• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.47 no.2
• /
• pp.242-256
• /
• 2017

Purpose: This study was done to clarify attributes, antecedents, and consequences of spirituality. Methods: Rodgers's evolutionary concept analysis was used to analyze fifty seven studies from the literature related to spirituality as it appears in systematic literature reviews of theology, medicine, counseling & psychology, social welfare, and nursing. Results: Spirituality was found to consist of two dimensions and eight attributes: 1) vertical dimension: 'intimacy and connectedness with God' and 'holy life and belief', 2) horizontal dimension: 'self-transcendence', 'meaning and purpose in life', 'self-integration', and 'self-creativity' in relationship with self, 'connectedness' and 'trust' in relationship with others neighbors nature. Antecedents of spirituality were socio-demographic, religious, psychological, and health related characteristics. Consequences of spirituality were positive and negative. Being positive included 'life centered on God' in vertical dimension, and among horizontal dimension 'joy', 'hope', 'wellness', 'inner peace', and 'self-actualization' in relationship with self, 'doing in love' and 'extended life toward neighbors and the world' in relationship with others neighbors nature. Being negative was defined as having 'guilt', 'inner conflict', 'loneliness', and 'spiritual distress'. Facilitators of spirituality were stressful life events and experiences. Conclusion: Spirituality is a multidimensional concept. Unchangeable attributes of spirituality are 'connectedness with God', 'self-transcendence', 'meaning of life' and 'connectedness with others nature'. Unchangeable consequences of spirituality are 'joy' and 'hope'. The findings suggest that the dimensional framework of spirituality can be used to assess the current spiritual state of patients. Based on these results, the development of a Korean version of the scale measuring spirituality is recommended.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.164-170
• /
• 2001

Background: Infrared Thermal Imaging (ITI) is an effective tool for the diagnosis of disease and evaluation of the therapeutic effects following pain treatment. Patients who were treated for pain in pain clinic described the intensity of pain and the degree of change of their pain using a visual analogue scale (VAS). In this study, the usefulness of ITI following multimodal methods for pain management were compared with the change of VAS. Methods: 1119 patients were evaluated. The patients were treated with stellate ganglion block, epidural block or trigger points injection. Before treatment, the temperature difference (${\Delta}T$) of the involved area and the corresponding area on the opposite side of the body was measured using ITI and VAS was assessed. After treatment, the temperature difference (${\Delta}T$) between the normal and involved areas, the change of ${\Delta}T$ (${\Delta}dT$), VAS and the change of VAS (${\Delta}VAS$) were measured. Statistic correlations between ${\Delta}dT$and ${\Delta}VAS$ were calculated in all groups. Results: Correlation of the ${\Delta}dT$ and ${\Delta}VAS$ was significant by contingency coefficient test. (SGB group, C = 0.358, Epi group, C = 0.377, TPI group, C = 0.374, P < 0.05) Conclusions: ITI is a reliable tool for the assessment of therapeutic effects following multidimensional management of painful disease.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.15 no.22
• /
• pp.9767-9771
• /
• 2014

Background: Social support is an important factor in psycho-social well-being of cancer survivors. There is little information about level of social support and its predictors among cancer survivors in Iran or other Middle Eastern countries. The aims of present study were to determine the social support and its prediction factors among Iranian cancer survivors. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-correlational study 187 cancer patients in one educational center and one private oncology office in northwest of Iran participated using a convenient sampling method. The data collection tool consisted of a researcher-prepared checklist and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Assessment (MSPSS). Data analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software with descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression analysis. Results: The total score of MSPSS was 68 from a possible score between 7 and 84. Participants believed that they received a high level of support from their family members and significant others. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that single and depressed cancer survivors and participants with lower levels of physical activity believed that they received lower levels of social support. Conclusions: Iranian cancer survivors receive high levels of social support and family members are the most important source of this support. In planning any supportive care program for Iranian cancer survivors this strength should be considered. Especially, single and depressed and patients with lower levels of physical activity need more attention.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
• /
• v.18 no.2 s.27
• /
• pp.31-43
• /
• 2005

In this study, after establishing assessment framework and reviewing the conceptual evolution and component of EL(Environmental Literacy) through literature review, through middle school students as population, the level of EL and relationship of its related variables were examined. The investigation was consisted of second and third grades of urban and rural middle schools in Choongbook. The used measurement methods were objective evaluation and Likert-type scale. The questionnaire instrument variables were consisted of 80 items on environmental literacy variables and six items on student gender, area of residence, environmental lesson, degree of environmental concern, environmental information, environmental activity as background variables. The major findings of this study were as follows: 1. Although the broad and obscure concept of EL has been evolved until 1992, it has been developed more systematic and precise after 1992. But there is not still an agreed concept. 2. The subordinate components of EL were consisted of cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects. Both ecological knowledge(KEOC) and environmental skill(SKILL) were determined to serve as two powerful predictors of EL. 3. The level of EL of middle school student was showed statistically significant difference to some variables by student gender, residential area, environmental lesson, environmental concern, environmental information, and environmental activity variables. And the most influential variables of EL in middle school student were environmental skill(SKILL), and locus of control (LOC). Based on the findings of this study, the following suggestions are drawn: It should be established a precise concept on EL as the ultimate aim of environmental education both interdisciplinary cooperation and experts of environmental education and also performed further longitudinal study which assessed multidimensional variables which are able to exactly measure the EL of middle school student.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.47 no.1
• /
• pp.14-24
• /
• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to construct and test a hypothetical model of self-management in patients with hemodialysis based on the Self-Regulation Model and resource-coping perspective. Methods: Data were collected from 215 adults receiving hemodialysis in 17 local clinics and one tertiary hospital in 2016. The Hemodialysis Self-management Instrument, the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire, Herth Hope Index and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support were used. The exogenous variable was social context; the endogenous variables were cognitive illness representation, hope, self-management behavior, and illness outcome. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, factor analysis, and structural equation modeling were performed. Results: The hypothetical model with six paths showed a good fitness to the empirical data: GFI=.96, AGFI=.90, CFI=.95, RMSEA=.08, SRMR=.04. The factors that had an influence on self-management behavior were social context (${\beta}=.84$), hope and cognitive illness representation (${\beta}=.37$ and ${\beta}=.27$) explaining 92.4% of the variance. Self-management behavior mediated the relationship between psychosocial coping resources and illness outcome. Conclusion: This research specifies a more complete spectrum of the self-management process. It is important to recognize the array of clinical resources available to support patients' self-management. Healthcare providers can facilitate self-management through collaborative care and understanding the ideas and emotions that each patient has about the illness, and ultimately improve the health outcomes. This framework can be used to guide self-management intervention development and assure effective clinical assessment.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.278-285
• /
• 1998

Computer users frequently request large scale multimedia data such as images. voice, video rather than conventional formal data. Data in virtual fossil museum are represented as points, shape, location in multidimensional space and interrelation with other spatial object. Informations in virtual fossil museum should be maintained to manipulate spatial object and non-spatial object. In this report we propose virtual fossil museum which is consisted of two parts. In the first step, basic system is implemented in internet for non-specialist such as primary students. This system is implemented based on visual multimedia information system so that non-specialist about computer can access easily. In the second step, expert system is designed which allows computer users can store, magnify, reduce, and retrieve the spatial data. This expert system uses animation, spatial query and VRML.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.15 no.21
• /
• pp.9191-9197
• /
• 2014

The aims of this study were to assess whether Indonesian women with breast cancer havea higher external health locus of control (HLC) than healthy women, and to explore the association between HLC and symptoms of anxiety and depression. In this study, 120 consecutive women with breast cancer were recruited at the outpatient surgical oncology clinic at the Hasan Sadikin Hospital in Bandung. One hundred and twenty two healthy women were recruited from the Bandung area as controls. A standard demographic form, Form C of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control, as well as the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and patients' medical records were used. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson's correlation, MANOVA and multiple linear regressions. Women with breast cancer had higher scores on all external HLC subscales, i.e. chance, doctor, powerful others and God, and lower internal HLC compared to healthy women. High God LHC scores were associated with a high level of anxiety (${\beta}=0.21$, p<0.05), whereas none of the HLC subscales were associated with depression. Our results suggest that women with breast cancer tend to have high external HLC, while healthy women tend to have high internal HLC. A strong belief in an external source of control, i.e. God, might be negatively associated with patient emotional adjustment. Further research is needed to give an insight into the direction of this association.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.51-59
• /
• 2010

Objectives: This study was designed to understand the association between the perceived social support and the quality of life among cancer patients. Methods: Questionnaire survey was conducted from July 10 to August 14 in 2008 among inpatients and outpatients visited Gangwon Cancer Center. Survey was done for 429 patients who were diagnosed as cancer longer than two years and 232 patients responded. We used Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support(MSPSS) and Euro Quality of Life-5 Dimension(EQ-5D). Results: Prevalence of problem in Quality of life among cancer patients were as follows; 28.6% in mobility, 26.0% in pain or discomfort, 24.8% in anxiety or depression, 22.7% in usual activity, and 15.7% in self-care. Cancer patients with higher social support had significantly higher Quality of Life. Also more severe stage had significantly lower Quality of Life. Conclusion: Education, income, stage, and social support seemed influential to Quality of Life among cancer patients. Programs are necessary to promote social support for Quality of Life especially for cancer patients diagnosed as higher stage. Counseling and supporting can be useful not only for patients but also for families.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.98 no.6
• /
• pp.703-711
• /
• 2009

This study was conducted to suggest to establish more effective and differential management strategy of arboretum, through the analysis and comparison between arboretum and representative forest recreational sites. The data was collected through questionnaire at the six fields of forest recreational sites in Daegu and Gyeongsangbuk-do, 447 people who visited these forest recreational sites took part in the questionnaire. As the result of this research, arboretum was positively evaluated by the six strengths from the participants; natural area, experiences and observation activity, conservation of natural environment, promotion of health, reasonable charge of use and a lot of things to see and do. But there is the need for arboretum to develop characteristic rest culture and raise efficiency because arboretum is in keen competition with recreation forests and national parks by several characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.452-463
• /
• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to analyze and evaluate prior studies published in Korea on the cardiovascular disease-related quality of life, in order to make recommendations for further research. Methods: A total of 15 studies were selected from four databases(Digital library of Research Information Center for Health, Korea Medical Database, MedRic, and National Assembly Library). The selected studies were analyzed according to criteria, such as diagnosis/operation, used instrument, generic/specific instrument, dimension of quality of life, translation/ back-translation, sample size, reliability, validity, responsiveness, number of items, type of scale, time required, and independent variables. Results: Of the 15 cardiovascular disease-related quality of life studies, approximately half of them were conducted with hypertension or ischemic heart disease patients. All studies asserted that the concept of quality of life had multidimensional attributes. With respect to the questionnaire used for measuring the quality of life, only one study used a cardiovascular disease specific-instrument and most studies did not consider whether or not the validity of their instrument had been established. In addition, when using questionnaires developed in other languages, only one study employed a translation/back-translation technique. The types of variables tested for their influence on quality of life were quite limited. Conclusion: It is recommended to develop a reliability and validity established cardiovascular disease specific-quality of life for Korean patients and to identify associated new variables.