• 통상정보연구
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.177-201
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• 2015

한국은 경제성장에 있어 무역 의존도가 매우 높은 나라로, 특히 중국에 대한 의존도가 높다. 비관세 장벽 중 무역상 기술 장벽(TBT)의 중요도가 크게 증가하고 있는데, 한국과 중국 양국간 교역에서 기술장벽이 미치는 영향이 크기 때문에 무역상 기술장벽의 제거는 FTA 체결에 있어서 한국 정부가 관심을 가지고 있는 쟁점 사항 중 하나이다. 상호인정협정(MRA)이 그러한 기술 장벽을 해소할 수 있는 효과적인 수단으로 주목받고 있는데, 기존의 연구들은 MRA가 수입 장벽을 완화시켜 주고 국제 시장에서 많은 기업들이 직면하고 있는 문제점들을 해결해 줄 수 있을 것이라 밝히고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 2015년 가서명된 한중 FTA 체결에 있어서 MRA의 활용 방안을 모색해 보고자 하였는데, 교역량과 양국간 규제의 차이를 고려한 적합한 MRA 활용 방안을 제시하였다. MRA 관련한 기존의 연구들은 MRA의 필요성과 그 효과에 대한 분석에 그치고 있는데 반해, 본 연구는 한국과의 교역량이 큰 중국이라는 특정 국가를 대상으로 구체적인 MRA 활용 방안을 모색하였다는데 그 의의가 있다.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.25-44
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• 2017

본 연구는 일-EU 자유 무역 협정의 내용에서 한국 기업들에게 직접적으로 영향을 줄 수 있는 상호인정 협정 (MRA)을 검토하고 한국 수출 기업에 대한 함의를 제시하는 것이다. 2017 년 벨기에 브뤼셀에서 개최 된 G20 정상 회담에 앞서 일-EU FTA 협상이 재개되었으며 모든 교역 품목의 95%에 대한 관세 철폐에 합의했다. 일본 자동차는 7년간의 유예 기간과 15년간 유럽 치즈의 점진적인 철폐와 함께 관세 폐지에 대해 적극적으로 협상을 벌였다. EPA 협정으로 일본과 비슷한 산업 구조를 가진 한국은 가공 식품, 화학제품, 의료 장비, 유제품 및 자동차 산업에 타격을 줄 것으로 예상된다. 이러한 상황에서 한국 수출기업의 대응방안으로 첫째, 국제적 기술기준에 대한 이해와 전략적 대응. 둘째, 한국기업의 국가별 인증제도에 대한 이해. 셋째, 한국이 체결한 FTA의 적극적인 활용. 넷째, 기업의 MRA 운영에 적극적으로 참여등을 제시하였다.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2020

Purpose: The AEO (Authorized Economic Operator) program, created in 2001 in the United States due to 9.11 terrorist's attack, fundamentally changed the trade environment. Korea, which introduced AEO program in 2009, has become one of the world's top countries in the program by ranking 6th in the number of AEO certified companies and the world's No. 1 in MRA (Mutual Recognition Agreement) conclusions. In this paper, we examined what trade-economic and non-economic effects the AEO program and its MRA have in Korea. Research design, data and methodology: In this study we developed a model to verify the impact between utilization of AEO and trade-economic effects of the AEO and its MRA. After analyzing the validity and reliability of the model through Structural Equation Model we conducted a survey to request AEO companies to respond their experience on the effects of AEO program and MRA. As a result, 196 responses were received from 176 AEO companies and utilized in the analysis. Results: With regard to economic effects, the AEO program and the MRA have not been directly linked to financial performance, such as increased sales, increased export and import volumes, reduced management costs, and increased operating profit margins. However, it was analyzed that the positive effects of supply chain management were evident, such as strengthening self-security, monitoring and evaluating risks regularly, strengthening cooperation with trading companies, enhancing cargo tracking capabilities, and reducing the time required for export and import. Conclusions: When it comes to the trade-economic effects of AEO program and its MRA, AEO companies did not satisfy with direct effects, such as increased sales and volume of imports and exports, reduced logistics costs. However, non-economic effects, such as reduced time in customs clearance, freight tracking capability, enhanced security in supply chain are still appears to be big for them. In a rapidly changing trade environment the AEO and MRA are still useful. Therefore the government needs to encourage non-AEO companies to join the AEO program, expand MRA conclusion with AEO adopted countries especially developing ones and help AEO companies make good use of AEO and MRA.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2016

Purpose - This paper aims to analyze and investigate to find out the appropriate ways to make an easy TBT of smart city. It is an important issue between Korea and China because TBT of smart city has lots of advantages in IT, S/W, IOT, and Home network. Research design, data and methodology - First, the paper made use of reviewing2nd data analysis and focused on group interview, and then compared with analysis on the international rule and system such as smart city system, technical regulation, and standard through test certification procedure and inspection. Second, this paper reviewed electric/electronic test, certification, and calibration. Third, through analyzing MRA between Korea and china, the paper focused on SDoC, Mutual Acceptance of International certification, and IECCB scheme. Results - Through the comparison and analysis, this paper found that it is important to promote multi-track agreements with the countries that need short-term promotion. Moreover, it is necessary to conclude an agreement with the leading countries in Middle East and Central America. Conclusions - Through the above the reviews and analysis, we can see the importance of promotion in FTA and MRA with the efforts to remove the obstacles and promote to make an easy TBT by MRA between Korea and China.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1999년도 하계학술대회 논문집 B
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• pp.606-608
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• 1999

Mutual Recognition Agreement(MRA) between national metrology institutes is started on October 1999 and International Key Comparison is essentially to be used as technical basis for the agreement. High resistance is one of the Key Comparison and high resistance measurement system is established in KRISS for the purpose of the Key Comparison. Total combined uncertainty of the system is about 4ppm in $10M{\Omega}$ and 8ppm in $1G{\Omega}$. With the system, the difference of comparison results for $10M{\Omega}$ and $1G{\Omega}$ among KRISS, VNIIM in Russia and NIM in China is agreed about 6ppm within total combined uncertainty of three institutes.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.83-91
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• 2017

Climate change has been identified as one with the greatest challenges facing nations, government, business and over future decades. Activities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by the Kyoto Protocol, the international community has been in progress. Korea also has introduced the Emission trading system to reduce greenhouse emission from the supervision of the government. Greenhouse gases emissions quantity should be internationally recognized. Mutual Recognition Arrangement should be recognized as the same greenhouse gas emission. International recognition of domestic verification body of international mutual recognition is required. Efforts are needed to secure the equivalence between the emission rights through direct cooperation with the relative nation accreditation body. Early entry into the IAF/PAC GHG MLA is essential for demonstrating equivalence between greenhouse gas emissions. Emissions trading will also require connection to the EU ETS, California, USA, and Tokyo, Japan to link Emissions trading. In the case of establishing accreditation standards and accreditation criteria, it will be necessary to distinguish between the domestic Energy Target Management System and the Emission Trading System. Independent greenhouse gases verification bodies should be established to meet the requirements of IAF and PAC. It is necessary to revise the qualification criteria for the verification of the greenhouse gas verification body according to international standards requirements. It is necessary to support the role of accreditation bodies of domestic greenhouse gas verification bodies. It is required to join international organizations of international mutual recognition of international trade and the need for pilot projects to link greenhouse gas emissions. The core link to our emission trading system is called EU-ETS, and we will need to join the IAF/PAC GHG MLA GHG. The International Mutual Recognition Agreement (IAF) is expected to allow international interoperability of GHG emissions verification between EA and the PAC. By signing a PAC GHG MLA, it will need to be prepared to prepare for the pilot project to link the emission trading system.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.389-398
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• 2018

상호인정협약(MRA)은 무역기술장벽(TBT) 극복을 위한 WTO 틀 내의 중요한 정책수단이다. MRA의 경제적 효과와 관련된 연구는 대부분 인터뷰와 간단한 설문조사를 통해 그 효과를 확인하거나 MRA체결을 통해 면제되는 제품의 심사비용이 명확하고 계량분석이 가능한 데이터가 축적된 정보통신산업 등에서 제한적으로 계량 분석을 통해 비용절감 효과와 수출에 미치는 영향을 제시한다. 이러한 연구결과는 모두 MRA 체결이 긍정적 경제효과를 가져오는 것으로 분석되었다. 그러나 제약 산업의 MRA체결에 대해 직접 경제적 효과를 분석한 연구는 없다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 EFTA와의 GMP 실사 면제 MRA체결의 경제효과를 비시장재의 가치 추정 방법인 조건부가치평가법(CVM)을 통해 분석하였다. 먼저 제약 기업을 대상으로 EFTA권역과의 MRA 체결 의의와 효과를 설명하고, 가상의 시장을 설정하여 GMP 실사 면제에 대한 연회비 형태의 지불의사를 이중경계양분형질문을 통해 조사하였다. 이를 Hanemann(1984)이 제시한 효용차이모형을 통해 중간값 WTP와 절단된 평균 WTP를 산출하였고, 이를 바탕으로 전체기업의 경제효과를 산출한 결과 연간 최소 70.3억에서 최대 약 158억의 경제적 효과가 있는 것으로 분석되었다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.539-555
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• 2008

It is well understood that developing new drugs is one of the highest value-added businesses in a country; however, the current governments' spending in pharmaceutical research and development(R&D) is minimal in Korea. This paper suggests that different governmental bodies should take in charge of different stages of the R&D process in order to maximize the use of limited government research funding. First, during the initial phase of the drug development, including clinical trials, the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology is the most appropriate governmental organization to support the research. For later procedures such as supporting the industries for exporting developed drugs, legislative approvals, and building infrastructure for future clinical trials should be supported by the Ministry of Knowledge and Economy and the Ministry of Health and Welfare along with the Korea Food and Drug Administration(KFDA). The KFDA, which is the main governmental agency approving newly developed drugs in the market, will need to take a crucial responsibility in the initial phase of the pharmaceutical R&D by guiding the industries with timely and proper information. As a first step, it is recommended to set up and operate a center for supporting new drugs, so that the industries can facilitate the development of marketable drugs which meet customers' needs. Later, in order to expedite the process of exporting and getting approvals of the newly developed drugs from foreign countries, it is necessary to develop new approval system, which includes introduction of the Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), mandatory validation system, and education program for supporting expertise. Lastly, the KFDA needs to take an active role in developing Korean pharmaceutical industries by communicating with other foreign governments with regards to the globalization of the Korean pharmaceutical industries. For example, as a follow up after the Free Trade Agreement(FTA), active discussion on GLP of Mutual Recognition Agreement(MRA) with the United States of America, should be seriously considered.