• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.52-57
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• 2003

The mutational spectra in the manganese (II) peroxidase gene (mnp) of the Pleurotus ostreatus mutants induced by gamma radiation (Co$\^$60/) give evidence to prove the effect of gamma radiation on the gene. mnp of each mutant was cloned, sequenced and analyzed. Among the 1941 base pairs of the sequenced region of the mnP genes of 4 mutants (PO-5,-6,-15 and -16), nine mutational hotspots on which the same base was mutated simultaneously were found, additionally 6 mutations were also found at different positions in the mnp gene. These mutation-spectra were predominantly A:T\longrightarrowG:C transitions (50.1%). By the analysis of putative amino acid sequences, PO-5 and PO-16 mutants have 3 and 1 mutated residues, respectively. Since the mutational spectra reported herein are specific to the mnp gene, we propose that the mutational hotspots for the gamma radiation could be in the gene(5) within cells.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.316-324
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• 2002

To investigate the mutational spectrum of laccase (Lac) genes (lac -A and lac -B) involved in degrading lignin which is the recalcitrant cell wall polymer, the genes of the Pleurotus ostreatus mutants induced by gamma ray radiation were amplified by PCR and were cloned. All partial lac-A genes of 4 mutants (PO-6, -7, -14 and -15) consisted of 1763 base pairs due to the deletion of two bases (491-nt and 492-nt) and addition of one base (875-nt) in 1764 base pairs of lac -A gene of PO-1. Totally 36 mutational hot spots were detected and 32 positions were mutated in all of those 4 mutants simultaneously. These mutations were predominantly A : T -> G : C transitions (40%). Putative amino acid sequences of lac -A genes of mutants have one simultaneous mutated residue (from Thr-44 to Ala-44). The 1764 bp of partial lac -B gene was cloned only in PO -5 mutant and contained 19 mutated bases. These mutations were predominantly G : C->A : T transitions (45%). Lac-B protein of PO-5 has two mutated residues of Glu-290 and His-363 from Ala-290 and Phe-363, respectively. The hyper-mutational positions were concentrated in specific regions of between 50-nt and 900-nt in lac genes. These results suggested that the mutational hotspots responded to gamma radiation could be in some genes, at least lac -A and lac -B of p. ostreatus.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 1998

Transgenic animal and cell line models which are recently developed and used in toxicology fields combined with molecular biological technique, are powerful tools to study the mechanism of mutation in vivo and in vitro, respectively. Transgenic models, which have exogenous DNA incorporated into their genome, carry recoverable shuttle vector containing reporter genes to assess endogenous effects or alteration in specific genes related to disease processes. The lac I and lac Z gnee most widely used as a mutational target in transgenic systems. The assay is performed by treatment with putative mutagenic agents, isolation of genomic DNA from cells or tissues, exposure the isolated DNA to in vitro packaging extract, plating and sequencing. The results from these processes provide not only mutant frequency as quantitative evaluation but also mutational spectrum as qualitative evaluation of various agents. Therefore we introduce and review the principle, detailed procedure and application of transgenic mutagenesis assay system in toxicology fields especially in mutagenesis and carcinogenesis.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.125-143
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• 1993

The primary objective of the paper is to review the development of approximations of the null distribution of a scan statistic and to show how these approximations were improved. Let $X_1, \cdots, X_N$ be a sequence of independent uniform random variables on an interval (0, t]. A can statistic is defined to be the maximum number of observations in a subinterval of length t $\leq$ T, when we continuously (or discretely) move the subinterval from 0 to T. A scan statistic is used to test whether certain events occur in a cluster aganist a null hypothesis of the uniformity. It is difficult to calculate the exact null distribution of a scan statistic. Several authors have suggested approximations of the null distribution of a scan statistic since Naus(1966). We conceive that a scan statistic can be used for detecting a "hot region" is defined to be a region at which the frequencies of mutations are relatively high. A "hot region" may be regarded as a generalized version of a hot spot. We leave it for a further study the concrete formulation of deteciton a "hot region" in a mutational spectrum.uot; in a mutational spectrum.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.114-123
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• 2005

Nitropyrene, the predominant nitropolycyclic hydrocarbon found in diesel exhaust, is a mutagenic and tumorigenic environmental pollutant that requires metabolic activation via nitroreduction and ring oxidation. In order to determine the role of ring oxidation in the mutagenicity of 1-nitropyrene, its oxidative metabolites, 1-nitropyrene 4,5-oxide and 1-nitropyrene 9,10-oxide, were synthesized and their mutation spectra were determined in the coding region of hprt gene of CHO cells by a PCR amplification of reverse-transcribed hprt mRNA, followed by a DNA sequence analysis. A comparison of the two metabolites for mutation frequencies showed that 1-nitropyrene 9,10-oxide was 2-times higher than 1-nitropyrene 4,5-oxide. The mutation spectrum for 1-nitropyrene 4,5-oxide was base substitutions (33/49), one base deletions (11/49) and exon deletions (5/49). In the case of 1-nitropyrene 9,10-oxide, base substitutions (27/50), one base deletions (15/50), and exon deletions (8/50) were observed. Base substitutions were distributed randomly throughout the hprt gene. The majority of the base substitutions in mutant from 1-nitropyrene 4,5-oxide treated cells were $A{\rightarrow}G$ transition (15/33) and $G{\rightarrow}A$ transition (8/33). The predominant base substitution, $A{\rightarrow}G$ transition (11/27) and $G{\rightarrow}A$ transition (8/27), were also observed in mutant from 1-nitropyrene 9,10-oxide treated cells. The mutation at the site of adenine and guanine was consistent with the previous results, where the sites of DNA adduct formed by these compounds were predominant at the sites of purines. A comparison of the mutational patterns between 1-nitropyrene 4,5-oxide and 1-nitropyrene 9,10-oxide showed that there were no significant differences in the overall mutational spectrum. These results indicate that each oxidative metabolite exhibits an equal contribution to the mutagenicity of 1-nitropyrene, and ring oxidation of 1-nitropyrene is an important metabolic pathway to the formation of significant lethal DNA lesions.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 1996.12a
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• pp.64-64
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• 1996

Transgenic animal and cell line models which are recently developed in toxicology field combined with molecular biological technique, are powerful tools for studying of mutation in vivo and in vitro, respectively. The Big Blue mutagenesis assay system is one of the most widely used transgenic systems. Especially, for the study of direct acting mutagens, Big Blue cell line is very useful and powerful to evaluate mutagenicity because the mutation frequency and mutationspectrlun showed no distinct differences between cell line and animal. The Big Blue cell lines carry stably integrated copies of lambda shuttle vector containing lac I gene as a mutational target. These lambda shuttle vectors are useful for various mutagenesis related studies in eukaryotic system due to their ability to be exposed mutagen and then transfer a suitable target DNA sequence to it convenient organism for analysis. We tried to assess the mutagenic effect of 4-NQO with Big Blue cell line. After the treatment of 4-NQO, genomic DNA was isolated and lambda shuttle vector was packaged by in Vitro packaging and then these were plated on bacterial host in the presence of X-gal to screen mutation in the lac I. We determined MF as a ratio of blue plaques versus colorless plaques and now undergoing the mutation spectrum of 4-NQO in lac J gene sequence.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 1996.05d
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• pp.40-45
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• 1996

사람 T-임파구에서 방사선 독성물질인 감마선과 화학적 독성물질인 PCP(pentachlorophenol)의 돌연변이 효과를 hprt (hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase) 유전자의 돌연변이빈도로써 측정하였다. 감마선은 $^{137}$Cs원을 사용하여, 0 - 300 rads의 양으로 세포의 초기배양 시기에 조사하였으며, PCP는 역시 세포의 초기배양시 최종농도 0-100 ppm으로 24시간 투여 하였다. 양 돌연변이원은 hprt유전자를 돌연변이 시키어, 300rads의 조사는 대조군에 비하여 약 7.5배의 돌연변이빈도의 증가를 나타내었고, PCP 500 ppm의 처리는 대조군에 비하여 약 5배의 돌연변이빈도 증가를 나타내었다. 본 실험에 사용된 상이한 두 돌연변이원은 모두 비교적 정확한 용량-반응 관계를 보였으나, 환경독성물질들의 혼합효과에서 돌연변이원을 정성하기위하여 개선된 T-cell hprt clonal assay, 즉 reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction 및 direct sequencing에 의한 mutational spectrum의 적용이 요구되었다.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.558-566
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• 2020

Purpose: Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) is a rare genetic autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in ATP8B1, ABCB11 or ABCB4. Mutational analysis of these genes is a reliable approach to identify the disorder. Methods: We collected and analyzed relevant data related to clinical diagnosis, biological investigation, and molecular determination in nine children carrying these gene mutations, who were from unrelated families in South China. Results: Of the nine patients (five males, four females) with PFIC, one case of PFIC1, four cases of PFIC2, and four cases of PFIC3 were diagnosed. Except in patient no. 8, jaundice and severe pruritus were the major clinical signs in all forms. γ-glutamyl transpeptidase was low in patients with PFIC1/PFIC2, and remained mildly elevated in patients with PFIC3. We identified 15 different mutations, including nine novel mutations (p.R470HfsX8, p.Q794X and p.I1170T of ABCB11 gene mutations, p.G319R, p.A1047P, p.G1074R, p.T830NfsX11, p.A1047PfsX8 and p.N1048TfsX of ABCB4 gene mutations) and six known mutations (p.G446R and p.F529del of ATP8B1 gene mutations, p.A588V, p.G1004D and p.R1057X of ABCB11 gene mutations, p.P479L of ABCB4 gene mutations). The results showed that compared with other regions, these three types of PFIC genes had different mutational spectrum in China. Conclusion: The study expands the genotypic spectrum of PFIC. We identified nine novel mutations of PFIC and our findings could help in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.57 no.9
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• pp.410-415
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• 2014

Purpose: Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant condition caused by an NF1 gene mutation. NF1 is also a multisystem disorder that primarily affects the skin and nervous system. The goal of this study was to delineate the phenotypic characterization and assess the NF1 mutational spectrum in patients with NF1. Methods: A total of 42 patients, 14 females and 28 males, were enrolled in this study. Clinical manifestations and results of the genetic study were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Age of the patients at the time of NF1 diagnosis was $15.8{\pm}14.6$ years (range, 1-62 years). Twelve patients (28.6%) had a family history of NF1. Among the 42 patients, $Caf\acute{e}$-au-lait spots were shown in 42 (100%), neurofibroma in 31 (73.8%), freckling in 22 (52.4%), and Lisch nodules in seven (16.7%). The most common abnormal finding in the brain was hamartoma (20%). Mental retardation was observed in five patients (11.9%), seizures in one patient (2.4%), and plexiform neurofibromas (PNFs) in four patients (9.5%). One patient with PNFs died due to a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in the chest cavity. Genetic analysis of seven patients identified six single base substitutions (three missense and three nonsense) and one small deletion. Among these mutations, five (71.4%) were novel (two missense mutations: p.Leu1773Pro, p.His1170Leu; two nonsense mutations: $p.Arg2517^*$, $p.Cys2371^*$; one small deletion: $p.Leu1944Phefs^*6$). Conclusion: The clinical characteristics of 42 Korean patients with NF1 were extremely variable and the mutations of the NF1 gene were genetically heterogeneous with a high mutation-detection rate.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.239-244
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• 2013

Somatic mutation is a major cause of cancer progression and varied responses of tumors against anticancer agents. Thus, we must obtain and characterize genome-wide mutational profiles in individual cancer subtypes. The Cancer Genome Atlas database includes large amounts of sequencing and omics data generated from diverse human cancer tissues. In the present study, we integrated and analyzed the exome sequencing data from ~3,000 tissue samples and summarized the major mutant genes in each of the diverse cancer subtypes and stages. Mutations were observed in most human genes (~23,000 genes) with low frequency from an analysis of 11 major cancer subtypes. The majority of tissue samples harbored 20-80 different mutant genes, on average. Lung cancer samples showed a greater number of mutations in diverse genes than other cancer subtypes. Only a few genes were mutated with over 5% frequency in tissue samples. Interestingly, mutation frequency was generally similar between non-metastatic and metastastic samples in most cancer subtypes. Among the 12 major mutations, the TP53, USH2A, TTN, and MUC16 genes were found to be frequent in most cancer types, while BRAF, FRG1B, PBRM1, and VHL showed lineage-specific mutation patterns. The present study provides a useful resource to understand the broad spectrum of mutation frequencies in various cancer types.