 0.02 to 2.79kg/10a based on dry weight, respectively. Other minerals of P, K, Ca, and Mg were increased for the cultivating year. Comparing the uptake amounts of N, P, K with different cultivating year, they were the highest uptake amount at 4 years old and then were decreased. The management techniques of major mineral in cultivation of ginseng would be studied and evaluated more in order to have better ginseng production.