• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.193-198
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• 2019

Purpose: This study examined the effects of plank exercise combined with breathing and arm exercises on the external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominal muscle thickness. Methods: Thirty healthy adults consisting of 12 males and 18 females from K area were divided into a plank exercise combined with breathing and arm exercises group (n = 15) and a plank exercise only group (n=15). The changes in muscle thickness before the exercise and four and eight weeks after the exercise were analyzed using a two-way repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA). The significance level was set to ${\alpha}=0.05$. Post-hoc t-tests were conducted to detect the interactions between the time and groups, and the significance level was set to ${\alpha}=0.01$. Results: According to the experimental results, the external oblique abdominal muscle showed significant differences over time (p<0.05). The internal oblique abdominal muscle also showed significant differences over time and in the interactions between the time and groups (p<0.05). The transverse abdominal muscle showed significant differences over time, in the interactions between time and groups, and in the changes between the groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that plank exercise combined with breathing and arm movement exercises led to increases in the abdominal muscle thickness. These types of exercises may be useful in lumbar stabilization rehabilitation treatment.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.173-177
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• 2018

This study compared the muscle on-set time of fully immersive virtual reality motions with that of actual motions to if there difference. The subjects were 30 healthy adults subjects and compared the virtual reality moction group(punch, archery) and actual motion group(punch, archery) muscle on-set time. In this study, there was no significant difference between the virtual reality motion group and actual motion group muscle on-set time(p>0.05). Fully immersive virtual reality is deemed to be applicable for use in physical therapy. In future studies, it is necessary to investigate whether a fully immersive virtual reality can be applied to patients.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2021

The aim of this study was to provide a new assessment of rotator cuff muscle activity. Eight male subjects (24.7 ± 3.2 years old,171.2 ± 9.8 cm tall, and weighing 63.8 ± 11.9 kg) performed the study exercises. The subjects performed 10 sets of the exercise while fixing the elbow at 90 degrees flexure and lying supine on a bed. One exercise set consisted of the subject performing external shoulder rotation 50 times using training equipment. Two imaging protocols were employed: (a) true fast imaging with steady precession (TrueFISP) at an acquisition time of 12 seconds and (b) multi-shot spin-echo echo-planar imaging (MSSE-EPI) at an acquisition time of 30 seconds for one echo. The main method of assessing rotator cuff muscle activity was functional T2 mapping using ultrafast imaging (fast-acquired muscle functional MRI [fast-mfMRI]). Fast-mfMRI enabled real-time imaging for the identification and evaluation of the degree of muscle activity induced by the exercise. Regions of interest were set at several places in the musculus subscapularis (sub), musculus supraspinatus (sup), musculus teres minor (ter), and deltoid muscle (del). We used the MR signal of the images and transverse relaxation time (T2) for comparison. Most of the TrueFISP signal was not changed by exercise and there was no significant difference from the resting values. Only the T2 in the musculus teres minor was increased after one set and the change were seen on the T2 images. Additionally, except for those after one and two sets, the changes in T2 were significant compared to those at rest (P < 0.01). We also demonstrated identify and visualize the extent to which muscles involved in muscle activity by exercise. In addition, we showed that muscle activity in a region such as a shoulder, which is susceptible to B0 inhomogeneity, could be easily detected using this technique.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.31-40
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• 2023

Background: The purpose of this study was to confirm the effect of bridge exercise combined with vibration on abdominal muscle thickness. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: As study subjects, 24 adults in their 20s were classified into 12 vibration bridge exercise groups and 12 bridge exercise groups. The time was divided into before the experiment, 3 weeks after the experiment, and 6 weeks after the experiment. Two-way repeated ANOVA was used to examine changes in the muscle thickness of the external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominal muscles of the trunk muscles, and the significance level was set at 0.05. If there was an interaction between time and group, post-hoc analysis was performed, and the significance level was set at 0.01. Results: There was a significant difference in the external oblique muscle in the change by period, the interaction between time and group, and the change between groups (p<0.05). There was a significant difference in the external oblique muscle in the change by period, the interaction between time and group, and the change between groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: As a result of this study, bridge exercise combined with vibration had a positive effect on the muscle thickness of the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles. It suggests the possibility of using the basic data of vibration exercise and the lumbar stabilization exercise in clinical practice.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the immediate effects of using the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) contract-relax technique in the close kinetic chain position on the gait ability and gastrocnemius muscle tone of stroke patients. Methods: The subjects were patients who had strokes due to cerebrum infarction and hemorrhage. The subjects participated in exercise with the PNF contract-relax technique in the standing-on-elbow position with a high table, and the affected lower leg was placed in the posterior position. The PNF contract-relax technique was applied at the position in which the ankle plantar-flexors were in a sufficiently elongated position. After performing twice in each range, while the muscle was elongated, the affected side was moved further back and a new range was set. In each session, the time of contraction was set to 8 seconds, and the resting time was set to 5 seconds; however, if the patient felt tired, they received more resting time during the intervention. The Myoton Pro and 10 m walking test were used to measure the muscle tone and gait ability both pre- and post-intervention. Results: After participating in the program, the muscle tone decreased and the gait ability improved in the ankle plantar-flexors, as determined by the Myoton Pro and 10 m walking test. Conclusion: The PNF contract-relax technique can help to decrease muscle tone in ankle plantar-flexors with hypertonus and increase the gait ability in stroke patients.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.331-340
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• 2022

Purpose: Thisstudy aimed to identify the effect of varying the expansibility of elastic tape on the onset time of muscle contraction during neck extension for forward head posture syndrome. Methods: Forty-five young adults with forward head posture syndrome volunteered to participate and were randomly assigned to one of three groups according to the expansibility of the elastic tape (25%, 50%, 75%). The onset time of muscle contraction for the neck extensor during neck extension was measured using an electromyographic system (Free EMG, BTS, Italy). Multivariate analysis of variance was employed to determine the effect of different expansibilities of elastic tape on the onset time of muscle contraction during neck extension for forward head posture syndrome. When there was a statistically significant difference by MANOVA, Scheffe was used as a post-hoc test. The level of significance was set at α=0.05. Results: In the comparison of the onset time of muscle contraction of varying elastic tape expansibilities and measurement times, there was a significant difference between the groups (Lt. UT, Lt. SCM, Rt. SCM) (p < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in the interaction between the measurement time and the group, between the measurement time (p > 0.05). Conclusion: In the neck extension, 75% of the tape extensibility in the Lt. UT and both SCM shortened the muscle contraction onset time.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.111-119
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• 2020

Objective: The purpose of this study is to apply exercise learning effect to various subjects through training effect and information accumulation based on verification of the effect on dumbbell curl exercises applied with virtual reality. Method: To analyze the effect on the dumbbell curl exercise in the virtual environment, a total of 20 persons with 10 males and 10 females who does not have orthopedics diseases were selected. The dumbbell weight of the subjects was set to a weight of 70% strength of 1RM. At this time, the virtual environment situation was set to four types; presence/absence of virtual environment, preferred colors, and unfavorable colors to perform dumbbell curl exercise. The anaysis of muscle activity was conducted by adhering four surface electrodes (Biceps Brachii, Triceps Brachii, Brachioradialis Muscle, Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Muscle) on the right upper limbs. Independent sample t-test using SPSS (24.0) program was carried out to analyze average values and standard deviations for each variable depending on the presence/absence of virtual environments and changes in color (preferred colors, unfavorable colors) and the level of significance was set to a=.05. Results: In the eccentric contraction, males showed high muscle activity in the Biceps Brachii under virtual reality. On the other hand, females had high muscle activity in the Biceps Brachii in the absence of virtual reality. Also, in case of a change of colors in the virtual environment, females had the high muscle activity in the unfavorable color in the eccentric contraction. Conclusion: During the dumbbell curl exercise, results of different exercises present depending on gender. When males put VR on and performs a basic dumbbell curl exercise, the effect of Biceps presents Brachii for them while exercising in unfavorable colors. However, since it is the basic research data of muscle exercise using virtual reality, it is necessary to verify whether or not it is effective for myopachynsis through long-term training rather than unity.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.1095-1101
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to verify the effect on improvement of muscle strength unbalance according to load deviation protocol during whole body vibration exercise. Seventeen female volunteers (age $22{\pm}3$ years, height $160{\pm}4.9$ cm, weight $49{\pm}.8$ kg) participated in this experiment. The subjects performed squat exercise in WBV platform. Exercise were performed five set a day including 15 time a set, three days a week, and during 4 weeks. Vibration stimulus was 25Hz as frequency and intensity was dominant leg 1mm and non-dominant leg 4mm. The results in WBV group showed that the differences of peak torque in 16% were getting decreasing significantly after 4 weeks from 16.2% to 5.2%. This result means that WBV with load deviation protocol could provide muscle strength exercise for muscle strength balance. Our study found out that WBV of load deviation protocol could provide muscle strength exercise for improving muscle imbalance.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.284-292
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• 2023

This study attempted to observe muscle activity and muscle fatigue among isotonic exercise of Biceps Brachii and Deltoidus Medius, which correspond to upper limb muscles, using metronome. For the experiment, 13 adult men participated to evaluate biosignals (ECG, EMG). For quantitative evaluation, 1RM and MVIC test were carried out and a constant pace isotonic excise session was conducted. Five sets of exercise were performed, and each set proceeded to the failure point while the speed condition (30bpm) was assigned. As a result of the experiment, muscle activity in both muscles was significantly reduced in fifth set compared to first set. Muscle fatigue has been confirmed to occur at a significant level within the set, but there was only a significant difference in both muscles in the first and second sets between sets. This is similar to the results of previous studies that gives the same rest time(2min), but further research is needed to see if the conditions for the number of repetitions are affected. Based on the recent increase of interest in muscle strength exercise, this study was conducted to observe the results by varying the conditions of common exercise.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.209-215
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate gait factor and muscle activity depending on hiking poles-using. Eight healthy men volunteered for this experiment. Each of them performed down-hill walking with hiking poles-using and without poles at speed of 3.5km/h for 45 minutes on a treadmill. The treadmill was set 25% down-hill inclination. Kinematic data collected in 60Hz were recorded and analyzed by using 2D motion capture system to measure step time and step length so on. And the lower extremity muscle activities were simultaneously recorded in 1500Hz and assessed by using EMG. The statistical analysis was the paired t-test with repeated measures to compare between hiking poles-using and without poles. The level of statistical significance for all tests was .05. The results of this study were following : Step time was showed statistically different according to pole conditions. That is, the case of poles-using was longer than without poles in step time. Also, step length was showed statistically different between two conditions. Step length about trials with poles was longer than trials without poles. In the muscle activity, the case of all muscles was not showed statistical significance about pole conditions. However, in most muscles IEMG, there were some decreasing-trend relatively when hiking polesusing.