• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.131-137
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• 2012

Polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole (Ppy) hollow sphere structures with controlled shell thicknesses can be easily synthesized than those of using a layer-by-layer method for cathode active material of lithium-ion batteries. Polystyrene (PS) core was synthesized by emulsion polymerization using an anion surfactant. The shell thicknesses of PANI and Ppy were controlled by amounts of aniline and pyrrole monomers. PS was removed by an organic solution. This structure increased in contact with an electrolyte and a specific capacity in lithium-ion batteries. But polymers have disadvantages such as the difficult control of molecular weights and low densities. These disadvantages were completed by controlled shell thicknesses. The amount of aniline monomer increased from 1.2, 2.4, 3.6, 4.8 to 6.0 mL, and the shell thicknesses were 30.2, 38.0, 42.2, 48.2, and 52.4 nm, respectively. And the amount of pyrrole monomer was 0.6, 1.2, 2.4 and 3.6 mL, the shell thicknesses were 16.0, 22.0, 27.0 and 34.0 nm, respectively. In the cathode materials with controlled shell thicknesses, shell thicknesses of the PANI hollow spheres were 30.2, 42.2, and 52.4 nm, and discharge specific capacities of after 10 cycle were ~18, ~29, and ~62 mAh/g, respectively. The shell thicknesses of the Ppy hollow spheres were 16.0, 22.0, 27.0 and 34.0 nm, and discharge specific capacities of after 15 cycle were ~15, ~36, ~56, and ~77 mAh/g, respectively. Thus, shell thicknesses of PANI and Ppy increased, the specific capacities increased.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.183-189
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• 2012

In this study, the cellular protective effect and antioxidative property of peanut sprout root extracts were investigated. Cellular protective effects of peanut sprout root extracts on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were investigated. The ethyl acetate fraction of extracts exhibited a cellular protective effect in a concentration dependent manner. Particularly, the aglycone fraction of extracts showed prominent cellular protective effects in a concentration range (5~50 ${\mu}g/mL$). They are more effective than that of (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol, known as a lipid peroxidation chain blocker. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities ($OSC_{50}$) of peanut sprout root extracts on ROS generated in $Fe^{3+}$-EDTA/$H_2O_2$ system were investigated using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay. The ethyl acetate fraction of extracts ($OSC_{50}$; 1.59 ${\mu}g/mL$) showed a similar ROS scavenging activity compare with that of L-ascorbic acid (1.50 ${\mu}g/mL$), known as a strong antioxidant. On the other hand, the order of free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydraxyl, DPPH) scavenging activity ($FSC_{50}$) was (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol > 80% MeOH extract > aglycone fraction > ethyl acetate fraction. These results indicate that peanut sprout root extracts can function as an antioxidant in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to solar UV radiation by scavenging $^1O_2$ and other ROS, and to protect cellular membranes against ROS.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.176-187
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• 2015

In this study, we hypothesized that the size of wintering crane population would change due to the climate factors. We assumed that wintering population size would differ by climate values in January, which is the coldest period in year. Especially, White-naped cranes were able to choose wintering site between Cheorwon and other alternative place where snow coverage had low influence, differing from Red crowned cranes. For this reason, we predicted the population size of White-naped cranes would fluctuate according to the extent of snow coverage in Cheorwon. Therefore we used snow coverage data based on MODIS and climate data from KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration) that are generally used. We analyzed the crane's population size in Cheorwon in January from 2002 to 2014. The temperature in the Cheorwon increased from 2002 to wintering period in 2007~ 2008 and went down, showing the lowest temperature in 2011~ 2012. With this phenomenon, warmth index showed the similar pattern with temperature. Amount of newly accumulated snow (the amount of snow that fallen from 0:01 am to 11:29 pm in a day) was low after 2002, but rapidly increased in 2010~ 2011 and 2011~ 2012. The area of snow coverage rapidly declined from 2002 to 2005~ 2006 but suddenly expanded in wintering period in 2009~ 2010 and 2010~ 2011. Wintering population size of the White-naped cranes decreased as snow coverage area increased in January and the highest correlation was found between them, compared to the other climatic factors. However, the number of individuals of Red crowned cranes had little relationship with general climate factors including snow cover range. Therefore it seems that population size of the Red crowned crane varied by factors related with habitat selection such as secure roosting site and area of foraging place, not by climatic factors. In multiple regression analysis, wintering population of White-naped cranes showed significant relationship with logarithmic value of snow cover range and its period. Therefore, it suggests that the population size of the White-naped crane was affected by snow cover range n wintering period and this was because it was hard for them to find out rice grains which are their main food items, buried in snow cover. The population size variation in White-naped cranes was caused by some individuals which left Cheorwon for Izumi where snow cover had little influence on them. The wintering population in Izumi and Cheorwon had negative correlation, implying they were mutually related.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.354-374
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• 2016

This study explored spatiotemporal variability of water quality in correspondence with hydrometeorological factors in the five stations of Paldang Reservoir located in the Han River during 4 years from May 2012 to December 2015. Variability of basic water quality factors were largely related with seasonal fluctuations of hydrology. Temperature stratification occurred in the deep dam station, and prolonged hypoxia was observed during the draught year. Nitrogen nutrients were increased with decreasing inflow in which changing pattern of $NH_4$ reversed to $NO_3$ by the effect of treated wastewater effluent. Phosphorus increase was manifest during the period of high inflow or severe drought. Chl-a variation was reversely related with both flow change and AGP(algal growth potential) variations. Our study demonstrated that water quality variability in Paldang Reservoir was largely attributed to both natural and operational changes of inflow and outflow (including water intake) based on major pollution source of the treated wastewater (total amount of $472{\times}10^3m^3d^{-1}$) entering to the water system from watershed. In the process of water quality variability, meteorological (e.g., flood, typhoon, abnormal rainfall, scorching heat of summer) and hydrological factors (inflow and discharge) were likely to work dynamically with nutrients pulse, dilution, absorption, concentration and sedimentation. We underline comprehensive limnological study related to hydro-meteorolology to understand short- and long-term water quality variability in river-type large reservoir and suggest the necessity of P-free wastewater treatment for the effective measure of reducing pollution level of Paldang drinking water resource.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.205-215
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• 2010

Geothermal heat pump system (GHPS) is an energy-efficient technology that use the relatively constant and renewable energy stored in the earth to provide heating and cooling. With the aim of using GHPS as a heating source, it's possibilities of application in farrowing house were examined by measuring environmental assessment and sow's performance. A total of 96 sows were assigned to 2 pig housings (GHPS and conventional housing) with 48 for four weeks in winter season. During the experimental period, indoor maximum temperature in GHPS-housing was measured up to $26.7^{\circ}C$, average temperature could maintain $21.2^{\circ}C$. The mean value of dust levels and $CO_2$, $NH_3$ and $H_2S$ gas emissions were decreased in GHPS-housing compare with those of conventional housing. Litter size, birth weight, parity and weaning weight did not differ between housings. However, feed intake of sow in GHPS-housing was lower than that of conventional housing. In energy consumption for heating, electric power consumption increased in GHPS-housing than the conventional housing, a 2,250 kwh increase, whereas there is no fuel usage for heater in GHPS-housing. Amount of ground water circulated for heating in cold weather for earth heat exchanger was 8.4-12.9 ton per day. In conclusion, GHPS may have environmental benefits and effectiveness of heating in farrowing housing and affect the performance in sows.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.211-218
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• 2007

This study was carried out to develop the technique for manufacturing activated carbon from livestock manure and to analyse it's odor absorptiveness. Each of layer manure(LM), litter from broiler house(BL) and litter from dairy barn(DL), compost from layer manure(LC) and pig manure(PC), and coconut shell(CS) was used as a raw material. Activated carbon by grinding the raw material, adding the coal tar as a binder, palletizing, drying, heating with $N_2$ gas at $400^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour, activating by reaction with steam at a temperature of $750^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour. Moisture contents of raw material was 44.9% in layer compost, 71.9% in layer manure, 24.4% in broiler litter, 47% in pig manure compost and 33.9% in dairy litter. Volatile matter in layer compost, layer manure, broiler litter, pig manure compost and dairy litter was 18.8%, 31.0%, 49.8%, 22.3% and 11.6%, respectively. Surface area(BET) of activated carbon from layer compost, layer manure, broiler litter, pig manure compost, dairy litter and coconut shell was 259.8, 209.8, 63.5, 442.3, 812.9 and $1,040\;m^2/g$, respectively. Activated carbon made by livestock manure or litter were examined with scanning electron microscope, and micropore was a type of sponge like particles honeycombed with chambers. Pore size of activated carbon was ranged from 0.39 to $5.02\;{\AA}$, but coconut shell was $0.30\;{\AA}$. Iodine absorptiveness of activated carbon from livestock manure was $530{\sim}580mg/g$. But activated carbon made by coconut shell was 1000 mg/g. Each activated carbon could absorb odor compound very well. Absorptiveness of activated carbon from layer manure for hydrogen sulfide and trimethyl amino was 74.5% and 73.9% at the accumulated flux of 60,000 ml, but, in the case of ammonia was only 15.2% at the accumulated flux of 10,000 ml

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.242-249
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• 2002

The optimal culture conditions in 500$m\ell$ flask suture, 5$\ell$ jar fermenter and 2,000 $\ell$ large stale culture were investigated to maximize the production of antibiotic on Rhizoctonia solani AC4, the causal agent of vegetables damping-off, by the strain Bacillus ehimensis YJ-37. Starch (1.5%) as a carbon source, peptone (0.6%) as a nitrogen source and MgC1$_2$(0.15%) as a metal ion in the medium containing N $a_2$HP $O_4$(0.3%) showed the highest production of the antibiotic(s) in a rotary shake (200 rpm). Optimal initial pH of the culture medium, culture temperature and culture time for the antibiotic(s) production were pH 8.0, 32$^{\circ}C$ and 54hrs, respertively. Under the optimal renditions in flask culture, cell growth and antifungal activity (clear zone size) were 1.42 $\times$ 10$^{8}$ cfu/$m\ell$ (21g-DCW/ $\ell$) and 13.9 mm, respectively. In 5 $\ell$ jar fermenter (medium 3 $\ell$), optimal air flow, agitation speed and culture time for the antibiotic(s) production were 2 vvm, 200 rpm and 48hrs, respectively. Under the optimal conditions in 5 $\ell$ jar fermenter, tell growth and antifungal activity were 2.06 $\times$ 10$^{8}$ cfu/$m\ell$ (30g-DCW/ $\ell$) and 13.4 mm, respectively. Under the culture conditions of air flow (30 vvm) and agitation speed (200 rpm) at 32$^{\circ}C$ for 10 days in 2,000 $\ell$ large scale culture (medium 1,800 $\ell$, pH 8.0), cell growth and antifungal activity were 0.81$\times$10$^{8}$ cfu/$m\ell$ (12g-DCW/ $\ell$) and 8.6 mm, respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.124-128
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• 2016

The objective of this research was to determine the effects of harvesting frequency and fertilization levels on botanical composition, dry matter yield, and forage feed compositions of Alpine grassland at 800 m altitude. This research lasted for three years at National Alpine Agricultural Research Institute in Pyeongchang with two harvesting frequency schedules (two and three times annually) and two levels of fertilizer application (conventional level of fertilizer at 280-200-240 kg/ha and a lower level of fertilizer at 200-200-200 kg/ha for N, $P_2O_5$, and $K_2O$). Mixture combinations with seeding rate (kg/ha) were as follows: Orchardgrass 18, Tall fescue 9, Timothy 8, Kentucky bluegrass 3, and Ladino Clover 2. The gramineae ratio ranged from 93.2 to 95.3%. Therefore, gramineae forage was considered as the dominant plant in this experiment. No significant (p>0.05) difference was observed in forage dry matter yield between the two harvesting frequency treatments (two times at 9.8 ton/ha and three times at 8.6 ton/ha). However, forage dry matter yield in the two times of harvesting frequency tended to be greater than that in the three times of harvesting frequency. Significantly (p<0.05) higher forage dry matter yield in the standard fertilization level group than the lower fertilization level group (9.8 ton/ha vs. 8.7 ton/ha) was observed. However, there was no significant (p>0.05) difference in forage crude protein concentration between the two harvesting frequency treatment groups, although the concentration in the group with three times of harvesting frequency tended to be higher. In contrast, crude fiber concentration in the group with two times of harvesting frequency tended to be higher, although the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, and organic matter concentrations were not significantly (p>0.05) different between the two groups with different fertilization levels. Based on these results, it was concluded that the group with two times of harvesting frequency with conventional fertilization level might be proper for obtaining better forage productivity for Alpine grassland at 800 m altitude.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.50-57
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• 2016

This study was conducted to determine the effect of mathematical transformation on near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) calibrations for the prediction of chemical composition and fermentation parameters in corn silage. Corn silage samples (n=407) were collected from cattle farms and feed companies in Korea between 2014 and 2015. Samples of silage were scanned at 1 nm intervals over the wavelength range of 680~2,500 nm. The optical data were recorded as log 1/Reflectance (log 1/R) and scanned in intact fresh condition. The spectral data were regressed against a range of chemical parameters using partial least squares (PLS) multivariate analysis in conjunction with several spectral math treatments to reduce the effect of extraneous noise. The optimum calibrations were selected based on the highest coefficients of determination in cross validation ($R^2{_{cv}}$) and the lowest standard error of cross validation (SECV). Results of this study revealed that the NIRS method could be used to predict chemical constituents accurately (correlation coefficient of cross validation, $R^2{_{cv}}$, ranging from 0.77 to 0.91). The best mathematical treatment for moisture and crude protein (CP) was first-order derivatives (1, 16, 16, and 1, 4, 4), whereas the best mathematical treatment for neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was 2, 16, 16. The calibration models for fermentation parameters had lower predictive accuracy than chemical constituents. However, pH and lactic acids were predicted with considerable accuracy ($R^2{_{cv}}$ 0.74 to 0.77). The best mathematical treatment for them was 1, 8, 8 and 2, 16, 16, respectively. Results of this experiment demonstrate that it is possible to use NIRS method to predict the chemical composition and fermentation quality of fresh corn silages as a routine analysis method for feeding value evaluation to give advice to farmers.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 2016

This study was conducted to determine grazing intensity of growing Korean native goats (Capra hircus coreanae) on mountainous pasture. It was carried out to obtain basic information for improvement of mountainous pasture management and establishing feeding system of Korean native goats. Castrated, male goats (n=10) with average initial body weight (BW) of $23.33{\pm}2.15kg$ and an average age of 4 months were used in this study. Grazing goats were supplemented by concentrates with 1.0% of BW. The crude protein content of forage was the highest in October ($22.71{\pm}0.25%$) and there were significantly differences (p<0.05) in monthly comparison. The forage productivity of pasture was the highest from May to June ($1718.7{\pm}207.5{\sim}1672.0{\pm}422.8kg/ha$ but it was decreased in July ($1356.0{\pm}103.8kg/ha$) because of drought and summer depression. Average daily gains (ADG) of goats were the highest in June ($99.5{\pm}6.4d/g$). Grazing intensity was calculated by forage productivity and dry matter intake (DMI) and was the highest in May (65 head/ha). As shown in the results of this research, grazing intensity was suggested to average 39 head/ha from May to October. It is desirable that adequate grazing intensity was maintained by adjusting supplemental feed.