• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.3
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• pp.306-318
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• 1995

To investigate the effect of low light intensities and the inoculation of Frankia and/or Alpova diplophloeus on the symbioses development and their host growth, red alder(Alnus rubra Bong.) seedlings were grown in an air - filtered walk - in growth chamber with either $N_2$ - fixing Frankia inoculation or N - fertilization and live or dead spore inoculation of the ectomycorrhizal fungus A. diplophloeus(Zeller & Dodge) Trappe & Smith. When they were 20 weeks old, the seedlings were grown under three levels of light intensities of 680, 320 and $220{\mu}mol/m^2/s$ PPFD(photosynthetic photon flux density) for three weeks. PPFD of 220 significantly decreased the development of A. diplophloeus mycorrhizae and nodules, the rates of $N_2$ - fixation and $CO_2$ exchange, and the growth of tile seedlings. PPFD 320 significantly decreased the $CO_2$ exchange rate only. Frankia inoculation significantly increased mycorrhiza formation and seedling growth. Alpova inoculation significantly increased seedling growth but not nodule development and $N_2$ - fixation. None of the symbionts affected $CO_2$ exchange rates. Frankia was more critical for seedling growth and mycorrhizal development than the mycorrhizal fungus for seedling growth and nodule development.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.498-505
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• 2010

To evaluate the effectiveness of AMF on the growth of horticultural crops, we compared mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants, lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), that were inoculated with AMF propagules. As compared to the AMF- seedlings, in AMF+ seedlings at 3 weeks after sowing, the number of leaves increased 9%, leaf fresh weight increased 59%, leaf area increased 58%, and leaf length and width increased 21-22%, and chlorophyll content increased 2%. Furthermore, at 9 weeks after sowing, compared to the AMF- plants, in lettuce plants inoculated with AMF at the sowing and transplanting stages, the number of leaves increased 21% and 18%, leaf fresh weight increased 51% and 41%, root fresh weight increased 56% and 47%, and chlorophyll content increased 18% and 19%, respectively. Further this experiment indicated that the growth responses of lettuce plants inoculated with AMF during transplanting were similar to those inoculated with AMF during sowing. The results imply that the AMF infection timepoint is not important. The P content in the leaves of lettuce plants inoculated with AMF during transplanting was significantly higher (217%) than that of leaves from lettuce plants not inoculated with AMF. In contrast, the P content of the leaves of lettuce plants inoculated with AMF during the sowing stage was similar to that of leaves of control lettuce plants. In this experiment, P and chlorophyll content in AMF+ lettuce plants were higher than in AMF- plants, indicating that the photosynthetic rate was improved with AMF inoculation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.637-649
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• 2011

Soil microorganisms play a major role in improving soil fertility and plant health. Symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form a key component of the soil microbial populations. AMF form a mutualistic association with the host plant and exert a positive influence on its growth and nutrient uptake. The establishment of mycorrhizal symbioses with the host plant can positively be influenced by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria through various mechanisms such as increased spore germination and hyphal permeability in plant roots. Though there are evidences that combined interactions between AMF and PGPR can promote the plant growth however mechanisms of these interactions are poorly understood. Better understanding of the interactions between AMF and other microorganisms is necessary for maintaining soil fertility and enhancing crop production. This paper reviews current knowledge concerning the interactions between AMF and PGPR with plants and discusses on enhanced nutrient availability, biocontrol, abiotic stress tolerance and phytoremediation in sustainable agriculture.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.3
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• pp.302-308
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• 1990

This study was conducted to determine the effects of mycorrhizal inoculation and ortet ages on the rooting of Quercus acutissima cuttings. The cuttings taken from 12-week-, 2-year-, 4-year-, and 20-year-old plants were rooted in mid summer in the rooting medium (vermiculite 2 : peatmoss 1 by volume) with or without Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) and Glomus sp. inocula and IBA under intermittent misting system in an open shed. The average percentages of rooting were about 82%, 49%, 29%, and 13% for cuttings taken from 12-week-, 2-year-. 4-year-, and 20-year-old seedlings, respectively. Pt inoculation, enhanced rooting of cuttings at all age classes, except 12-week-old seedlings, with the highest enhancement(22%) observed in cuttings taken from 20-year-old trees. The highest percentage of rooting in each age group eras 88.9% in 12-week-old seedlings treated with Pt plus 3.000ppm IBA, 75% in 2-Year-old plants with 1,000ppm IBA, 58.3% in 4-year-old plants with 3.000ppm IBA and 22% in 20-year-old plants. The addition of Glomus sp. fungus inoculum failed to enhance rooting. Pt mycorrhizal inoculation enhanced root dry weight, length, and diamter of adventitious roots at cuttings taken from 12-week- and 20-year-old trees, except the cuttings taken from 4-year-old seedlings. Rooted cuttings had more total nitrogen content in the leaves than unrooted cuttings, and the greater rooting response was associated with the higher phosphorus content in the leaves.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.4
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• pp.466-475
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• 1997

I examined arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) fungus inoculation effects on the seedling growth of Korean ash tree(Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance), which distributes in fertile mesic soils, under a seven-day watering cycle of water stress and compost-added fertile conditions. Three Korea-native AM fungi were inoculated : an unidentified Glomus species, Gigaspora margarita Becker & Hall and Scutellospora heterogama(Nicol. & Gerd) Walker & Sanders from disturbed forest soils. The effect of AM fungus inoculation on the seedling varied depending upon fungal species and soil conditions. AM formation was 27 to 65% by the Glomus without forming spores, 47 to 74% with about 10 spores per 20g soil by G. margarita and about 65% with 35 spores by S. heterogama. The soil conditions did not affect either AM or spore formation. The Glomus inoculation increased shoot N and P concentrations, but did not affect seedling growth. G. margarita increased shoot N and P, irrespective of soil conditions, in general, but S. heterogama increased N under water stress and Pin the control soil only. These two fungi significantly increased seedling growth in both control and water stress soils. Compost addition increased the growth of non-mycorrhizal seedlings and offset AM fungus inoculation effects. The relative field mycorrhizal dependency(RFMD) of the seedlings was significant only in control and water stress soils by over 40% in G. margarita or S. heterogama AM plants. Under water stress RFMD was the most evident in S. heterogama AM plants. I conclude that some AM fungi such as G, margarita and S. heterogama can broaden the niche of Korean ash seedlings to a water stress or nutrient poor site but less likely to more fertile sites.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.68-75
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• 1999

This study was conducted to examine the effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae inoculation and phosphorus application on early growth of hot pepper. Gigaspora margarita and Acaulospora spinosa were chosen for this investigation and inoculated into soils of different P levels by varying inoculation time and density. After treatment, some relevant growth responses of hot pepper were measured. Regardless of soil P levels, hot peppers treated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi had 5~34% more fresh weight than those untreated, but the effect of inoculation time and density was not different between two species. With decreased P levels, the infection rate and dependency of hot peppers increased. The content of P and K of AMF-inoculated hot peppers increased with increasing P levels, but the shoot to root ratio of those elements decreased. The results of this study showed that inoculation of AMF would be effective in promoting growth of hot pepper seedlings and increase transplant adaptation due in part to the resulted higher root development.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.4
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• pp.531-539
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• 1994

We examined the in vitro rooting and survival of tissue cultured plantlets of Quercus acutissima Carr. and Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. after addition of Pisolithus tinctorius(Pt) ectomycorrhizal fungus inoculum to the medium and effects of three levels of sucrose and phosphorus in culture media. Shoots of Quercus acutissima were obtained from winter buds of a 30-year old tree and cuttings of Pinus densiflora from germinated seed, and they were inoculated with Pt in vitro. In both species, Pt enhanced shoot length, survival, number of adventitious roots, root length, and rooting percentage. Survival in Quercus acutissima was increased from 75% in control to 100% in Pt inoculation. Pt inoculation increased the percentage of rooting from 20% to 70% in Quercus acutissima cuttings and from 63% to 100% in Pinus densiflora cuttings. It is concluded that mycorrhizal inoculation to tissue cultured Quercus acutissima Carr. and to in vitro cutting of Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. has practical application to improvement of poor root development and initial period of reduced shoot growth in vitro.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 1982

Two ectomycorrhizal fungi, Pisolithus tinctorius and Thelephora terrestris, were introduced form U.S.A. and inoculated to five pine species in Korea to evaluate the reported growth stimulation of host plants after inoculation. These fungi were grown as mycelial inoculum in large quantity and ioculated to the fumigated nursery soil just before seed sowing. At the end of the first growing season. Pisolithus stimulated the height growth of Pinus densiflora. P. thunbergii. P. rigida, and P. rigida x teada by55, 36, 69, and 37%, respectively, compared with control seedlings with no fumigation and no inoculation. When the growth stimulation was expressed with dry weight, Pisolithus increased dry weight of P. densiflora and P. rigida x taeda by 143% and 128%, respectively, over control seedling. Thelephora failed to stimulate growth of inoculated plants. Pinus koraiensis did not respond to the inoculation during the first growing season. It is concluded that artificial inoculation of nursery pine trees with selected mycorrhizal fungi should be seriously considered to improve the quality of planting stocks and to stimulate early plant growth. The potential for use of Pisolithus in reforestation on adverse sited is also discussed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.4
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• pp.361-370
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• 1988

This study was carried out for observation of growth, mycorrhizal formation and nutrient absorption of Pinus thunbergii seedlings treated with two soil mixtures and various nitrogen levels after inoculation with mycorrhizal fungus, Pisolithus tinctorius. 1. Seedlings grown on vermiculite applied with $50-150{\mu}g/ml$ nitrogen levels were well developed with pinnate type and cluster-like mycorrhizae. But seedlings on sandy loam had monopodial type in addition to the above-mentioned two types. 2. Optimum fertilization level for mycorrhizal formation is 50 or $150{\mu}g/ml$ N that showed best mycorrhizal formation of $86.4({\pm}3.14)%$ or $73.0({\pm}7.21)%$, respectively, but increased nitrogen levels decreased formation of mycorrhizal short roots. Seedlings applied with $450{\mu}g/ml$ nitrogen level decreased in net assimilation rate (NAR) and crop growth rate(CGR) during early growth of the seedlings, and they were increased since Aug, when nutrient application was stopped. 9. Inorganic nutrient absorption was increased more in seedlings grown on vermiculite and inoculated growth medium than those grown on sandy loam and noninoculated one, and it was gradually increased with increasing nitrogen increasing nitrogen level until $350{\mu}g/ml$. But $450{\mu}g/ml$ nitro gen level rather reduced absorption of nutrient.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.81-94
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on growth of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.) seedlings. Five species of AMF (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices, Glomus etunicatum, Acaulospora longula, Acaulospora trappei) were inoculated to ginseng seedlings at 60 days after ginseng seed germination. Dry weights, heights of the plants and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured at 120 days after inoculation of AMF. Dry weights and shoot heights were increased in seedlings inoculated with AMF compared to the controls without AMF. However, chlorophyll fluorescence of seedlings with AMF showed no significant difference compared to the control.